France's education system France belongs to a centralized country, which has long implemented highly centralized education governance. The government attaches great importance to education, establishes the priority position of education, and emphasizes the equal rights and opportunities for citizens to receive education; It is stipulated that primary and secondary schools should implement the contract system of schools, parents and students; Set up a "National Syllabus Committee" to regularly review and revise the educational content, reform the academic system and simplify the examination; Strengthen the construction of teachers, encourage university graduates to teach, establish teacher training colleges, and emphasize the necessity of teachers' continuing education; Attach importance to educational reform, focusing on eliminating bureaucracy in educational governance and strengthening technical education, emphasizing the close combination of education, scientific research and enterprise development. France emphasizes the unification of education governance, and the Ministry of Education vertically governs basic education. The structure of basic education is unified throughout the country, with five years in primary school, four years in junior high school and three years in senior high school. Junior high school is divided into three stages: adaptation stage, intermediate stage and professional orientation stage. The high school stage is divided into definite stage and final stage. Although the basic education in France is unified, on the basis of broadening the knowledge of primary and junior high schools, high school teaching pays more and more attention to the diversification of subject selection. There are three majors in liberal arts, economy and society, and science, and four technical majors in tertiary industry science and technology, industrial science and technology, experimental science and technology, and medical social science for students to choose from. Vocational high schools in France belong to short-term education with a two-year academic system. Usually the only way out is to get a job and do general technical work. However, for outstanding students who enter vocational high schools, the government has opened channels for them to enter ordinary high schools and technical high schools. In recent years, France has learned from the experience of educational governance in decentralized countries and delegated some rights to local governments. Local education management is divided into three levels: regional, provincial and municipal management, with the region responsible for senior high schools and some junior colleges; The province is responsible for junior high school; The town is in charge of primary schools and kindergartens. The main responsibility of the local education administrative department is to formulate the education plan for primary and secondary schools, and to be responsible for the capital construction of primary and secondary schools, the investment of daily education funds and the daily teaching management at different levels. For example, the municipal government of King Mary of Lyon distributes the daily expenses of the school. Take a primary school with only 200 students as an example, it costs 400,000 francs a year. At the same time, in personnel management, it is necessary to reduce government and decentralize power, and change primary and secondary school teachers from state management to school district management; Give primary school teachers new responsibilities, and teachers have greater autonomy in teaching arrangements and teaching methods. Other aspects, such as educational system, teaching syllabus and teaching material management, have also been gradually decentralized and reformed, forming a diversified educational governance system. French primary and secondary schools implement the principal responsibility system. As a member of the school, the principal is both a principal and a teacher. French principals, like teachers, are national civil servants. The right of appointment is in the state, not in the school, and the salary is paid directly by the Ministry of Education. The selection of principals in France is very strict, paying attention to both qualifications and experience. Teachers who compete for the position of principal must pass strict examinations and training. These measures not only ensure the quality of the headmaster, but also improve his authority. [1] French higher education system is divided into public schools and private schools. All French public universities are free and only need to pay a certain registration fee (around 200 yuan? )。 French higher education has a long history, with more than 80 universities and more than 300 professional universities and research centers. The developed education system ensures the quality of higher education in France, with internationally recognized diplomas and low tuition fees. In 2004, French universities began to implement the LMD education system in line with international standards, which was divided into three stages: the first stage (Licence) lasted for three years, and after graduation, they obtained a basic university diploma, equivalent to a bachelor's degree in China; The second stage (Maanshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd.) lasts for two years and obtains a master's degree after graduation; The third stage (Docteur) lasts for three years, and you can get a doctorate after graduation. Students who apply to enter the first stage of study must pass the French exam at the French Embassy. French universities accept China high school graduates who have obtained the admission qualification of domestic universities to study undergraduate courses in France; Students from China University can go to French universities to study; China college and undergraduate graduates can go to France to study for a master's degree. The French higher education system is diversified, and different types of schools have different teaching objectives, curriculum and admission conditions. Many public and private schools have their own advantages. Public schools are funded by the state. In contrast, tuition is almost free. According to the division of teaching institutions, there are three kinds of teaching institutions: (1) comprehensive universities: 87 comprehensive universities all over France, which implement basic and applied teaching through the division of disciplines and are divided into short-term and long-term academic systems. Admission requirements: Students with French senior high school entrance examination certificate or equivalent education are invited to submit application materials to the school, and the school will select the best candidates according to their materials. (Note: Since China's high school diploma is not equivalent to the French high school entrance examination certificate, the admission requirements for China students are limited to those who have received the admission notice from China University and are students or graduates from China University. Integrating the three stages in the sense of university education, the diploma in each stage is a national diploma, and the first stage is the implementation of university basic knowledge education; The second and third stages of learning tend to be specialized. (2) Key institutions: Key institutions train engineers, senior managers and administrators for government agencies, industry and service industries. Many of them belong to various government departments and are responsible for training engineers, teachers and administrators. Some of them (such as National School of Administration and Teachers College) are a major teaching feature of France. There are also private schools (such as some commercial schools and engineering colleges), which can be recognized after national audit. College is a long-term academic system with a cycle of five years. Admission requirements: the admission requirements are strict, and the school selects the best students according to their French middle school entrance examination results and application materials. Selected Graduates needs to go through two years of preparatory classes (or study in a comprehensive university through 1 to two years) to take the national unified examination. The admitted students will continue to study for three years, and those who are not admitted can enter the first stage of a comprehensive university. (3) Other higher education institutions: Most of these institutions carry out higher professional education in creative fields such as art and architecture. It belongs to the long-term academic system. Admission requirements: Most schools organize their own entrance examinations, and select the best candidates according to their examination results. In addition to the long-term academic system, short-term vocational education in France also plays an important role.

