In the Qing Dynasty, the northwest provinces were the areas with the most concentrated Hui population distribution in China, and before the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Shaanxi Province was one of the northwest provinces with the most concentrated Hui population distribution. According to the China Population in Shaanxi Volume, the total population of Shaanxi in 1850 was 1 21070,000, while the volume "A brief introduction to the history of Qin Long and Wu Hui" (1) said that "Shaanxi is seven times the population, and Gansu is three times and seven times the population". The so-called "seven to three" is also a rough figure. On this basis, before 1.862, the Hui population in Shaanxi was about1.500,000-2 million.

For a long time, the northwest has "returned to China to live together", but the customs are still different, and I have little resentment. I can't live without it. " Because of their unique habits, Hui and Han people have long taken this "feud killing each other" for granted. However, the Qing government took advantage of this contradiction and adopted the policy of recovering the Han nationality, favoring the Han nationality everywhere. "All the arguments and struggles, regardless of the merits, have suppressed the Hui people. The Han people have resumed bullying and fear of hard work, and they don't know how to rebel. Hundreds of millions of people are United, accumulated over time, and hatred is extremely deep. " In addition, politically, the Hui people have also been severely suppressed. "Since the Xiandian, the punishments have been repeatedly banned by the officials of the Tang Dynasty, even if the soap pawn is not allowed to re-enter." When analyzing the causes of this war, Zuo also pointed out that "the disaster of the Hui people in Shaanxi has long been caused by the Han people."

However, few people know that the direct cause of this great uprising, or great turmoil, spread to the whole northwest is those humble bamboos.

After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the late Qing Dynasty, Yong Lian appeared everywhere, commonly known as Yong. In the Qing dynasty, there was a strict distinction between bravery and soldiers. Courage is regimental training, that is, militia, and soldiers are regular troops. In the spring of the first year of Tongzhi (1862), a group of Huiyong, who had returned from Tongzhou, went to Zhangxiao Village in Shengzhan, Huazhou (now hua county, Shaanxi). A Hui Yong took a fancy to the bamboo beside the village and bargained with the shopkeeper to buy some. While chopping bamboo, the master's father came. When the old man learned about selling bamboo, he felt that the price was low and wanted to go back on his word. However, the old man did not blame his son for doing nothing, but framed Hui Yong, who cut bamboo, for stealing bamboo, and the two sides clashed. I'm afraid no one expected that this conflict would lead to an earth-shattering chaos.

According to local government regulations and folk customs, once there is a robbery case, there is a saying that "the alarm bell will ring". There was a conflict between the buyer and the seller of bamboo. According to the owner, it is "stealing" rather than "buying". Beating a thief is a matter of course. As a result, with the bell ringing, the local people should kill two Hui Yong who cut bamboo indiscriminately forever. As a result, trouble followed.

Hui Yong, who was killed, was certainly unconvinced. However, these brave people are reasonable. They did not answer blows with blows, but went to the Iowa government to complain, hoping that the government could uphold justice. At that time, Puyao in Huazhou was a fool. He was partial, threatened to pay back harmony, and even said, "If you hurt one, you will get ten;" Han hurt the Hui people one by one and arrived one by one "(Liu Dongye's Return of Ren Xu Huazhou), and kicked them out of the state government. As we all know, it has been turned into "killing Hui people without official approval" in circulation, which is undoubtedly adding fuel to the fire. Speaking of which, these Hui Yong also don't want to make trouble. Local chronicles recorded this conflict: "Being an official is not for reasoning, but for the Han people. Rumor has it that killing Muslims doesn't need an official. At this time, the Hui people are obedient, and they are already motionless. " ("Huayin County Continuation" 2 1) If Huazhou knows that it can handle this matter well, it will not cause subsequent confusion.

Qin Ying, the captain of Huazhou yamen, is also a Muslim, and he is extremely dissatisfied with the eccentricity of well-known adults. As the saying goes, the world is a family. Therefore, Qin Ying wants to help these wronged Hui Yong. He took Hui Yong to Qinjiazhuang, where the Hui people live in compact communities outside the city, and contacted the Hui people in the village, intending to petition the state government in droves. At this point, the Hui people have no intention of rebelling.

