The Reform Movement of 1898 refers to the bourgeois political reform carried out by the reformists headed by Kang Youwei through Emperor Guangxu in 1898 (the year of the Reform Movement of 1898), which was a political reform movement in China during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty (1898). The main contents include: learning from the west, advocating science and culture, reforming the political and educational systems, and developing agriculture, industry and commerce. This movement was strongly opposed by the old school headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. In September this year, Empress Dowager Cixi and others staged a coup, Guangxu was imprisoned, and the reformists Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France and Japan respectively. Six people, including Tan Sitong, were killed, and the political reform that lasted only 103 days finally failed. Therefore, the Reform Movement of 1898 is also called the Reform Movement of 1898. The Reform Movement of 1898, also known as the Reform Movement of 1898, was a bourgeois reformist political movement that took place in 1898 (the year of the Reform Movement of 1898). Like a boulder, it was thrown into the stagnant pool of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the national crisis was unprecedented. The reformists, represented by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong and Yan Fu, represent the political demands of the upper class of the national bourgeoisie and enlightened gentlemen, and advocate constitutional monarchy and the development of capitalism without shaking the rule of the feudal class, so as to save the national crisis and make the country rich and strong.

1895 In April, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan. When the news reached Beijing, the masses were very excited. Kang Youwei, who is taking the exam, and his student Liang Qichao joined forces with Beijing 18 province to gather at Songyun Temple in Dazhiqiao to discuss the petition. After the meeting, Kang Youwei drafted a book with ten thousand words, and put forward three suggestions: rejecting treaty of shimonoseki, moving the capital to fight against Japan, and strengthening political reform. He contacted more than 1300 people for signature and submitted it to Duchayuan, which refused to submit it. This is the famous "words on the bus" and the starting point of the Reform Movement. Since then, Kang Youwei has written to Emperor Guangxu one after another, stating that he was advocated by the law.

From the summer of 1895 to the spring of 1898, the reformists actively organized societies, founded newspapers and schools, created public opinion for the reform movement, and trained talents. 1895 In August, under the impetus of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, imperial academy Bachelor of Arts organized a strong society, which was the first political group founded by the reformists. The Society holds a meeting every 10, and every time someone gives a speech on "Strengthening China". 1 1 In June, a powerful society was established in Shanghai, but this powerful society was attacked and slandered by feudal die-hards and was quickly sealed up. 1896 In August, Huang Zunxian and Wang founded The Times in Shanghai and invited Liang Qichao as the main writer. 1897 5438+00 In June, Yan Fu founded the National Newspaper in Tianjin. These two newspapers enthusiastically publicized the western bourgeois social and political theory, criticized feudal autocratic rule, advocated civil rights and advocated constitutional monarchy, which effectively promoted the development of the reform movement. From 1897 to 1898, Tan Sitong, Huang Zunxian, Tang and Liang Qichao gathered in Hunan. With the support of Hunan Governor Chen Baozhen, they founded Hunan Daily and Hunan Daily, established a school of current affairs and organized Nanshe, which made Hunan Reform Movement flourish. According to incomplete statistics, from 1895 to 1897, there were more than 300 societies, schools and newspapers in China, and more than 30 kinds of newspapers and periodicals were published, which shows that the Reform Movement has a certain mass.

1In the winter of 897, Germany occupied JIAOZHOU Bay, and the national crisis was unprecedentedly serious, and the call for reform became louder and louder. Kang Youwei rushed from Guangdong to Beijing to write a letter and put forward specific suggestions for rapid political reform. 1898 1 month, Kang Youwei wrote "Overall Planning, Overall Folding" and suggested imitating Japan and carrying out comprehensive reform. In April, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others established the Bulgarian National Assembly in Beijing with the aim of "protecting the country, species and education". At the same time, Bao Dian Hui, Bao Chuan Hui and Bao Zhe Hui were established one after another. Scholar-officials often meet to discuss current politics, and the air of political reform is getting stronger and stronger. Kang Youwei took the opportunity to encourage imperial party officials to write a letter and urged political reform. 1 1 In June, Emperor Guangxu accepted the proposal of political reform and promulgated "Ming Ding Guo as an Imperial Decree", which officially began political reform. On the following day 103, Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup in September of February12003. Emperor Guangxu issued a series of imperial edicts to abolish old cloth and reform new cloth, deposed a number of stubborn ministers and found out a number of reformists. At that time, the reform movement reached its climax, which was called "the Reform Movement of 1898" in history. At that time, these imperial edicts issued by Emperor Guangxu were mainly political: they opened the way, advocated correspondence between officials and people, and prohibited anyone from obstructing them; Remove idle yamen and overlapping institutions to reduce redundant staff; Flags are allowed to make a living by themselves. Economically, it mainly includes: setting up a bureau of agriculture and industry to promote industry and reward inventions; Set up the General Administration of Railway Mines to encourage enterprises to run railway mines; Reduce the number of post offices and set up post offices; Establish a national bank and prepare the national budget and final accounts. Cultural and educational aspects mainly include: abolishing eight-part essay and changing strategy theory; Transform provincial academies and too many temples into schools, encourage local and private schools, and establish Capital University. Schools at all levels will learn middle school and western learning; Allow free establishment of associations and newspapers; Set up a translation bureau to compile new foreign books; Send people abroad to travel and study. Military aspects mainly include: reducing green camp, eliminating redundant soldiers, adopting new methods to train soldiers, adding a navy, and implementing armored protection.

The reform movement was resisted and opposed by the feudal die-hards from the beginning. With the development of the movement, the contradictions and struggles between reformists and die-hards have intensified rapidly. 1898 September 2 1 day, the feudal faction headed by Empress Dowager Cixi launched a coup, and Empress Dowager Cixi "lectured" again. Emperor Guangxu was jailed, and six reformers, including Tan Sitong, Kang,, Yang Rui and Liu Guangdi, were killed. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to Japan, the New Deal was completely overthrown and the political reform movement was completely defeated.

The Reform Movement of 1898 was a progressive national salvation movement and a far-reaching ideological emancipation movement. Its failure proves that in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, the road of bourgeois improvement is impassable.

The answer comes from: China History (Sichuan Education Edition), Grade 8, Volume 1, Lesson 6, the second learning theme.