According to historical records, the official activities of offering sacrifices to heaven and earth can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty, which was still in a slave society in 2000 BC. The ancient emperor of China called himself "the son of heaven" and was very devout to heaven and earth. Every emperor in history regarded offering sacrifices to heaven and earth as a very important political activity. Sacrificial architecture occupies an important position in the construction of the Imperial Capital, and it must be built with the highest technical level and the most perfect art by concentrating manpower, material resources and financial resources. The Temple of Heaven, built in the late feudal society, is the most representative work among many sacrificial buildings in China. The Temple of Heaven is not only a pearl in China's ancient architecture, but also a treasure in the history of world architecture. The Temple of Heaven was founded in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1920), and it is a world-famous altar. In the 9th year of Jiajing (1530), it was renamed the Temple of Heaven in the 13th year of Jiajing (1534) because of the system of offering sacrifices to the four suburbs respectively. After the reconstruction of Emperor Qianlong and Emperor Guangxu, the current pattern of Tiantan Park was formed.

The Temple of Heaven covers an area of 2.72 million square meters, which is bigger than the Forbidden City. It has two walls to form an inner altar and an outer altar. The altar wall is round in the south and round in the north, which symbolizes the round place. The ball altar is in the south, the valley prayer altar is in the north, and the two altars are on the same north-south axis, separated by a wall. The main buildings of the ball altar are the ball altar and the imperial dome, and the main buildings of the valley prayer altar are the hall of prayer for the new year, the palace and the door of prayer for the new year.

The main building of the Temple of Heaven is located in the inner altar, which is arranged in a straight line from south to north. All the palaces and altars face south in a circle, symbolizing the sky. The whole layout and architectural structure are unique. The Hall of Prayer for the New Year is the place where the emperor prayed for a bumper harvest. It is a circular hall with three eaves, 38 meters high and 32.72 meters in diameter. It has a blue glazed tile roof, all brick and wood structure, and no long purlin beams. It is supported by 28 wooden pillars and 36 purlins, which has high artistic value in architectural modeling.

In the early Ming dynasty, heaven and earth were worshiped together, and the altars in the northern and southern suburbs were worshipped together. The place where the sacrifice is held is called Dasitang, which is a square building with eleven rooms. In the 9th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1530), heaven and earth were separated, and a dome altar was built in the Temple of Heaven to worship heaven, and another Fangze altar was built in the northern suburb. The magnificent temples originally dedicated to heaven and earth were gradually abandoned. In the 19th year of Jiajing (1540), the original big sacrifice hall was changed into a big pleasure hall, and a circular building began.

After the Qing court entered the customs, everything was still in accordance with the old system of the Ming Dynasty. During the Qianlong period, the national strength was strong and the Temple of Heaven was built. In the twelfth year of Qianlong (1747), the emperor decided to rebuild the inner and outer walls of the Temple of Heaven, changing the earth wall into city bricks, and wrapping two layers of city bricks from the middle to the top. The width of the top of the inner altar wall is reduced to 4 feet 8 inches, and there are no eaves columns, making it a hanging gallery without colonnade. After the reconstruction, the inner and outer walls of the Temple of Heaven are thicker, and the GAI is more than ten miles long, making it a magnificent scenery. The main buildings of the Temple of Heaven, such as the Hall for Praying for the New Year, the Imperial Palace and the Dome, were also rebuilt at this time and have been preserved to this day.

Qiu Qiu altar, also known as Tiantan altar and Tiantai altar, is an open-air three-story circular stone altar where the emperor worships heaven from winter to the sun. It was built in the 9th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1530) and expanded in the 14th year of Qingganlong (1749). The altar is 534 meters in circumference and 5.2 meters in height. Divided into three layers: upper, middle and lower. The number of columns and steps on each floor is Yang (also called "Tian", that is, a multiple of nine), which means "Ninth Five-Year Plan". The surface of the altar is made of mugwort bluestone. Except that the stone in the center is round, the outer circle of the altar is fan-shaped and the figures are positive. Each floor has a white marble fence post, which is a multiple of 9. There are 72 railings on the upper floor, middle floor 108 and lower floor180,360 days. The ancients thought that nine was the pole of yang number, indicating the highest to the maximum, and the emperor was the son of heaven, which was also the highest to the maximum, so the whole world used multiples of nine to express the authority of the son of heaven. The circular mound altar has two low walls, the outer and inner circles, symbolizing a round place. The ancillary buildings of the ball altar include the imperial vault and its accessories, the sacred vault, the sacrificial pavilion and the three vaults (sacrificial vault, musical instrument vault and Brown's recommendation vault). Standing on the boulder in the middle of the top floor of the ball altar, although whispering, it is very loud. So whenever the emperor sacrifices to heaven here, his loud voice is like an Oracle from heaven, and the solemn atmosphere during the sacrifice is even more mysterious. This is because the surface of the altar is smooth, and the sound wave can quickly spread in all directions, hitting the surrounding stone fence, reflecting back and merging with the original sound, so the volume is doubled.

