The theme of previous World Expos: World Expos have been related to issues of common concern to mankind since their birth. 1933, the Chicago World Expo introduced the concept of "theme" for the first time.
A "theme" generally involves one or several issues of common concern to mankind, and participating countries and international organizations seek solutions to the problems through exhibitions around the "theme". The theme of Expo 1933 is "the century of progress". By exhibiting a large number of new products, it is clearly pointed out that scientific and technological inventions and innovations will become the main driving force for the progress and development of human society in the future. Since then, the World Expo has established a theme.
Since 185 1 the first World Expo, the world has held 38 World Expositions (excluding the World Horticultural Exposition recognized by the Bureau of International Expositions and several professional expositions with little participation), which are held every four years on average. Hosting the World Expo requires huge capital investment, and there are high requirements in organizational capacity, venues, infrastructure and environment, and funds of participating countries. The host country should have international status and economic strength and be able to invite major countries in the world to participate in the exhibition; Hosting the World Expo should have good exhibition conditions and perfect service facilities. In the case of multiple countries bidding for the Olympic Games, it is more important to have outstanding reasons and bidding conditions. Hosting the World Expo is not an easy task. Therefore, the host countries are basically developed countries such as Europe and the United States, and emerging countries with rapid economic development often show, embody and confirm this leap by competing for hosting the World Expo.
1, China: bid for the 20 10 World Expo and won the right to host it successfully.
In the past, most world expositions were held in developed countries in Europe and America. China successfully bid for the 20 10 World Expo, which is the first time that a registered World Expo has settled in a developing country. It will comprehensively and vividly show China's rising comprehensive national strength to the world, strengthen China's further understanding, trust and friendship with the world, and explore effective ways for common development and prosperity of mankind. In addition, China, as the largest developing country, will host the World Expo in China, which will provide better opportunities for developing countries to study and solve their problems and create a platform for in-depth cooperation.
2. The United States: hosted the 13 World Expo, ranking first, but has withdrawn from the Bureau of International Exhibitions.
The United States hosted the World Expo in new york on 1853, and 23 countries participated. And then in 1876 (Philadelphia), 1893 (Chicago), 1904 (St. Louis), 19 15 (San Francisco), 1926 (Philadelphia 1964 (new york), 1974 (Spokane), 1982 (Knoxville) and 1984 (New Orleans) * * * held the 13 World Expo, ranking first in the number of countries. The United States benefited the most from hosting the World Expo, but the organizer of the 1984 New Orleans World Expo declared bankruptcy one month before the end of the World Expo due to the financial crisis, which was the only World Expo in the history of the World Expo. Since then, the United States has become cautious and has never applied for the World Expo. After entering the 2 1 century, with the development of information technology and internet, the United States believes that the World Expo is outdated and there is no need to hold it again. It did not participate in the 2000 Hanover World Expo. On April 1 2006, the US government announced its withdrawal from the Convention on International Expositions (according to the Convention, the withdrawal will take effect one year later).
France: France has a special liking for the World Expo. France in Paris are 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900, 1925, 1937 respectively. After entering the 2 1 century, French enthusiasm for hosting the World Expo has not diminished, and it has successfully applied for the "image" of the Seine-saint-denis Province in 2004. However, after the new French Prime Minister raffarin took office, he decided to give up the right to host the Games. France is the third country to give up the right to host the World Expo after Hungary and the Philippines in recent years.
4. Japan: The first Asian country to host the World Expo. After World War II, Japan's economy developed rapidly. In order to show the world Japan's great achievements in all aspects, after the Tokyo Olympic Games, Japan held the "Human Progress and Harmony" World Expo-Osaka World Expo for the first time in Osaka from 65438 to 0970. The hosting of this World Expo has had a positive impact on Japan's society, economy, culture and other aspects. This is a good opportunity for Japan and other countries in the world to know, understand and communicate with each other, marking Japan's ranking among developed countries. Since then, Japan has held professional fairs in 1975 (Okinawa), 198 1 (Kobe) and 1985 (Tsukuba) respectively. Japan will hold a professional World Expo in Aichi Prefecture, Nagoya in 2005.
