First, the introduction of "stepmother Wu Ding"
(formerly known as Simu Wuding), also known as stepmother Wu Dafang Ding and stepmother Ding. The original 1939 was unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province in March. This was done by the Shang Dynasty or Zujia to sacrifice his mother Wu. It is a masterpiece of bronze culture in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and is now in the National Museum of China.
Wu Ding, the stepmother, was named after the word "Wu Ding" cast on the inner wall of the tripod. The tripod is rectangular, with a mouth length of112cm, a mouth width of 79.2cm, a wall thickness of 6cm, an ear height of133cm and a weight of 832.84kg.. The tripod body is covered with thunder patterns, and there are dragons and gluttonous patterns carved around it, which reflects the ultra-high technology and artistic level of bronze casting in China.
Wu Ding, the stepmother, was dug privately by the villagers. Because it was too big, it was buried again in order to prevent the Japanese from taking it away. /kloc-0 was unearthed again in June, 1946 and deposited in Nanjing Central Museum. 1959, the bronze tripod was moved from Nanjing to Beijing, and it has been kept in the newly-built Chinese History Museum (now the National Museum of China).
Through research and textual research, the inscription "Wu Zetian" on the inner wall of the tripod belly is the temple name of Wu Ding's concubine. Stepmother Wu Ding was cast by Fan Tao method. After casting in the late Shang dynasty, at least 65,438+0,000 kilograms of raw materials were needed, and it was completed with the close cooperation of about 200 to 300 craftsmen. It is determined that the tripod contains 84.77% copper and lead 1 1.64%, which is the same as that recorded in ancient literature.
Wu Ding, the stepmother, is the largest and heaviest bronze ritual vessel unearthed in the world so far, and enjoys the reputation of "the treasure of the town and the country". Now it is a national first-class cultural relic, and it was listed in the List of Cultural Relics Prohibited from Going Abroad in 2002.
Second, the characteristics of cultural relics
Wu Ding, the stepmother, has thick ears (one of which is equipped with a back), which are folded along the wide side, with a straight wall, a deep abdomen and a flat bottom. The abdomen is rectangular, and the bottom is supported by four hollow columns. The ear of the device is decorated with a series of embossed fish patterns, which are connected end to end. The outside of the ear is decorated with embossed Shuang Hu cannibal head pattern. There are short ridges protruding in the middle and four corners of the abdominal wall, and the periphery of the abdomen is decorated with gluttonous patterns, all of which are located in Yun Leiwen. The upper end of the foot is decorated with embossed gluttonous patterns, and the lower lining is lined with concave strings.
The inner wall of the abdomen is cast with the word "stepmother E". The font is rich and plump, the strokes are peaked at the beginning and end, and the fat pen is used occasionally. This tripod was used by the Shang King to worship his mother "E". The shape is heavy and elegant, the momentum is magnificent, the decoration is exquisite and the casting process is superb. It is also the largest bronze ritual vessel discovered in Shang Dynasty.
Extended data:
There is a saying of "stepmother Wu Ding" in history.
1March, 939, Wu Xizeng, the uncle of Wu Peiwen, a military officer in Anyang, Henan Province, was looking for treasure in the wild. When the probe reached 13 meters, he touched something hard and dug it out, and there was copper rust on his head. That night, they found seventeen or eighteen people to start digging at night. In order to prevent the Japanese from finding out, they sealed the hole with the original soil until dawn.
The next night, the excavation team expanded to more than 40 villagers and dug for three consecutive nights. A rusty behemoth was carried up, that is, stepmother Wu Ding, a bronze national treasure that shocked future generations. As early as1937165438+10, Anyang was occupied by Japanese invaders. After the stepmother Wu Dafang Ding was unearthed, she was secretly transported back to the village, temporarily buried in the yard of Pally Wu, and disguised with firewood.
But soon someone leaked the news and reported it to Kuroda, the Japanese security captain stationed at Dongying Airport at that time. Kuroda soon came to Pally Wu's house, circling the tripod and muttering, "Treasure! Treasure! " At that time, Dading fell into the eyes of the Japanese invaders. After the Japanese left, Pally Wu's heart lifted. If he kept the tripod, his life might be in danger.