The imperial vault is located in the north of the dome altar, where sacrificial tablets are stored. It was founded in the 9th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1530), formerly known as Taimiao, and renamed as Royal Treasury in the 17th year of Jiajing (1538). It is a pyramid-shaped roof building with two eaves. In the seventeenth year of Qing Qianlong (1752), it was rebuilt and changed into a pyramid-shaped roof with gold-plated roof and single eaves and blue tiles. There are five rooms, and each room has something. The main hall and the east and west halls are surrounded by a smooth round wall. People speak in different positions on the wall, and people standing by the wall in the distance can hear clearly. This is the echo wall. Under the steps of the imperial vault, there are three stone slabs, namely echo stones: standing on the first stone slab near the steps, clapping your hands, you can hear one echo, standing on the second stone slab, clapping your hands, you can hear two echoes, and standing on the third stone slab, you can hear three echoes.

Echo walls are the walls of the imperial vault. The wall is 3.72m high, 0.9m thick, 61.5m in diameter and193.2m in circumference. The wall is made of brick on the ground, with blue glazed tiles on it. The radian of the fence is very regular, the wall is extremely smooth and tidy, and the refraction of sound waves is also very regular. As long as two people stand behind the east and west annex halls respectively, stick to the wall, and one person speaks to the north wall, the sound waves will continue to refract along the wall and reach the other end of one or two hundred meters. No matter how small the voice is, it can also make the other party hear clearly. The voice is long and interesting, giving people a mysterious atmosphere of "the connection between heaven and man". So it is called "Echo Wall".

The Ball Altar, the Imperial Dome and the Valley Prayer Altar are three main buildings on the central axis. Connecting these three main buildings is a long platform running through the north and south, which is called Single Pen Bridge, also known as Shinto or Seaview Avenue. It is 360 meters long, 29.4 meters wide and 1 meter high at the southern end. It gradually rises to 3 meters from south to north, symbolizing that this road is connected with the Tiangong, and the emperor ascended to heaven step by step from south to north. In the middle of the single bridge is Shinto, on the left is Imperial Road, and on the right is King Road. The emperor takes the imperial way, the ministers take the kingly way, and the immortals take the Shinto way. There is an east-west tunnel under the bridge, which is the hole where livestock are sent to be slaughtered before sacrifice.

The main building of the Temple of Heaven is the Hall of Praying for the New Year, which was built in the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420). Every year, the emperor held a ceremony to worship heaven here, praying for good weather and good harvests. The Hall of Prayer for the New Year is circular, with a diameter of 32 meters and a height of 38 meters. This is an rotunda with triple eaves and a gilded roof. The eaves are dark blue and covered with blue glazed tiles, because the sky is blue and symbolizes the sky.

Its architectural excellence lies in that the Hall of Prayer for the New Year is supported by 28 nanmu columns and 36 interconnected table rafters. These big pillars have different symbolic meanings: the four pillars in the middle are called Tian Tongzhu, representing the four seasons; Twelve gold pillars in the middle layer represent twelve months; Twelve eaves columns on the outer layer represent twelve o'clock; Twenty-four solar terms are expressed by adding the middle layer and the outer layer; The three layers add up to 28, representing 28 stars; Add eight sub-columns at the top of the column, representing thirty-six days; The Leigong column under the top of the treasure represents the emperor's unification of the whole country. Its ancillary buildings include the Imperial Palace, the gate for praying for the New Year, the God Library, the God Chef, the sacrificial pavilion, the wood stove, the coffin pit, the service platform, the sacrificial road and 72 long corridors. There is a seven-star stone in the square to the south of the promenade, engraved with mountain-shaped moire, which was placed in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty.