However, the Manchu and Han rulers were biased against the Hui people. Liu Rong, the governor of Shaanxi Province, called Islam a "vulgar religion". There is always a struggle between Hui and Han. The news that the Muslims in Qinjiazhuang are willing to spread has become a "Uighur rebellion". The wind soon spread to the government. Weinan Regiment and Huazhou Regiment led the Yong ying in the two places, and began to suppress the local Hui people, distributing chicken feather posters of "Qin did not leave behind", claiming that "rebellion should be suppressed first", and Qinjiazhuang was baptized by Yong ying. Things are getting worse.

Han people called "Hui people rebelled" and Hui people said "Han people destroyed Hui people", and a brutal and violent ethnic conflict began to spread rapidly. In nearby counties, some Hui people first rose up against the Han people, and some Han people first rose up to rob the Hui people in Yingyong. The whole eastern Guanzhong is in a state of national vendetta. Yaozhou, Fuping, Gaoling and Tongguan in Weibei were the first to operate on the Hui people. In Lintong, Weinan, Tongzhou, Dali, Huazhou and Huayin, the Hui people have the upper hand. The Hui uprising broke out.

In May, the uprising Muslims killed Shaanxi minister Ying Yong (Zhang Fu went to appease the Muslims, but put up a poster of "communist suppression" in the sedan chair).

After that, the Hui people near Xi 'an responded to the uprising and besieged Xi 'an. Fengxiang Hui people in the west of Guanzhong have also been exposed. The whole Guanzhong was plunged into war.

At the beginning of the uprising, Shaanxi Huimin Army had direct contact with Taiping Army and Nian Army. 1864, Duo Long, the general of the Qing army, attacked the strong Hui fortress on both sides of the Weihe River by deception, and the Hui army in Shaanxi was forced to break up with their families and retreat to the Shaanxi-Gansu border to resist the Qing army.

At the beginning of the Hui uprising in Shaanxi, the Hui people in Gansu responded in succession. 1at the beginning of 864, the Hui people from Shaanxi entered Gansu one after another, and the rebel army grew stronger and stronger. In the repeated struggle with the Qing army, Gansu gradually formed four anti-Qing struggle centers: the uprising area centered on Jinjibao led by Ma Hualong; The uprising area centered on Hezhou led by Ma Zhanao; Ma led the uprising area centered on Suzhou (now Jiuquan). Under the attack of the Hui Rebels, the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Gansu fell into chaos. Under the joint attack of the Hui Rebel Army and the Nian Army who entered Shaanxi, the old Xiang Army of the Governor Yang and Liu Songshan were at a loss and at a loss.

/kloc-in the autumn of 0/862, Ma Zhaoyuan, a Hui nationality in Ningxia Pingyuan (now Tongxin), launched an uprising against the government's extortion, and the Han people also took the initiative to participate. Soon Ma Zhaoyuan was lured and killed by the upper Hui people, and Ningxia Hui army captured Ningxia Fucheng (now Yinchuan City) and Lingzhou City (now lingwu city City). Ma Hualong, a Protestant Imam of Islam living in Jinjibao, was elected as the anti-Qing leader. Ma Hualong (1810-1871year) was born in Lingzhou, Ningxia (now lingwu city). When I was young, I studied Arabic and Islamic classics under the imam of Ma and Jin 'an in Shandong, and learned to "dress up" and become an imam. From 65438 to 0849, he succeeded the fifth generation leader of the Hezhe Sect of Islam, and began to revive the activities of the Hezhe Sect, pushing the Hezhe Sect to its peak. The Qing Dynasty was politically corrupt and practiced ethnic oppression and religious discrimination. In the second year of Tongzhi (1863), Ma Hualong responded to the Hui anti-Qing uprising in Yunnan and Shaanxi, led the Hui uprising in Wubaibaozhai, Lingzhou, and fought back in self-defense, becoming one of the main leaders of the Hui anti-Qing uprising in northwest China. In the name of "Prime Minister of Ningjun, Lianghe and other places, General Manager of Military Aircraft Affairs", he took the seat of Jinji, commanded the Rebels of Ningling, Gu, Qin and Fu, and left and right the Rebels of Xining, Dihe, Suzhou and Shaanxi.

Because Yang was unable to suppress the uprising of Hui people in Shaanxi and Gansu, the Qing government sent the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and an imperial envoy supervised the military affairs in Shaanxi and Gansu. Zuo made clear the operational policy of "far after the pre-Qin Dynasty".