5. Other countries Britain hosted the World Expo in London in 1862 and 1908 respectively; Belgium hosted the World Expo in Brussels in 1935 and 1958 respectively. Canada hosted the World Expo in Montreal and Vancouver in 1967 and 1986 respectively.
The following countries have held it once: Austria (1873 Vienna), Netherlands (1883 Amsterdam), Australia (1988 Brisbane), Spain (1992 Seville) and Italy (1992 Genoa). Korea, as a new developing country (claiming to be a developing country at that time), held the professional World Expo in Daejeon for the first time in 1993.
The World Expo is the largest of all previous world expositions. 1939 new york World Expo has the largest area, reaching 500 hectares. Osaka Expo 1970 is the only profitable Expo, with the largest number of visitors, reaching 65 million; In 2000, the largest number of countries and international organizations participated in the Hanover World Expo, accounting for 170, and the largest investment was 102 billion DM.
World Expo: A Stage for Displaying Images
1, the World Expo is a platform to show the political, economic, scientific and cultural achievements of the world.
The purpose of hosting the World Expo is often to celebrate major historical events or important events in a certain region or country, and to show human achievements in one or more fields such as politics, economy, science and technology, and culture. New technologies, inventions, creations and products that mark the progress and development of human society are presented to the public through the platform of the World Expo.
In 185 1 Great Britain's national industrial works exhibition, the economic achievements brought by the British industrial revolution and the advanced industrial products of participating countries, such as automatic chain spinning machines, high-power steam engines, railway steam tractors, high-speed steam ships, steam presses, cranes, machine tools, advanced steelmaking methods, tunnels and bridges, were exhibited.
Concrete, steel, aluminum products and rubber were exhibited at the 1855 Paris World Expo.
At the 1862 London World Expo, artificial dyes invented by Germans for dyeing cloth were exhibited.
At the 1867 Paris World Expo, new industrial products such as electric lighthouses, submarine cables, hydraulic lifts and ball bearings made their debut.
Power loom, water pump, axle, cable, locomotive, printing machine, typewriter, multiplex telegraph, etc. All of them were exhibited at the Philadelphia 1876 World Expo.
1878 At the Paris World Expo, various new inventions were colorful, such as Bell's telephone, Edison's phonograph, freezer and so on, all of which were epoch-making inventions of mankind.
1889 A new type of photographic film with continuous display and clear images was exhibited at the Paris World Expo. Later generations invented the film machine with this technology. A variety of new industrial products such as steam engines and motors were also exhibited;
At the 1893 Chicago World Expo, the invention and application of electricity became the most dazzling "star" of this World Expo. For the first time, the Electronic Museum used AC power generation system to provide lighting electricity. 6.5438+0.2 million light bulbs were used, and letters and graphic shapes were blown out with glass tubes, which was the first time that neon lights appeared.
1900, the World Expo "Looking Back at the Century" was held in Paris. The subway was introduced, the scientific and technological achievements of 19 century were displayed, and large generators and radios were exhibited. 1904 aircraft and radios exhibited at the St. Louis World Expo in the United States; 1933, Chicago, USA hosted the World Expo for the second time. For the first time in the history of the World Expo, the theme was "a century's progress". The remarkable exhibit at the World Expo is the achievement of aviation research-Professor Auguste Picard's hanging basket balloon rose to an altitude of 480,000 feet; 1939 —— 1940 At the World Expo in new york, USA, tape recorders, televisions, television cameras, nylon and plastic products appeared. The spaceship was first exhibited at the professional World Expo in Seattle, USA, in 1962, which indicated that human beings had been able to leave Mother Earth and enter the universe with the help of high-tech forces. Osaka World Expo 1970 and Tsukuba Science and Technology Expo 1985 show the audience the development and achievements of Japan in various aspects after World War II. 1986, the newly developed communication products were exhibited at Vancouver Professional Expo. 1993 World Expo Daejeon, Korea, fully demonstrated the rapid development of the Korean economy; The exhibition of the 2000 Hanover World Expo shows that human beings use the power of science and technology to challenge the future and live in harmony with nature, revealing the new relationship among human beings, nature and technology.