This hall is located on a circular white marble pedestal, covering an area of over 5,900 square meters. The base is divided into three layers and is 6 meters high. Each floor has carved white marble railings. This platform and the main hall are an inseparable artistic whole. When tourists walk out of the gate of the New Year's Prayer Hall and look south, they see a straight tunnel, which extends all the way south. The porches along the way are heavy, and the farther you go, the more endless you can see, and there is a feeling of falling from the sky. No wonder a French architectural expert said after visiting the Temple of Heaven: skyscrapers are much higher than the Hall of Prayer for the Year, but they are not as tall and deep as the Hall of Prayer for the Year, and they cannot reach the artistic height of the Hall of Prayer for the Year. This temple was destroyed by lightning in 1889 (the 15th year of Guangxu reign). It is said that at that time, the pillars of the hall were made of Daphne, and when they burned, they could smell delicious for miles away. The following year, the emperor called ministers to discuss the reconstruction of the Hall of Prayer for the New Year. Unable to find the pattern, the Ministry of Industry, which is in charge of national construction affairs, called the craftsmen who had participated in the restoration of the Hall of Prayer for the Year, and asked them to make the pattern according to memory and dictation before construction. Therefore, the current Hall of Prayer for the New Year was built during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, but the basic architectural form and structure still retained the appearance of the Ming Dynasty.

In the Hall of Prayer for the New Year, the ceiling is an exquisite "Jiulong Algae Well", and the Longjing column is painted with gold characters. There is a flat round marble in the center of the temple, and the pattern on the stone surface is a natural dragon and phoenix pattern. Yi Long leads a phoenix, which is called "Dragon and Phoenix Stone", that is, "Dragon and Phoenix are auspicious". According to legend, there is only a phoenix pattern on this stone, but there is only a carved dragon in the algae well at the top of the temple. With the growth of age, the dragon and the phoenix are inspired, and Jinlong often flies down to find the phoenix on the Phoenix Stone for fun. Unexpectedly, one day, I met Emperor Jiajing and bowed down on the stone. Jinlong has no time to fly back. Together with the phoenix on the stone, it was crushed into the boulder by Emperor Jiajing and never came out again. Since then, it has become a deep and shallow dragon and phoenix stone. 1889 When the Hall of Prayer for the New Year was burned, this dragon and phoenix stone was smoked and burned for a day and a night. Although the stone was not burned to pieces, the dragon pattern was burned to light black and the phoenix pattern was blurred. In front of the Hall of Prayer for the New Year, there are nine halls in the east and nine halls in the west, which are called Dong Gai and Xi Gai, and are warehouses for collecting memorial tablets. When offering sacrifices to heaven in the Ming Dynasty, in addition to offering sacrifices to the emperor gods, it is also necessary to offer sacrifices to the ancestors of the royal family Zhu, as well as the gods and emperors of the past dynasties, such as the sun, the moon, the five stars, the five mountains in the east, the west, the south, the north and the middle, the five small mountains and five towns, the four seas (rivers and lakes), storms, mountains and rivers, traditional Taoism and so on.

Another important building of the prayer altar is the Huang Gan Hall, which is located in a rectangular courtyard, surrounded by a prayer wall and connected by a glass door. This is a temple-style hall, covered with blue glazed tiles, with the base of white marble railings below. It is a temple dedicated to the "God of the Emperor" and the ancestors of the Emperor. God's slate is enshrined in a shrine shaped like a house. On the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar, the yamen responsible for offering sacrifices regularly sends officials to sweep away dust and burn incense. The day before the sacrifice, after the emperor came here to burn incense and salute, the minister of rites burned incense, and then he knelt down three times and knocked nine times. Then the officials of Taichang Temple headed by Qing asked them to put the tablet in Long Ting, and it was carried to the corresponding shrine in the Hall of Prayer for the Year by Yi Wei Er.