After some discussion, they found a big antique dealer in Beiping, Yin Qing Xiao, to "see the goods" and intend to sell them. When Yin Qing Jr. came, he offered 200,000 yuan, but asked to divide the cauldron into several large pieces for packaging. According to records, farmers really use hacksaws and sledgehammers to divide cauldrons in the dead of night.
Although tempted by 200,000 oceans, after all, the more you smash, the more guilty you are. Pally Wu won't let everyone smash it again. Everyone is United and determined to protect Dading. After that, the Japanese sent troops to the village to find treasure. More than 65,438+000 Japanese soldiers turned Wu compound upside down for the first time. At this time, Dading was reburied by the villagers, and the Japanese army finally returned in vain.
After the Japanese left, Pally Wu moved Dading to the underground of his stable. The second time, the Japanese army came to three big trucks and set up machine guns as soon as they entered the village. Pally Wu hurried to check the camouflage of the stable, spilled some swill, and successfully mixed out of the encirclement of the Japanese army. Stay outside the village until dark, Pally Wu heard the Japanese retreat whistle, and he immediately ran home.
Go straight to the Westinghouse stable. Thank God, the tripod is still there. Pally Wu sighed: "The big stove has a spirit, and God helps me." Later, Pally Wu spent 20 yuan buying a fake bronze from an antique dealer and hiding it in his kang cave. Soon, Japanese soldiers and puppet troops entered the village again, rushed to the Wu family's backyard, uncovered the kang where Pally Wu slept, and snatched the fake bronze wares.
But because the Japanese are still staring at Pally Wu's whereabouts, they will continue to search for him. In order to protect the safety of Dading, Pally Wu entrusted Dading's secret to his brother and took refuge away from his hometown until he returned to Anyang after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. In order to protect the national treasure, Pally Wu and other villagers moved and buried in the Wu compound three times, and were finally buried in the East Room of the Wu compound to avoid being plundered by the Japanese invaders. Until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
1June, 946, when an "Chen" of Anyang government inquired about the whereabouts of Dading, he persuaded Pally Wu and others to hand it over to the government. Chen He, then the director of Anyang County Cultural Relics Protection Committee, and Yao, then the county magistrate of Anyang County of the National Government, led a group of policemen to dig out Dading from the East Hall of the compound.
This incident was published in the People's Livelihood newspaper at that time: "In July 1 1, a team was sent to assist the X Department of the Garrison. It was not until the village dug all night that the ancient stove was transported from Malaysia to the county seat and stored in the ancient Committee on the morning of June 12. " The "ancient furnace" in the article is the stepmother Wu Ding. The National Central Museum (now Nanjing Museum) initiated by Mr. Cai Yuanpei, former president of Academia Sinica, has a collection of about 200,000 to 300,000 national first-class treasures, including Wu Ding, the stepmother.
1948, Dading was first exhibited in the capital Nanjing. According to records, Chiang Kai-shek's visit in person caused a sensation in Nanjing. When the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan Province Province on 1949, it was originally intended to transport Dading to Taiwan Province Province. However, due to its heavy weight, Dading was stranded at Nanjing Airport, and was later discovered by the People's Liberation Army and transferred to Nanjing Museum.
The Chinese History Museum was built in 1959, and my stepmother Wu Ding was transferred from Nanjing to Beijing, which became the treasure of the town museum and has been kept in the National Museum. It has become the national treasure of China. In 2005, Dading returned to Anyang as a "provincial relative", and 83-year-old Pally Wu finally saw Dading again at the gate of Yin Ruins after 59 years. At a glance, he recognized Dading as "the country is in chaos when leaving, and the country is rich and strong when goodbye."
The old man always thought that protecting the cauldron from the Japanese was the most valuable thing he did in his life. On that day, as the discoverer and protector of the cauldron, he was lucky enough to touch it. On the afternoon of February 2nd, People's Republic of China (PRC) Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China accompanied visiting British Prime Minister David Cameron to visit the National Museum. The two prime ministers visited the collection of bronzes, Buddha statues and blue-and-white porcelain, such as Wu Ding, the stepmother, and had a cordial conversation with college students of the two countries.
References:
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