The surname Sun is one of the top twenty surnames in China and is the most influential in the Bohai Bay and Northeast regions. People with the surname Sun account for about 1.5 of the contemporary population, that is, there are at least 15 people with the surname Sun for every 1,000 Chinese people, and the total population is about 18 million. The "Dictionary of Chinese Names" includes 521 celebrities with the surname Sun in the past dynasties, accounting for 1.15 of the total number of celebrities, ranking the 13th among celebrity surnames; famous writers surnamed Sun accounted for 1.22 of the total number of writers of the past dynasties in China, ranking the 10th Five: The famous medical scientist surnamed Sun accounts for 1.26 of the total number of medical scientists in China's past dynasties, ranking 17th.

Starting from Sun Wu, who wrote the famous "The Art of War" at home and abroad, talents surnamed Sun have emerged in endlessly, and countless people have shined in the annals of history. The main figures include: Sun Yang (Bole), a good horseman in the Spring and Autumn Period and Qin State, Sun Bin, a military strategist in the Qi State during the Warring States Period, Sun Jian (father of Sun Quan), the governor of Changsha at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun Quan, the king of the Wu State in the Three Kingdoms, Sun Yan, a Confucian scholar and exegesis expert in the Wei State, and Western Jin Dynasty literature The family Sun Chu, the famous scholar Sun Kang, the Eastern Jin writer Sun Chuo, the atheist Sun Sheng, the Tang Dynasty medical scientist Sun Simiao, the calligrapher Sun Guoting, the painter Sun Wei, the famous Zhou general Sun Fangjian, the poet Sun Guangxian after the Five Dynasties, and the Northern Song Dynasty Confucian scholar Sun Sun Fu, the famous scholar, Sun Chengzong and Sun Chuanting, ministers of the Ming Dynasty, Sun Yunqiu, an optical instrument developer, and Sun Qifeng, a scholar during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Sun Jiagan, the governor of Zhili in the Qing Dynasty, Sun Xingyan, a Confucian scholar, Sun Yirang, a Confucian scholar and philologist, and Sun Yuanxiang, a poet, in modern times Sun Yat-sen, the forerunner of the democratic revolution, Sun Chuanfang, the Beiyang direct warlord, Sun Ke, executive director of the Republic of China government, Sun Yunzhu, the contemporary geologist and paleontologist, Sun Dazhong, the geologist, Sun Benzhong, the silkworm breeder, Sun Xi, the agricultural chemist, and Sun Yefang, the economist , philosopher Sun Shuping.

The origin and evolution of the Sun surname

The Sun surname is mainly composed of five major sources: Ji, Mi, Gui, Zi and the modified surname. The first one comes from the surname Ji. In 1046 BC, King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty and granted his brother Ji the title of Marquis of Kang, also known as Uncle Kang in history. After King Wu of Zhou died and King Cheng of Zhou was young, the three eunuchs joined forces with King Wu Geng of Yin to rebel, which was put down by Zhou Gongdan, the fourth brother of King Wu of Zhou. Uncle Kang was granted the title Huaihou for his meritorious service in sending troops to quell Wu Geng's rebellion. King Cheng of Zhou appointed Uncle Kang as his commander and gave him treasured sacrificial utensils in order to move Uncle Kang to Wei. After Uncle Kang's death, King Zhou Cheng officially granted Uncle Kang's grandson Kaobo the title of Marquis of Wei. The ancient city was located in Chaoge City, northeast of Qi County in northern Henan Province. Therefore, Uncle Kang was called Wei Kangshu in history, which was a posthumous name. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Wu of Wei assisted Zhou in conquering the Xirong and was granted the title of Duke by King Ping of Zhou. Huisun, the son of Wei Wugong, and Wu Zhongyi, Huisun's grandson, took the name of his grandfather as their surname. This Ji surname Sun has a history of at least more than 2,700 years.

The second branch originated from the surname Mi. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, Jiang Jia, the grandson of Chu King Jumao, and Jiang Aila, the son of Jiang Jia, also called Sun Shu'ao, and Sun Shu was his given name. He served as the Ling Yin of King Zhuang of Chu, and his descendants took his given name as their surname. Sun Shuao lived in Qisi, which is now southeast of Huaibin, Henan. This Mi family with the surname Sun also has a history of 2,600 years.