Zhaigong is located in the south of the west gate of the Temple of Heaven, east-west. It is the place where the emperor fasted and bathed before coming to the Temple of Heaven to pray for blessings. Therefore, it can also be said to be a small palace. It has Miyagi, and the palace wall has two layers: the outer layer is called brick wall, and the inner city is called purple wall. The outer city is mainly a defense facility, and there are duty rooms in the four corners of the outer city. There is a bell tower in the northeast corner of the outer city. Every time the emperor went in and out of the fasting palace, he would ring the bell to greet him. The inner city of Zhan Mu Palace is divided into three parts: front, middle and back. The front is centered on the main hall; Behind is the emperor's inner house; In the middle is a long and narrow courtyard with five cloisters and tile houses at both ends, which are the eunuch manager and the eunuch duty room respectively. Zhai Palace covers an area of 40,000 square meters and has more than 200 buildings. Although it is not as grand as the Forbidden City, it is also magnificent and elegant. Emperors of Ming and Qing dynasties came to this "wisdom house" for three days. Only two days before Yong Zhengdi's "Smart House" was changed to the Forbidden City, and moved to the Temple of Heaven on the last day. There are two imperial ditches on the periphery, and there is a 163 corridor around the inner dike of the outer ditch. There are five halls in the east of the palace, which are brick structures without beam hall coupons. On the platform of the main hall, there is a bronze pavilion for fasting and an hour tablet pavilion. There are five sleeping halls behind the temple, and there is a bell tower in the northeast corner, which contains the Yongle Year Clock.

The Divine Music Department was established in the northwest outside the Xitianmen Gate of Waqiutan in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420). The Divine Music Department is the organ that manages the performance of ancient music when offering sacrifices to China. The Ming Dynasty called God optimistic. At that time, Taoist priests were music and dance officials and musicians who valued God. When Yongle moved its capital to Beijing in the 18th year of Ming Dynasty, 300 musicians and dancers entered Beijing. After that, God was optimistic and kept about 600 musicians and dancers. By Jiajing, the total number of musicians and dancers had reached 2,200.

Tiananmen!

The Historical Evolution of Tiananmen Square

Tracing back the history of Tiananmen Square, we can't help but mention the history and evolution of the ancient capital Beijing. Tiananmen Square and all the ancient places.

Like the city walls, they have left a deep mark in the long river of history.

Beijing was a secluded state in the Tang Dynasty, Yanjing in the Liao Dynasty, the capital in the Jin Dynasty, a metropolis in the Yuan Dynasty, and Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the history of China's civilization development for thousands of years, eight dynasties, namely Yan, Da Yan, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, took Beijing as their capital. Various dynasties built large-scale buildings in Beijing and built ancient buildings with their own characteristics. The earliest indirect influence on Tiananmen architecture was Yuan Dadu in Yuan Dynasty.

In the first year of Yuan-Zhong reunification, Kublai Khan's residence in Yuan Shizu was Kaiping Prefecture (now East of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia). In A.D. 1264, the imperial edict of Yuan Shizu took Yanjing as its capital, and in nine years, it was changed to Yanjing as its capital. The construction of Yuandadu began at 1267 and was not completed until 1285, which lasted 18 years. The Yuan Dynasty abandoned the former capital of Jin Dynasty (now the area east of Lotus Pond in southwest Beijing), which made Beijing once move to the capital. This is a very regular city, a slightly rectangular metropolis, with the south wall on the south side of Chang 'an Avenue and the north wall near the North Third Ring Road north of Deshengmen and Andingmen. There are still intermittent mounds there, called Tuchengzi, which is the earliest North Wall of Yuan Dynasty. Dadoucheng is Miyagi, Imperial City and Dacheng from the inside out. The circumference of the big city is 60 miles, and there are 1 1 gates. Three gates in the south: Li Zhengyang Gate in the middle, Gate in the east and Shuncheng Gate in the west; From south to north in the east, there are Qihuamen, Chongren and Guangxi Gate in turn. In the west, from south to north, there are Pingze Gate and Yimen and Qingqing. There are only two doors in the north, Anzhen Gate in the east and Desheng Gate in the west. The south gate of the imperial city is called Lingxingmen, which is near this meridian gate. There is a T-shaped palace square between Lingxingmen and Li Zhengmen. Later, the court squares in Ming and Qing dynasties were basically built in the middle by using the old site.