2. Explore ways to solve the important problems facing mankind.
The World Expo focuses on the same problems faced by human beings. It gives people profound enlightenment by completely showing the development process of things and exploring ways to solve problems.
Since its birth, the World Expo has involved issues of common concern to mankind.
1933 The theme of the Chicago World Expo is "the century of progress". Through the exhibition of a large number of new products, it is clearly pointed out that scientific and technological inventions and innovations will become the main driving force for the progress and development of human society in the future.
1939- 1940 held world expositions in new york and San Francisco, with the theme of "building a tomorrow's world" and put forward a new slogan: "human beings are interdependent", so as to build a better tomorrow's world with today's strength and a happy American lifestyle.
The first post-war World Expo was held in Brussels on 1958 with the theme of "science, civilization and humanity". Through exhibitions, participating countries reveal the great damage caused by war to human homeland and environment, and call on mankind not to fight, and promote human civilization and harmony with scientific progress.
The theme of Osaka World Expo 1970 is "Human progress and harmony", and it is pointed out that cherishing resources and controlling pollution are new problems facing human society. 1974 at the Spokane environmental exposition in the United States, "pollution-free progress" was clearly put forward.
The theme of World Expo 2010 1984 in New Orleans, USA is "World Rivers-Water-the Source of Life", which reveals that water is not inexhaustible, and human beings have already faced the problem of water shortage.
1986 Vancouver Expo, with the theme of "Traffic and Communication-Human Development and Future", reminds mankind that it has entered the information age.
At the Daejeon Professional Expo in Korea during the period of 1993, the theme of "the challenge of vigorous development-a new way to take off" was put forward in combination with the contents of environmental protection, ecological balance and harmonious development. Various recycling technologies are widely used in the construction of venues and exhibition halls, and the roads in venues are also paved with waste tires.
The theme of Expo 2010 1998 in Lisbon, Portugal is "Ocean-Wealth of the Future". Through exhibitions, people are encouraged to continue to explore the secrets of the ocean, develop and utilize the ocean for the benefit of mankind, and at the same time protect marine resources.
The theme of Expo 2000 in Hanover, Germany is "Human, Nature, Science and Technology-a New World of Prosperity and Development", which advocates the concept of sustainable development and reuse. The 49 national pavilions participating in the World Expo are all made of environmentally friendly, renewable and multi-purpose materials.
The benefits brought by the World Expo to development
1. Expo has promoted political, economic, scientific, technological and cultural exchanges and cooperation among participating countries.
In about half a year of the World Expo, exhibitors from all over the world gathered together to understand, communicate and cooperate with each other. Senior officials from politics, economy, finance, large companies and enterprises from various countries gathered here for high-level exchanges and negotiations.
185 1 Crystal Palace Expo opened, Queen Victoria personally presided over the opening ceremony and cut the ribbon, and visited the Expo with senior officials from political, economic, cultural and other fields around the world. 1855 The Paris World Expo set a precedent for foreign leaders to visit the Expo in person. Afterwards, the host country of the World Expo will generally invite the leaders of the participating countries to visit the World Expo and hold exhibition hall days, or hold cultural week activities of the participating countries, focusing on cultural and artistic performances with their own characteristics, and introduce their historical development, customs, living habits, scientific and technological progress, etc. to the audiences of various countries.
There is no direct trade activity in the Expo site, but indirect economic and trade negotiations outside the Expo site are very active. Major multinational companies and enterprises have set up their own museums to display their latest products in the dynamic form of art or "sound, light and electricity" and to show their economic and technological strength, so as to promote their products. 1970 during the osaka world Expo, Japanese enterprises signed export contracts of about $2 billion. 1993 At the Daejeon Professional Expo in South Korea, French President Mitterrand personally presided over the French Pavilion Day to promote the French high-speed train system (TGV) and reached an agreement with South Korea to provide the Seoul-Busan high-speed railway train system, worth 654.38+08 billion US dollars. On 1999 Kunming World Horticultural Exposition, Yunnan Province fully displayed rich species and tourism resources, which played a positive role in promoting flower export and tourism development. At the 2000 Hanover World Expo, Chancellor Schroeder personally accompanied Premier Zhu Rongji to visit the Expo and took the opportunity to promote German products. The two sides finally reached a large-scale economic and trade contract.