The third branch comes from the surname Gui. In 1046 BC, the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, and King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty granted Guiman, a direct descendant of Shang Jun, to Chen. In 672 BC, Chen Wan, the son of Chen Ligong, fled to Qi State and changed the Chen family name to the Tian family name. During the reign of Qi Jinggong (reigned from 547 BC to 490 BC), the fifth generation of Chen Wan was the grandson of Tian Huanzi, also known as Tian Wuyu, the Qi official. His son Tian Shu had meritorious service in conquering Ju. Qi Jinggong granted Tian Shu to Le'an. The ancient city was located in present-day Shandong Province to benefit the people. And given the surname Sun. This surname Sun also has a history of more than 2,500 years.

The fourth bloodline surname. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, the court order was in chaos, King Zhou was infatuated, King Zhou's uncle Bigan, and a wise minister of Shang were killed for his direct advice. The descendants took refuge and changed their surnames. One of them took the surname Sun because they were descendants of the royal family. The surname Sun also has a history of more than 3,000 years. The fifth group comes from foreign surnames and surname changes from ethnic minorities. The most important events where other surnames were changed to Sun are: the descendants of the famous Warring States scholar Xunzi changed their surname to Sun during the Western Han Dynasty to avoid the name taboo of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty; Sun Jian's tribe changed Yu He's surname to Sun. The main ethnic minorities who use the Sun surname include: the Khitan people in the Tang Dynasty; After long-term mixing with the Han people, most of these foreign nationalities were assimilated into the Han surname.

The distribution and migration of the Sun surname in history

The Sun surname has been active in Henan and Shandong since the surname was established at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Sun family with the surname Ji had been hereditary as the Shangqing of the Wei State, and had overwhelming power over the country. The Sun family name developed rapidly in Henan. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Sun family fell out of favor in the Wei State and moved north to the Jin State. The Sun family surnamed Gui, which originated in Shandong, developed vigorously, especially during the Warring States Period, when a famous military strategist, Sun Wu, emerged. His son Sun Ming was granted the title of Marquis of Fuchun due to his father's merits. The fiefdom was in Fuyang, Zhejiang today, forming the Sun family. The famous southern county of Wangwu County. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Sun family surnamed Gui became the main force of the Sun surname in the country, expanding from Shandong to Taiyuan, Shanxi in the west, southern Zhejiang in the south, and Hubei in the southwest. During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Jian and his son established the State of Wu in the south of the Yangtze River, and the development of the Sun family reached its peak. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sun family in the north, the Central Plains and the south of the Yangtze River developed rapidly, and a number of famous Sun families emerged. By the Tang and Song Dynasties, the surname Sun had spread all over the country and all over the world. Among the "Hundred Family Surnames" formed in the Song Dynasty, the first one is Zhao Qian and Sun Li, which shows the social status and influence of the Sun surname. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Sun surname also entered Taiwan.

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), there were more than 1.05 million people with the surname Sun, accounting for about 1.35% of the country's population. It was the eleventh surname in the Song Dynasty. The province with the largest number of people with the surname Sun is Anhui, accounting for approximately 11.8% of the total population with the surname Sun in the country and 2.8% of the total population in Anhui. The distribution in the country is mainly concentrated in Anhui, Henan, Shandong, and Jiangsu. These four provinces account for about 44% of the total population of the Sun surname in the country; secondly, they are distributed in Jiangxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Hubei. There are 44 more people named Sun. A layout with Sun surnames as the main force in the north of the Yangtze River, Anhui, Henan, Lu and Su, and the Yangtze River Basin are two concentrated areas with Sun surnames.

During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD), there were about 1.19 million people with the surname Sun, accounting for about 1.28% of the country's population. It was the fourteenth most common surname in the Ming Dynasty. In the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, the net population growth rate in the past 600 years was 20%. The growth rate of the Sun population was lower than the national population growth rate. In the past 600 years, the net growth rate of the Sun population was only 13%, a net increase of 140,000. The distribution in the country is mainly concentrated in Zhejiang (20.8), Shandong (14.5), Jiangsu (13), and Jiangxi (11.9). These four provinces with the Sun surname account for about 60% of the total population of the Sun surname; followed by Shaanxi (6.7), Hebei (5.8), Anhui (5.6), Shanxi (5.6), and Henan (5.1), these five provinces have 29 more people with the Sun surname. Zhejiang is the province with the largest number of people with the surname Sun, accounting for 1.6% of the total population in Zhejiang. During the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, the general distribution pattern of Sun's surname changed greatly, and its population mainly migrated to the southeast and eastern regions, while the population of Sun's surname shrank in the Central Plains. The country has re-formed two large areas with Sun surnames in Zhejiang, Gansu and Lusu, and the center of gravity of Sun surnames has begun to move eastward.