1In July, 867, Zuo led nearly 20,000 Chu troops under his command to Shaanxi, pressing the Muslim insurgents in Shaanxi step by step and crushing them one by one. The Muslim insurgents in Shaanxi suffered heavy losses.

1868165438+10, Zuo decided the overall situation of Shaanxi, so he stepped up preparations to March into Gansu, and drew up a "three-way invasion strategy" to March into Gansu in three ways:

Liu Songshan led the troops from Suide to the west, pointing to Jinjibao, which is the North Road; Li Yaonan and Wu Shimai led the troops from Longzhou and Baoji to Qin Zhou, which is the south road; Left and Liu Dian led the troops from Ganzhou to Jingzhou via Taizhou and Changwu, which was the middle road. Among them, North Road is the key attack direction.

Jinjibao is located more than 25 kilometers southwest of Lingzhou, with Huamachi in the east, Guyuan in Nantong and the Yellow River in the west. It is the center of the Hui Rebel Army in Mahualong.

After making all preparations, Zuo attacked the Hui rebels in Gansu on a large scale.

/kloc-in the autumn of 0/869, Liu Songshan, a Qing army on the North Road, arrived in Lingzhou, and captured the East and West Guojiaqiao in Wuzhong Fort on September 8. In the middle of the road, the Qing army went north from Guyuan and Pingliang, and turned left to Pingliang, forming a big encirclement of Jinjibao.

On the southern line, the Zhongqing Route Army occupied villages and castles such as Qianwangcheng, Heichengzi and Liwangbao, and the Shaanxi Hui uprising troops guarding the area retreated westward. Ma Wanchun's Gansu Hui Rebel Army could not stop the Qing army from advancing. Most Hui people rebelled in Tongxin City and Weizhou Fort and surrendered to the Qing army. 165438+1In the middle of October, the Qing army in Zhonglu entered the Qinqu area in the southwest of Jinjibao, only 5 kilometers away from Jinjibao.

Under the coordination of the Qing army in the middle road, Liu Songshan in the north road captured Lingzhou City and opened the back road, thus completing the encirclement of Jinjibao area.

From 65438+February, the Qing army launched a fierce battle with the insurgents outside Jinjibao. Step by step, the Qing army captured the fort around Wuzhong Fort and the fort village north of Jinji Fort. Relying on the Second Canal of Qin and Han Dynasties, the Hui rebels dug trenches and built walls, the infantry defended against the wall, and the cavalry took the initiative to attack the enemy. 65438+February 1 1, the company commander Jane led the Chu army into the position of the Huimin army, surrounded by insurgents, causing many casualties, and Jane and others were also killed.

However, the situation of the rebels is very difficult. Yongning cave and gorge on the east and west sides of Jinjibao fell into the hands of the Qing army. Xiakou is in the west of Baoxi, which is the Qingtongxia mouth of the Yellow River and the second river mouth of Qin and Han Dynasties. Yongning Cave is the place where the landscape flows through the culvert of Qin Canal, where the second canal of Qin and Han Dynasties meets and flows northward into the Yellow River.

1870, 12 In February, the insurgents crossed the river from Hexi, recaptured the canyon and defeated the attacking Qing army.

At the same time, the Hui insurgents also launched an attack in the direction of Yongning Cave.

1On the night of February 9, 870, thousands of rebels suddenly entered Qinqu South from the southeast of Jinjibao, occupied several villages in Shijiazhuang and Mawuzhai, and repaired their fortifications. Shijiazhuang is the hub of the Qin Canal. Liu Songshan learned that Shijiazhuang was occupied and led the troops to attack overnight. The insurgents retreated to Mawuzhai to continue fighting. 14 In February, Liu Songshan was shot and killed while attacking Mawuzhai.

The attack of the Qing army was frustrated again and again, and the morale was getting lower and lower. The rebels took the opportunity to launch a counterattack. An insurgent army led by Ma Zhenggang entered Sanshui, Shaanxi Province from Ningzhou and Zhengning, and Ma also led his troops from Jinjibao to Ningtiaoliang (now Jingbian West, Shaanxi Province). The two teams met in Ganquan and attacked Hancheng and Heyang eastward. The Hui armies in Hezhou and Didao, which are connected with Ma Hualong, also captured Weiyuan, cooperated with Changgong and changed the situation in Gansu. The situation is very favorable to the rebels.