The World Expo has promoted the social and economic development of the host country and city.
Hosting the World Expo will help promote the development of the host country in economic, tourism, cultural and artistic exchanges.
For the host city, the World Expo often becomes the driving force to promote the construction of urban infrastructure, transportation facilities, urban planning and design, and urban transformation. Through these constructions and transformations, we can improve the construction of urban infrastructure, airports, roads, bridges and other facilities, improve the living environment of urban residents, and form a good ecological environment and cultural atmosphere. When hosting the World Expo, it is generally necessary to build landmark buildings with novel and unique design and new building materials, which not only promotes the development of architectural design and material technology, but also preserves most of these buildings after the World Expo, bearing the imprint of society, culture, science and technology, architecture and aesthetics, and some of them have become symbols of cities and even countries.
185 1 The pavilion of the London World Expo is located in Hyde Park, covering an area of 18 acres. It is the first time to combine steel components, glass and laminated plates in buildings, and it has become the forerunner of modern glass curtain wall high-rise buildings. The whole building is supported by steel frame, and other parts such as roof and wall are assembled by large pieces of glass. The exhibition hall is tall and bright, full of light, and colorful, just like the fairy palace in a dream, and is vividly called the "Crystal Palace". 1854 "Crystal Palace" was moved to Andenham, Xi 'an to hold art exhibitions and concerts, 1936 was destroyed by fire.
Paris is the city that has hosted the most World Expositions, leaving behind the most exquisite buildings. The Eiffel Tower is a landmark building that hosted the World Expo in 1889 to commemorate the centenary of the French Revolution. Its height is 32 1 m. It can be called the father of the modern tower, and now it has become a symbol of Paris and France. The most beautiful Alexander III Bridge on the Seine River, Xiale Palace, Paris Industrial Palace, national mall, Odyssey Palace, Honorary Military Academy, Mechanical Palace, Expo Memorial Gate, Institute of Artificial Art Creation and some buildings on both sides of the Seine River are all important legacies of previous Paris World Expos. As epoch-making landmark buildings, they add elegance and charm to the flowers and have always attracted domestic and foreign tourists to visit. 1933 The landmark building of the Chicago World Expo is "Hundred Cities". Classical architecture, all painted with plaster of Paris, is white and spectacular, especially in the light at night. During the World Expo, most pavilions were temporary buildings and were demolished after the closing. To this end, many new building materials and buildings have been developed, such as inflatable light buildings and plastic canopy buildings. At the 1958 Brussels World Expo, the organizer built a spherical exhibition hall with atomic energy structure, which symbolizes that mankind has entered a new century of scientific and technological progress and has stood in the center of Brussels so far. 1970 the landmark building of osaka world Expo is "Tianyu pavilion", and the top floors of big houses are stacked in layers, which are magnificent and towering into the sky, fully demonstrating the majestic style of oriental palace architecture. The reuse of buildings in Vancouver Expo 1986 and Hanover Expo 2000 was very successful. In preparation for the Lisbon 1998 World Expo, the city's infrastructure such as transportation, telecommunications and environmental protection has been completely renewed. Kunming, which hosted the World Horticultural Exposition 1999, completed the transformation and construction of the city ten years ahead of schedule, and successfully held the Horticultural Exposition with a brand-new urban look.
