From1June, 939 to1June, 942, Japanese troops assembled and invaded Changsha for three times. The leadership dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese invaders and won three famous Changsha victories in the history of the Anti-Japanese War.
This man is Li Yutang, who wiped out 60,000 Japanese troops in World War I, but was finally shot by Chiang Kai-shek.
On March 1839 and 10, Lin zexu, the imperial envoy of the anti-smoking policy, finally arrived in Guangzhou.
Long before Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou, Deng Tingzhen, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Yi Liang, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, had made great achievements in banning smoking. In more than two years, opium seizures reached the highest level in China. However, compared with the figure of 8 1000 boxes of opium smuggled into China in recent two years, it is not worth mentioning.
Undoubtedly, this means that it is impossible to complete Daoguang's task of "eliminating opium" by continuing to use traditional anti-smoking measures, such as arresting cigarette dealers, searching cigarette shops and expelling cigarette carriers.
Lin Zexu decided to adopt a new method. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, foreign businessmen coming to Guangzhou were only allowed to trade with the government-designated dealers. So, on the eighth day in Guangzhou, Lin Zexu called a meeting of Hong Kong businessmen and issued a strict order instructing them to preach to foreign businessmen and hand over all the tens of thousands of boxes of opium stored on board.
Businessmen think this is another way for honest officials to ask for bribes, so they don't take Lin Zexu's orders seriously. For several days, foreign businessmen did not move.
On March 24, Lin Zexu announced the termination of all foreign trade in Guangzhou, and then blocked the commercial buildings with concentrated foreign businessmen and cut off the supply of various materials inside. In other words, Lin Zexu turned a 66,000-square-meter large commercial hall into a large detention center, holding about 350 foreign businessmen. The taste of not drinking water or eating is naturally unpleasant. Three days later, Lu Yi, British Commercial Director in China, finally decided to give in. In the name of the British government, he advised British businessmen to give him opium, and then he gave it to the China government.
Lu Yi's statement greatly relieved Lin Zexu, and at the same time, the trapped British businessmen were greatly excited. Lin Zexu thinks that the smoking ban has finally worked, but if he knows why British businessmen are so excited, maybe he can't relax.
Businessmen are very excited because this move means that the British government has decided to protect their interests. Their opium was originally sold. Whether it is sold to China or the British government. Since the British government is willing to buy opium in their hands, why not?
As a result, they promised to hand over the opium in stock, and even reported the opium that was still in transit and had not yet arrived in Guangzhou. A few American businessmen, taking advantage of the situation, also transferred their opium to the names of British businessmen through relationships in order to reduce losses. As a result, Lin Zexu collected more opium than he expected.
This is really an exciting thing! But it may not be a good thing.
On the morning of March 27th, Lin Zexu received a letter from Lu Yi, expressing his willingness to hand over opium. Lin Zexu and his men were completely unaware that they had fallen into the trap of war. This post changed the nature of Lin Zexu's trip. The original anti-opium smuggling action against foreign businessmen has since become an official negotiation between China and Britain.
On the same day, Lin Zexu also received a collective signature letter from foreign businessmen, saying that many things that Lin Zexu conveyed to them were quite complicated and they could not make a decision by themselves, so he begged Lin Zexu to go to the consuls and general managers of various countries to "handle it by themselves".
Lin Zexu didn't discover the mystery. He readily accepted the advice of foreign businessmen. Since then, all his negotiations have been directed at officials of various countries. This means that from this day on, the person standing opposite Lin Zexu
According to the evaluation standard of traditional bureaucrats in China, Lin Zexu is a typical model bureaucrat, honest and clean. Unfortunately, he knew almost nothing about the basic diplomatic experience of the modern West, so he made a serious mistake unconsciously: an anti-smoking movement that could have been completely defined as China's internal affairs escalated into a diplomatic conflict between China and Britain.
It was this mistake that gave Britain the most basic premise for launching the Opium War. Without this premise, it is impossible for the British Parliament to pass the proposal to use force against China.
Lu Yi handed over opium on behalf of British businessmen, which meant that Lin Zexu confiscated the property of the British government. 1839 On April 3rd, Lu Yi wrote a report to British Prime Minister bartholomew, proposing a very specific invasion plan and compensation requirements.
In mid-June, the air in Humen was filled with a strong smell of opium mixed with lime powder. At that moment, Lin Zexu reached the highest point of national hero. But he didn't realize that when the London and Indian warships set sail, a war that was about to change the fate of China had already begun.
As early as May 1st, Lin Zexu, who was busy collecting opium in Humen, made this judgment on the situation:
The British look unruly on the outside, but in fact they are very timid on the inside;
Although their ships are strong and profitable, they only have advantages at sea, and it is useless to enter the inner port. But there are many passes in Guangzhou, and there are many natural disasters to rely on.
Moreover, even if there is no opium trade, only serious business, the British can earn three times the profit. For their own interests, they will not choose war to give up this dock.
Since the ban on smoking, which belongs to China's internal affairs, was successfully transformed into negotiations between the two governments, the attitude of justice and law has become increasingly tough. Because of this, Lin Zexu specially reminded Daoguang in his memorial that benevolence and righteousness have always been cunning. He knows that our country is very sensitive to such things as "border quarrels", so he hopes to intimidate us and even buy traitors and spread rumors everywhere.
Lin Zexu promised Daoguang that the British would never dare to spy on China by invading other countries. Therefore, the emperor must not be deceived by arbitrary threats.