However, due to the lack of unified leadership and command, the insurgents fought their own battles and could not cooperate effectively, and the favorable situation was gradually lost. The rebels who entered Shaanxi were greatly weakened by the Qing army and had to return to Gansu. In Jinjibao area, Ma Hualong had illusions about the Qing government. After being rejected, he divided his troops and went to war in four ways. He didn't concentrate his forces to deal a fatal blow to the enemy, and he didn't attack Yongning Cave Shuikou several times successfully.

The insurgent army's blunder gave the Qing army time to adjust its deployment. On the one hand, the left sent troops to intercept the Shaanxi rebel army, attacked Huamachai and fixed the border, and opened the route for providing foodstuff on Jinjibao East Road. At the same time, he ordered Liu Songshan's nephew to take over the old Xiang Army and reorganize the attack on Jinjibao. At the same time, Liu Jintang strengthened the defense of Yongning Cave, built bases to protect Hexi Corridor on both sides of the Yellow River, and captured castles from Lingzhou to Wuzhong Fort one by one.

In order to attack Jinjibao from the south, Zuo ordered and Lei led the middle route army to seize the gorge, and captured more than 20 rebel camps inside and outside the Han Canal west of Jinjibao, approaching Hongle Fort in the southwest of Jinjibao.

In the face of the large-scale attack of the Qing army, the insurgents were fearless and stubbornly resisted. The Qing army paid a heavy price to capture the fortress around Jinjibao. The Qing army dug two long trenches several meters deep and more than ten meters wide around Jinjibao. The city wall was built on the edge of the trench, and it was more than ten feet deep. These two trenches prevented the rebels from breaking through inside the fortress and from rescuing outside the fortress. The Qing army was stationed along the moat, in the north, in the east and south, in the southwest, in the west, and in the northwest, there was Xu Wenxiu.

Surrounded by the Qing army, two reinforcements sent by Hezhou Hui Rebel Army were intercepted, and the defensive situation of Jinjibao deteriorated day by day.

1870,65438+31February, the insurgents ran out of food, and Chen Lin led some insurgents to ask Lei for help. Six days later, Ma Hualong went to Liu Jintang military camp to surrender and expressed his willingness to "make amends" with one person. Ma Hualong and his son, Ma Yaobang, handed over 56 guns and 1000 guns to the Qing army, and wrote to Wang Jiatuan village that the Hui rebels surrendered. On the 13th day of the first month of Tongzhi Decade (187 1), Ma Hualong, his relatives and anti-Qing leaders were brutally killed by the Qing court. After his death, the Qing court 10 showed his head all over the country. To commemorate Ma Hualong's martyrdom, the parishioners honored him as "Grandpa Thirteen" and set up Gongbei Memorial Hall in Wuzhong.

1871March 2, the Qing army invaded Wangjiatuan village. The battle of Jinjibao ended in the defeat of the rebel army.

Jinjibao is the core fortress of Shaanxi-Gansu Hui uprising. The defeat of the Battle of Jinjibao greatly affected the anti-Qing situation in the whole northwest region, and the Qing army took the initiative in the northwest region from then on. There are two main reasons for the failure of the Battle of Jinjibao: First, Ma Hualong, the leader of the uprising, was born in the upper class of the Hui people. His anti-Qing was mainly to maintain and strengthen his original religion, political privilege and economic status, not to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, so he didn't put forward a clear political slogan and didn't have the determination to fight to the end. He always wanted to "beg for mercy" and finally resigned, which was the fundamental reason for the failure of the Battle of Jinjibao. Second, the insurgents have no unified leadership, and their forces are scattered, so they cannot form a strong and concentrated strike force, and the coordination between ministries is not good. So they often fight on their own and are defeated by the enemy. Of course, there are also reasons for operational command. It is a big mistake not to seize the favorable fighters and concentrate our forces to recapture the water mouth of Yongning Cave in time.

The Qing army was more successful. Left according to the geographical characteristics of the northwest region, formulated the correct operational policy. After the siege of Jinjibao was completed, it successfully blocked the rebels' foreign aid by using the deep ditch and high base, forcing the rebels to "seek comfort" in the desperate situation. However, the victory of the Qing army also paid a price. In this battle, the Qing army "suffered many casualties, but repeatedly lost its generals." Liu Songshan's old Xiang army alone suffered more than a thousand casualties, and more than two thousand people were disabled due to injuries.

Zuo admits that the number of casualties in his army has not exceeded this battle for more than ten years, which shows that the Qing army suffered heavy losses.