Hosting the World Expo has promoted the tourism development of the host country and city. With the expansion of the scale of the World Expo, the number of visitors has doubled, from 6.3 million for the London World Expo at 185 1 to 64 million for the Osaka World Expo at 1970, and in recent years it has reached more than10 million. The host countries take various measures to improve the ability of gathering tourists and attract tourists from all over the world to visit the World Expo and other famous tourist attractions. London, Paris, Vienna, new york, Osaka and other cities that have hosted the World Expo have become world-famous tourist destinations. Since the World Expo 1976, Montreal has become a famous tourist city in Canada. Seville, Spain, has been transformed into a tourist attraction since the World Expo 1992, attracting a large number of domestic and foreign tourists every year. The horticultural exposition held in Kunming has greatly promoted the development of tourism. The original site of the exposition has been preserved and is still open to the audience as an important tourist attraction. Coupled with Yunnan's rich tourism resources, such as Shilin, Dali, Lijiang, Xishuangbanna and Shangri-La, Yunnan has become a tourist hotspot for domestic and foreign tourists. In addition, like the Olympic Games, when hosting the World Expo, major companies and enterprises all over the world have invested a lot of money in advertising, which is not only conducive to the development of the advertising industry, but also has become an important source of funds for the World Expo.
The World Expo is a place for education, dissemination, popularization and publicity of scientific, technical and cultural knowledge.
The World Expo is a large-scale exchange activity of international economy, science and technology, culture and art. Participating countries display their latest scientific and technological inventions, which plays a positive role in spreading, popularizing and publicizing scientific and technological knowledge. In order to attract tourists and improve the interest of viewing, the participating countries adopted the art or modern technology such as "sound, light and electricity" to create a special atmosphere, which is vivid and lifelike. The exhibits are popular and artistic, and the high-tech content is sent to general simple exhibition activities to publicize scientific and technological knowledge.
1985 After the Tsukuba Science and Technology Expo in Japan, it was transformed into a national science and technology city in Japan and became a research center in Japan. Many large enterprises and companies have high-tech R&D institutions here.
After the Daejeon World Expo 1993, the original site was converted into a science museum for young people from all over Korea to visit and study.
In 2000, the Hanover World Expo opened a theme park to show people's understanding of the future with vivid scenes. Many children play with robots in the "park" or enter the future world to experience the life of other planets. There is an information superhighway system in the China Pavilion. Visitors, especially teenagers, drive into the information superhighway by computer and learn about China's politics, economy, military, society and culture. There were a sea of people during the exhibition, and the effect was good.
(This edition is provided by the Exhibition Department and Press Office of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade. )
The Origin and Development of the World Expo
The World Expo has a long history. The first real World Expo opened in London, England on May 185 1, and Queen Victoria invited countries to participate through diplomatic channels. The World Expo is held by the state, and the invitation of the head of state shows that this is an act of the government, which makes the specifications and significance of the World Expo go beyond the general international trade fairs.
The great success of this World Expo has made it a grand event on a global scale. Since then, all the world expositions have reflected the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological development level and achievements at that time. At the same time, they have also shown the future prospects of human social and economic development and put forward major problems facing human society. The World Expo is known as the "Olympic Games" in the fields of economy, science and technology and culture.
Classification of World Expo
According to the convention of international expositions, there are two kinds of world expositions: one is a comprehensive theme exposition, now called a registered world exposition, which is held every five years, usually for six months; The other is a professional-themed exposition, now known as an accredited exposition, which usually lasts for three months (A 1 Horticultural Exposition managed by the International Horticultural Producers Association is six months) and is held once between two comprehensive (registered) expositions. The themes of the exhibition can be identified as: ecology, atomic energy, meteorology, chemical industry, ocean, land transportation, mountains, freight, forest, data processing, hunting, urban planning, fisheries, residence, food, entertainment, animal husbandry, archaeology, fisheries and medicine.
The General Assembly of the Bureau of International Exhibitions has the sole right to decide whether an exhibition governed by the Convention on International Exhibitions is registered or approved, taking into account the opinions of the Executive Committee.