The contemporary population with the surname Sun has reached 18.48 million, making it the twelfth most common surname in the country, accounting for approximately 1.54% of the country's population. In the 600 years since the Ming Dynasty, the population surnamed Sun has surged from 1.19 million to 18.48 million, an increase of nearly 16 times. The average population of the Ming Dynasty was close to 93 million. The current population is 1.2 billion, a 13-fold increase. The population with the surname Sun is increasing faster than the national population. During these 1,000 years, the growth rate of the population with the surname Sun was in a "V" shape. The distribution across the country is currently mainly concentrated in Shandong and Henan provinces, accounting for approximately 28% of the total population with the surname Sun; followed by Anhui, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, and Jilin, with a further 42% concentrated in these six provinces. Shandong is the largest province with the Sun surname today, with 16.9% of the total population living with the surname Sun, accounting for 3.3% of the total provincial population. The provinces with the highest population ratio are Heilongjiang (3.5) and Jilin (3.4). With the Yangtze River as the watershed, the Sun surname shows a distribution pattern with more people in the north and less in the south, forming a Sun surname distribution belt connecting the coastal provinces of East China and the three northeastern provinces. During the last 600 years, the degree and direction of population flow with the Sun surname were very different from those during the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. It was characterized by a strong return migration from the southeast to central and northern China. At the same time, there was a rise in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. A large number of people with the surname Sun immigrated to the Northeast.

Distribution frequency of the contemporary Sun surname

The areas with the highest population density per unit area of ??the Sun surname are in the three provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu, northern Anhui, eastern Hebei, eastern Inner Mongolia, and Northeast China. The population of Sun surname reaches more than 5.1 people, especially in eastern Shandong, the population of Sun surname per square kilometer is more than 10 people. The schematic diagram of the distribution density of the Sun surname (see color figure 5.2.2A) shows that the area with the highest density (more than 5.1 people/square kilometer) only accounts for 14.3% of the land area, and the Sun surname has a population of approximately 10.52 million; 1.7-5.1 people/square kilometer The area accounts for 20.6% of the land area, and the population of the Sun surname is about 5.27 million; the area with less than 1.7 people/square kilometer accounts for 65.1% of the land area, and the population of the Sun surname is about 2.69 million.

The schematic diagram of the distribution frequency of the surname Sun among the population (see color figure 5.2.2B) shows that the surname Sun is widely distributed, but unevenly. In eastern Shandong, the three northeastern provinces, and eastern Inner Mongolia, the proportion of Sun surnames in the local population is generally more than 2.6, and the coverage area accounts for 11.9 of the total land area. Then, the proportion gradually decreases to the west and south, to the middle of Hebei and Henan in the west, and to the middle of Anhui and Jiangsu in the south. The proportion of Sun surnames in this area to the local population is 1.95-2.65, covering an area of ????the total land. Area 5.6. Further west to eastern Qinghai, southwest to northern Sichuan, and south to northwestern Hubei, Jiangxi, and the junction of Fujian and Zhejiang, the ratio ranges from 0.65 to 1.95, covering an area of ??27.9% of the total land area. In other vast areas, the ratio is below 0.65, and the coverage area accounts for 54.6% of the total land area, of which the coverage area with a ratio of less than 0.3 accounts for 24%.

Blood type distribution characteristics

The total blood type distribution of people with the surname Sun is: type O 5.69 million, accounting for 30.8; type A 5.16 million, accounting for 27.9; type B 5.8 million, accounting for 31.4 ; AB type 1.83 million, accounting for 9.9. The total population of people surnamed Sun is 18.48 million.

Shandong, Jiangsu, northern Anhui, eastern Hebei, eastern Inner Mongolia, and the three northeastern provinces are the most concentrated areas with the Sun surname, accounting for approximately 14.3% of the land area, and 10.52 million people with the Sun surname, accounting for approximately 10.52 million of the total population. Population 56.9. Type O is 3.16 million, Type A is 2.9 million, Type B is 3.39 million, and Type AB is 1.07 million.

Henan, Hubei, southern Anhui, Zhejiang, western Hebei, central Inner Mongolia, Shanxi-Shaanxi-Ningbo, southern Gansu, and northern Sichuan are common areas with the Sun surname, accounting for about 20.6% of the land area, and 5.27 million people with the Sun surname. Accounting for approximately 28.5% of the total population with the surname Sun. Type O is 1.65 million, type A is 1.47 million, type B is 1.64 million, and type AB is 510,000.

The area west of Qinghai and south of the Yangtze River has a small population with the Sun surname, accounting for approximately 65.1% of the land area. There are 2.69 million people with the Sun surname, accounting for approximately 14.6% of the total population with the Sun surname. Type O is 880,000, Type A is 790,000, Type B is 770,000, and Type AB is 250,000.

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