Lin Zexu is very sure of his judgment. On September 5, in a letter to a friend, he was extremely puzzled by Yi Fa's tough attitude recently: Yi Fa had no way out, and I don't know why he refused to turn back.
The Portuguese in Macau reported that Britain had mobilized 12 warships from China and India. Lin Zexu scoffed at this. He told the Governor of Macao: These are all lies, which are made up of just laws and are not worth discussing at all.
This extreme conceit lasted until April 1840. At that time, the news that Britain would use force against China was well known. The American consul found Lin Zexu and told him that British warships would block Guangzhou Port in June. So he asked China to let American ships enter the port as soon as possible, open the warehouse and unload the goods, so as to avoid war and reduce losses.
Lin Zexu still dismissed the official news of the United States, calling it a "rumor". Lin Zexu, who has no basic diplomatic experience in modern times, simply can't understand the official flavor of American consular discourse.
In June, four British warships arrived at the coast of Guangdong, but Lin Zexu said in his memorial that although these ships were equipped with more weapons, they were actually only opium ships. He actually regarded warships as merchant ships and an imminent war as a large-scale opium smuggling! Lin Zexu's final conclusion is: "As the emperor said, there is nothing they can do."
/kloc-in July of 0/7, Lin Zexu, Pingan passbook, arrived at the Forbidden City. By this time, British troops had occupied Zhoushan 12 days.
I don't believe it, but war is really coming.
In fact, since September 1839, there have been frequent armed confrontations between China and Britain. By June of the following year, the Opium War really broke out. In these nine months, there have been seven wars of different sizes in Guangdong.
However, these fragmentary wars did not arouse Lin Zexu's vigilance. On the contrary, when reporting the results of these wars to Daoguang, Lin Zexu's report was seriously exaggerated and boasted. He always thought that the opponents fighting the Qing army were only warships and smuggled merchant ships that came to China without the orders of the British authorities. He didn't realize that he was at war with England.
But these fragmentary wars also prompted Lin Zexu to make some preparations for the war. In the passbook, Lin Zexu believes that the navy of the Qing army still has the ability to annihilate the British fleet at sea, but the water army is far from the sea, and it is inevitable that there will be omissions in the rear. As a preventive measure, it is better to "prepare for a rainy day and wait and see", which is naturally foolproof. Daoguang deeply agrees with this.
Later, Lin Zexu inspected and reinforced the fortresses along the coast of Guangdong, strengthened the firepower intensity of many fortresses, and set up the second and third lines of defense at some key points. It is a very traditional and effective tactic to use fortresses to resist the invasion of maritime forces, but all Lin Zexu's defensive measures ignore one of the most fatal problems: all fortresses can't resist the ground attacks launched by British landing forces from their sides and rear. It was this loophole that later gave the Qing army a fatal blow.
Why did Lin Zexu leave such a big defensive loophole?
1A passbook presented by Lin Zexu to Daoguang in September, 839 can help us understand this problem. Lin Zexu said: "Foreign soldiers are not good at stabbing except guns. They also tied their legs and feet, and their clothes were tight. It is inconvenient for them to bend over and stretch their legs. If they go ashore, they will be even more helpless. Therefore, they are not invincible. "
1August, 840, when Dinghai fell, Lin Zexu wrote to the court, suggesting a reward to encourage the soldiers and civilians to bravely kill the enemy. He said, in fact, because the leg structure of British soldiers is different from that of China, it is difficult to bend and stretch, so once they fall, they can't get up at all. Based on this understanding, Lin Zexu believes that the British army has no ability to fight on land, so it is naturally unnecessary to defend their landing operations.
Lin Zexu was the first person to see the world in China's modern history. However, even he, on the threshold of 1840, is still absurd, sad and sighing?
Li Yutang was born in a rural area in Guangdong Province. During the Republic of China, he became the first student of Whampoa Military Academy through his own efforts. After graduation, he naturally became an ordinary soldier of the Kuomintang. In order to get ahead as soon as possible, he volunteered to be the captain of the death squad. Since then, he has been appreciated by the top management and started to move up step by step.
1937 has been a lieutenant general, leading the army in Shanghai.
Although the Battle of Songhu failed to stop the Japanese invasion, it blocked the enemy for three months, and the Japanese crazy plan failed. By this time, Li Yutang's military capabilities have not been well demonstrated. After all, no matter how clever a woman is, she will never cook without rice.
1939 participated in the first Changsha Battle. In the second campaign, the 8th Army and 10 Army assembled in Changsha were integrated and led by Li Yutang. This time, he led his troops to failure. The army suffered heavy losses, and Chiang Kai-shek was immediately dismissed and replaced by Xue Yue.
However, due to Li Yutang's high reputation in the ranks, Xue Yue could not even take over the troops before Li Yutang. So, in desperation, Chiang Kai-shek released Li Yutang and took part in the third battle.
This time, he got revenge and won a beautiful victory. According to post-war statistics, the 10 troops he led wiped out nearly 60,000 Japanese troops with more than 20,000 casualties, which is rare in the whole anti-Japanese battlefield.
It stands to reason that his military career should soar from now on, but later he became a prisoner during the war of liberation. Although he escaped later, he was captured this time, which also laid the groundwork for his later murder.
After Chiang Kai-shek fled the mainland, he followed. 1951February 5, Li Yutang was killed by the Kuomintang authorities in Bitan, Taipei. 1983, with the approval of Shandong provincial people's government, Li Yutang was named a revolutionary martyr.
Maybe so. Up to now, when Changsha Battle is mentioned, basically no one will remember Li Yutang, but we all know Xue Yue, the god of war.