Convention on International Exhibitions and Bureau of International Exhibitions
1, International Exhibition Conference
At the beginning of the 20th century, due to the frequent hosting of World Expos, some host countries were poorly organized, which led to repeated contradictions and brought financial difficulties to the participating governments. In order to control the frequency and level of the World Expo,1On October 28th, representatives of 365,438+0,928,65,438+0 countries held a meeting in Paris, signed the world's first constructive convention to coordinate and manage the World Expo, that is, the International Exhibition Convention, and established the executive body-the International Exhibition Bureau.
Since then, the Bureau of International Exhibitions has revised the terms of the Paris Convention 1928 twice in 1948 and 1966. 1972165438+1October 30th, the Bureau of International Exhibitions made some new regulations on the operation of the World Expo. 1988 On May 3 1, the Bureau of International Exhibitions adopted an amendment to the Convention, which came into effect on May 3/988. In this way, there is a set of mature laws and regulations for hosting the World Expo, including application approval procedures, exhibition content, and Expo operation rules.
The Convention on International Expositions stipulates the holding period of world expositions, the rights and obligations of exhibitors and organizers, and clearly stipulates that a comprehensive world exposition is held every five years, that is, a registered world exposition, and its exhibition time does not exceed six months; A professional Expo can be arranged between two registered world expositions, that is, registered world expositions, and the exhibition time should not exceed 3 months (A 1 Horticultural Exposition can be 6 months), and the exhibition scale should not exceed 25 hectares.
The member countries of the Bureau of International Exhibitions have one vote in deciding the host country of the World Expo. In view of the growing influence of the World Expo in the world, many countries have decided to participate in the Bureau of International Exhibitions, so as to have more bargaining space in future political and economic exchanges with the host country. According to the provisions of the Convention on International Exhibitions, as long as they are full members of the United Nations and other institutions, they are eligible to join the Bureau of International Exhibitions.
2. Bureau of International Exhibitions The Bureau of International Exhibitions is an intergovernmental international organization, and all its activities are conducted through diplomatic channels. The Bureau has four professional committees: the Executive Committee, the Administrative and Budgetary Committee, the Legal Committee and the Information Committee.
3. The member countries of the International Exhibition Bureau have 88 member countries. Among them: Europe 27, North America 1, Central America 16, South America 8, Africa 12, Asia 2 1, Oceania 3. China officially joined the Bureau of International Exhibitions in May, 1993.
Procedures for bidding for the World Expo
1. The government of the contracting state planning to hold the World Expo in its territory shall submit an application for registration or recognition to the Bureau of International Exhibitions, stating the laws, regulations or financial measures it intends to take to hold the Expo.
2. The application for hosting the World Expo is submitted by the host government. Governments must formally apply to the Bureau of International Exhibitions 5-9 years before the World Expo, and usually the foreign minister or ambassador sends a letter on behalf of the government.
Six months after the first application is submitted, the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Bureau of International Exhibitions will organize one or more inspections according to the suggestion of the Secretary-General to ensure the feasibility of the application. The inspection activities are presided over by a vice-chairman of the Bureau of International Exhibitions, with the participation of several representatives, experts and the Secretary-General (the Chairman of the Bureau of International Exhibitions can participate in the inspection). All expenses shall be borne by the bidding country.
4. If two or more countries compete to register an exhibition but cannot reach an agreement, they shall request the General Assembly of the Bureau of International Exhibitions to vote. When voting, the general assembly should consider all the factors put forward, especially the special reasons of historical or moral nature, the time since the last exhibition and the number of times held by the bidding country.
Organizing for the World Expo is a huge systematic project. As a major action of a national government, the preparation time usually takes 5-6 years. Moreover, due to the great significance of hosting the World Expo, the number of bidding countries is increasing and the competition is becoming increasingly fierce. During the bidding process, the bidding country must lobby for votes among the member countries, invite the leaders of the Bureau of International Expositions to visit the bidding country, or even personally come forward by the head of state to actively win the support of the member governments through diplomatic visits, talks and letters. At this point, there is a taste of competing for hosting the Olympic Games. Different from the Olympic Games, bidding for and hosting the World Expo is a government action of a country, and many things need to be done by the government through diplomatic channels. The International Olympic Committee is a non-governmental organization, and this city will bid for the Olympic Games.