Tiananmen Square. There are turrets at the four corners of the city wall, piers outside the city, palaces inside the city, squares behind the city and 50 neighborhoods dotted around. At that time, a famous Italian traveler named Kyle Poirot came to China. When he saw the splendid palaces and beautiful flower beds in the Yuan Dynasty, the city of great Khan, he was greatly amazed: "This city is so beautiful and the layout is ingenious that we can't describe her." The Travels of Marco Polo, which he later wrote, described Dadoucheng, which made this ancient city spread and became famous all over the world. Although Tiananmen Square was not built in the Yuan Dynasty, the architectural pattern of site selection in the Yuan Dynasty and the positioning of the Forbidden City and Palace Square made it feasible to build Tiananmen Square in the Ming Dynasty.

1368 (the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty), the rule of Yuan Dynasty was overthrown, and Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing. At the same time, Xu Da, a general of the Ming Dynasty, led an army to pacify the Yuan Dynasty and renamed it Beiping. At this time, in order to destroy the "imperial spirit" of the former dynasty, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, especially the Forbidden City, the essence of the Yuan Dynasty, which led to the disappearance of the Yuan Palace painted by Zhu Hu and Dan Danzao. In 1398, Zhu Yuanzhang died and his Sun Wenjian succeeded him. At this time, there was a battle for the throne within the Ming dynasty ruling group. Zhu Di, the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang and the prince of Yan, rose to Beiping, won the throne and ascended the throne of the emperor. Ming Di was changed from the prince of Yan, and Beiping was changed to Beijing in the first year of Yongle (A.D. 1403), which was temporarily called "Hangzai" (the capital of Hangzai in the absence of the emperor).

After Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, came to power, the first important thing was to decide to move the capital from Nanjing to his "land of Longxing" Beijing. The reason why he moved the capital to Beijing is mainly due to Beijing's superior geographical position of "surrounding the sea on the left, supporting Taihang Mountain on the right, benefiting the river in the south, and living in harmony in the north", "there are more than 100 passes in the pass" and "Tianjin can be transported by sea with convenient water transportation". The other is to control the northern and northeastern regions and maintain national stability. Therefore, in the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Judy sent ministers to various places to supervise the people to collect firewood and burn bricks, and recruited craftsmen, non-commissioned officers and migrant workers from various places to start the preparatory project for the construction of Beijing. In the 15th year of Yongle (14 17), the large-scale construction of Beijing officially began, and it was not completed until the 18th year of Yongle (1420). In the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), Judy officially moved to Beijing.

In Ming Dynasty, Beijing was built on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty, absorbing the advantages of capital planning in previous dynasties and referring to Nanjing regulations. All temples, temples, altars, palaces and (gates) are regulated like Nanjing. In fact, the newly-built palaces in Beijing are more magnificent than those in Nanjing. Its outer city is surrounded by the south of the inner city, the inner city by the imperial city, and the imperial city by the Forbidden City. The whole city forms a convex shape. The inner city basically lost the former site of the Yuan Dynasty. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the north wall moved five miles south, up to Deshengmen and Andingmen, and then the south wall moved forward to Zhengyangmen. There are nine gates in the inner city and Zhengyangmen in the south (that is, the main entrance of the Yuan Dynasty); The imperial city is in the center of the inner city. There are six gates: Dong 'an, Xi 'an, Bei 'an, Daming Gate in the south of the square, Chang 'an Left Gate in Chengtianmen, and Chang 'an Right Gate on the right. Miyagi, also known as the Forbidden City, is the core of Beijing. There are four doors: Wumen in the south, Xuanwu in the north, Donghua in the east and Xihua in the west. With the south expansion of the south wall, the imperial city and the Forbidden City moved south in turn, and the imperial city moved south to the north side of Chang 'an Avenue, which is the position seen today. The middle gate of the imperial city was renamed Chengtianmen (now Tiananmen Square) according to the name of Nanjing City in Ming Dynasty, and the end gate was built in Chengtianmen according to the layout of Nanjing City. The south of Gongcheng moved to the present location of the Forbidden City, and the main entrance was renamed from Lingxingmen in Yuan Dynasty to Wumen.

At the same time of building the Forbidden City, two groups of buildings, the ancestral hall and the social altar, were built in strict symmetry, using the left and right sides of the central imperial road in front of the meridian gate and in accordance with the provisions of "Zuo Zu You She". In addition, a T-shaped Palace Square (renamed Tiananmen Square in Qing Dynasty) was opened in front of Chengtian Gate. There are palace walls on the east, west and south sides of the square, so the square is closed. On the protruding side and the southern end of the east and west wings, two doors were opened, namely, the left gate of Chang 'an, the right gate of Chang 'an and the Daming gate in the south (renamed the Qing Gate in Qing Dynasty).