German education system

The German Basic Law gives everyone the right to education.

Germany's education policy is to encourage students to develop their personality freely, and students can freely choose schools, training places and ways of receiving education according to their hobbies and abilities. Germany has invested heavily in education, and has implemented full-fee compulsory education from primary school to university.

I. Compulsory education

According to the provisions of the German Basic Law, the whole education is under the supervision of the state. The jurisdiction of education belongs to the federal government and the state departments of culture and education. However, most of the functions and powers of education legislation and administration belong to the states. The joint meeting of national ministers of culture and education coordinates national education affairs. Germany implements 10 year general compulsory education. Children can enter kindergarten at the age of 3. I went to primary school at the age of 6, and the primary school system lasted for 4 years. Middle schools are divided into ordinary middle schools, practical middle schools, liberal arts middle schools and comprehensive middle schools. Ordinary middle schools have a school system of 4-5 years, and most of their graduates become skilled workers after three years of vocational education. Practical middle schools have a school system of 6 to 7 years, which is to train staff at different levels for the society; The academic system of liberal arts middle school is 9 years, and its graduates can apply to enter the university with the results of high school graduation examination, without the college entrance examination. Before entering the university, you generally need to receive 13 basic education. Comprehensive middle schools provide a variety of comprehensive education that combines practice, arts and sciences with practical arts and sciences. In comprehensive schools, both students who pay attention to practice and students who pay attention to arts and sciences belong to the same school. Comprehensive middle schools may be easier to cooperate or better connected. Cooperative comprehensive middle schools retain the framework of integrating different disciplines in traditional single-subject schools. Such a structure will give full play to different abilities and have more room for activities. Unified comprehensive middle schools are no longer divided into subjects. Put students with different abilities in a more unified class. The students in grade five or grade six in this school are in the same class, and there is no difference in class time. The quality of your grades depends on your performance.

Second, higher education.

The first category:

1. University. Generally speaking, comprehensive universities include liberal arts (Geisteswissenschaft), science (Naturwissenschaft), engineering (Ingenieurwissenschaft), law (Rectswissenschaft), medicine (Medizin), economics (Wirtschaft) and sociology (Sozialwissenschaft). For example, the University of Heidelberg and the University of G? ttingen are comprehensive universities. This kind of university is an academic university for teaching and research and has the right to award doctoral degrees.

2. Technische Uinversitaiet generally refers to the University of Science and Technology, or the University of Technology, also known as the University of Technology in China, with disciplines such as science, engineering, economics and management. For example: Technical University of technical university of munich and Berlin. This kind of university is a teaching and academic university and has the right to award doctoral degrees.

3.Technische Hochschule generally refers to a multidisciplinary industrial university with engineering characteristics and disciplines such as science and economy, or a technical institution of higher learning. For example: darmstadt Higher Technical School and Aachen Higher Technical School. This kind of colleges and universities mainly support applied talents. It has the right to award doctors and belongs to an academic university for teaching and research.

4. Mainly distributed in Hesse and North Rhine-westfalen. It integrates different higher education institutions and provides a variety of academic systems. There are two kinds of academic system combining theory with practice in professional colleges. Graduation means issuing two types of diplomas. It has the right to award doctoral degrees and belongs to an academic university of teaching and research.

The second category:

Fachhochschule is generally a single-discipline or multi-discipline school, which is also called Higher Institute of Technology or Technical College in China. This kind of school mainly trains practical talents. The school stipulates that there should be a period of practical activities when entering school and before graduation. The graduates of such schools have rich practical experience and strong hands-on ability, which are quite popular with industrial departments and society. Such schools have no right to award doctorates.

The third category:

Paedagogishe Hochschule mainly trains primary and secondary school and preschool teachers, as well as special education teachers.

The fourth category:

Kunsthochschule und Musik hochschule mainly trains art and music professionals and teachers.

Third, the degree system:

There are three kinds of graduation examinations in German universities: school examination, national examination and church examination, which grant different graduation qualifications. Degree will be awarded after graduation examination and graduation thesis pass. There are four main types of degrees:

1. Master of Engineering: Diploma-Ingenieur, or Diploma-Ingenieur (FH), especially Fachhochschule diploma. In addition to engineering degrees, it also includes science, economics, social sciences, humanities and arts. Awarding this kind of degree requires students to have a wide range of majors and related knowledge. Generally speaking, it is required to complete the first major before completing the second major, which is also called the main major and sub-major in China, so that graduates have a wide range of employment. After obtaining a master's degree, those with excellent results can apply for a doctorate.

2. Master of Arts degree: teacher. The master's degree in liberal arts is awarded to graduates majoring in language, literature, sociology and economics, as well as liberal arts combining science and engineering. In order to facilitate employment, Germany stipulates that Master of Arts students must complete two majors. A master's degree in German arts is equivalent to a master's degree in Britain and America, and those with excellent grades can apply for a doctorate.

3. Master of Theology: Master of Theology

4. Doctoral degree: Doctor.