Chengtianmen is an important building in the imperial city. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), when Chengtianmen was completed, it was only a three-story wooden archway with a yellow tile cornice, and the plaque of Chengtianmen hung high in the middle of the archway. Inheriting heaven's gate means "inheriting heaven's blessing" and "being ordered by heaven", which means that the feudal emperor was "being ordered by heaven" and exercised power on behalf of heaven, which should be respected forever.

Tomorrow, in the first year of Shunyi (1457), Chengtianmen was struck by lightning and caught fire. There was no immediate recovery at that time, and it was not until the first year of Chenghua (1465) that Bai Gui, Minister of Industry and Information Technology, presided over the reconstruction. This reconstruction laid the foundation for today's Tiananmen Square. Since then, although it was built in the Ming Dynasty 180, it has not changed much. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng led a peasant uprising army to capture the capital, and Chengtianmen was destroyed by war. In the eighth year of Qing Dynasty (165 1), Fu Lin, the ancestor of Qing Dynasty, ordered a large-scale reconstruction and renamed Chengtianmen "Tiananmen". Later, in the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi (1688) and 1952, two large-scale repairs were carried out, and 1970 was rebuilt, basically maintaining the shape of reconstruction during the Shunzhi period. 1970 Tiananmen Square is 83 cm higher than the original Tiananmen Square, and the overall height is 34.7 meters (the original height is 33.87 meters).

From the 500-year historical track of Tiananmen Square, we can know that Tiananmen Square is a symbol of the long history of Chinese civilization and a historical witness to the rise and fall of feudal dynasties.

The related pictures of this theme are as follows:

Badaling Great Wall!

Part of the Great Wall of China. Located in the southwest of Yanqing County, Beijing. Badaling is located at the north entrance of Juyongguan Guangou, with high terrain and strategic position. Badaling Great Wall is exceptionally strong. There are two gates in Guancheng. The east gate is named "Juyongwai Town" and the west gate is named "North Gate Lock Key", which was built in the 18th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1505) and renovated during Jiajing and Wanli years. Both doors are of masonry structure, and there is a platform on the ticket hole, and there is a passage connecting the Guancheng Wall in the north and south of the platform. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Expressway passes through the city and is the throat leading to Beijing. From the left and right sides of the lock and key tower at the north gate, the Great Wall extends along the ridge and is built on the mountain. The walls vary in height, with an average height of about 7.5 meters, a bottom width of about 6.5 meters and a top width of about 5.8 meters. Five horses can ride together or ten soldiers can ride in parallel. Below the city wall is a stone abutment foundation, and above it is a huge brick wall shell filled with loess and gravel. The top of the wall is paved with square bricks on the ground. Inside the top is the building wall and outside is the crib wall. There is a crib (observation port) and a shooting hole on the crib wall, which can observe and shoot the enemy.

Build a fortress-like fortress in a dangerous place every 30 ~ 40m or100 ~ 200m on the city wall. Fort platform is built at the height of the ridge, at the corner of the city wall or in dangerous places. There are high and low towers. This tall tower is called the watchtower. There are cribs for shooting on the upper floor, and voucher holes and shooting holes for accommodation, shooting and storage of gunpowder and grain on the lower floor. The lower is the wall platform, which is almost as high as the city wall, but it protrudes outside the wall and is surrounded by piles, which is a place for patrol and sentry. There used to be houses and buildings for soldiers to rest on, but now only the foundation is left.

Looking out from the Badaling Great Wall, there are sporadic smoke mounds in the distance, and the crib is built on it, which is a warning facility to guard the Badaling Great Wall. Not far from the north gate, there is a brick city built in the year of dragon five (157 1), which is the headquarters of Badaling outpost. It can station more than 800 people and store a lot of ordnance here. Badaling Great Wall was in its heyday in the Ming Dynasty, but it lost its historical role of defense after the Qing Dynasty and was no longer repaired. After years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, it has become more and more barren here. After 1949, the four enemy stations, Guancheng, Guanmen and Nanbei, were renovated several times. 1978, rebuild the tower of Juyongguan Waizhen. Badaling Juyongguan, with green hills and lush flowers and trees, is known as Juyongdiecui, one of the eight scenic spots in ancient Yanjing, and is a famous tourist attraction at home and abroad.

The related pictures of this theme are as follows:

Beihai!

Take the subway outer ring and get on at Beijing Station, and get off at Chaoyangmen Station. Finally, transfer to 846 (Cuifuyuan Community-Wuluqiao East), get on at Chaoyangmen Station and get off at Beihai Station. The whole journey is about 6.9 kilometers.

Beihai, located in the northwest of Beijing Forbidden City and Jingshan, belongs to the center of Beijing. Beihai Park is mainly composed of lakes, islands and ancient buildings with a long history. With Qionghua Island as the center, * * * covers an area of more than 700,000 square meters, more than half of which is water.

Why is Beihai the layout of "one pool and three mountains"?

The layout of "one pool and three mountains" originated from the legend of China ancient Taoism that there are three fairy mountains in the East China Sea: Penglai, Yingzhou and abbot. Because there is Dan medicine on Sanxian Mountain, some emperors who want to live forever try their best to find Penglai Wonderland. Qin Shihuang sent Xu Fu to lead 500 boys and girls to the East to find Penglai Wonderland. In order to realize his dream, the later emperor built the palace according to the layout of the legendary "Yaochi Sanxian Mountain". The "one pool and three mountains" in Beihai is just like the layout of Yaochi and Penglai, Yingzhou and the abbot in the legendary fairyland.

Xiangshan!

Take the subway inner ring and get on at Beijing Station, and get off at Fuchengmen Station. Finally, transfer to 7 14 (Fuchengmen-Xiangshan) and get on at Fuchengmen Station and get off at Xiangshan Station. The whole journey is about 29.7 kilometers.

Xiangshan is located at the eastern foot of Xishan Mountain in the suburb of Beijing, 25 kilometers away from the urban area.

Xiangshan Park covers an area of 160 hectares, with the highest peak at an altitude of 557 meters.

History: Seven hundred years ago, during the Jin Dynasty, the Palace and Xiangshan Temple were built. The repeated construction of Yuan and Ming Dynasties made the royal gardens take shape. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Xiangshan built a large scale of construction and became a magnificent royal garden-"Jingyi Garden", which was included in the famous landscape "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" in the Qing Dynasty.

Name:

There are two main arguments:

One is the stalactite named after the highest peak, which looks like a censer and is called censer mountain, or Xiangshan for short.

The second is the apricot blossom named Xiangshan since ancient times. When the flowers bloom, its fragrance makes this mountain a veritable "Xiangshan".

Main landscape:

East Gate: Also known as the East Palace Gate, it is the main entrance of Xiangshan Park. The historical remains of the original East Palace Gate no longer exist. What we are seeing now is the newly-built gate, and the plaque of "Jingyi Garden" inscribed by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty hangs above the lintel.

Xiangshan Hotel: Designed by the world-famous architect and American Chinese Mr. I.M. Pei, it is a high-class tourist hotel with elegant style and complete modern facilities, integrating the quadrangles in the north of China and the south of Suzhou.

Xiangshan Temple: Formerly known as Ai 'an Temple, it was built in the 26th year of Jin Dading (1 186) as a palace. It was rebuilt in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The original five-story temple was burned down by the British and French allied forces in 1860.

"Clear Snow in Xishan" Monument: One of the "Eight Scenes of Yanjing" named in the Jin Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a monument of "Clear Snow in the Western Hills", which was regarded as an excellent place to enjoy snow in winter.

Yuhua Villa: Located in the center of Xiangshan Park, it is a villa built on the ruins of an ancient temple in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is an ideal place to watch red leaves in autumn.

Zhaomiao: Built in the 45th year of Qing Qianlong (1780), it is a large Tibetan Lama Temple. It is mainly composed of archway, rainbow terrace and glass tower.

Jianxin Zhai: It was built in the first year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1522) and rebuilt in Qing Dynasty. This is a well-preserved historic site, which is a "garden in the garden" in Xiangshan.

Xiangshan cableway: it is erected from the north gate to the top of Xianglufeng, with a total length of nearly 1000 meters, and is divided into three stops: upper, middle and lower.

The famous landscape adjacent to Xiangshan: Biyun Temple | Botanical Garden | Sleeping Buddha Temple |

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