In the 9th century, the scattered Yugoslavs began the process of national construction. Bulgarians first established the first Slavic-dominated country in the Balkans. On the other hand, Serbia is under the control of Byzantine Empire and Bulgarian Kingdom. 165438+In the late 20th century, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire declined one after another, which provided opportunities for the rise of Serbia. During this period, ZaHumli, one of the two principalities of Serbia, was annexed by Zeta, another principality, which led to the unification of Serbia and the establishment of the first Serbian kingdom in history. Since 12 century, Serbia began to seek to get rid of Byzantine rule. 1 169, Stephen? Nimanya established the "Kingdom of Serbia" in Lashkar, which opened the 200-year history of Nimanya dynasty.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/4th century, the Nimanya dynasty entered a new era. The heyday of Duchamp's rule. During this period, the Serbian Empire advanced from north to south and occupied Macedonia, Albania and Greece successively. At its heyday, the Serbian Empire reached the Aegean Sea in the east, the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Danube River in the north and the Gulf of Corinth in the Greek Peninsula in the south, accounting for about two-thirds of the land area of the Balkan Peninsula. It was the largest Slavic Empire in Balkan history. Duchamp crowned himself as "the emperor of Serbia and Greece" many times, and the title of absolute monarch belonging to Byzantine emperor and the name of Roman emperor Caesar were used by Duchamp to reward ministers. This period is glorious in the history of Serbia, and in the eyes of Serbs, it is regarded as the most glorious period in their own history. However, the cause left by the Nimanya dynasty has produced lasting encouragement and encouragement to Serbs in the following centuries, and has become the main driving force of Serbian nationalism. Recovering the vast territory of Duchamp Empire has become a dream pursued by great Serbs.
Duchamp's kingdom collapsed immediately after his death. 1On June 28th, 389, the Serbs were defeated in the "Kosovo Campaign" to unite other ethnic groups in the Balkans to resist the Ottoman invasion, which became a historic turning point for all ethnic groups in the Balkans, and all ethnic groups in the Balkans entered a humiliating period of conquest and rule by external powers. Serbia was completely conquered in 1459, and was ruled by Ottoman for 350 years.
In order to effectively control Serbia, the Ottoman Empire adopted a policy of "ethnic differentiation" against Serbs, inducing some Serbs to convert from Orthodox Church to Islam, that is, Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina now. However, the persecution of stubborn Serbs made Serbian people miss Duchamp Kingdom, and in the long-term resistance and national liberation movement, they sprouted a strong desire to restore historical glory and rebuild "Greater Serbia". 1804, under the background of high national consciousness, Kara? George led the first uprising in Serbia and won in the early stage. The Serbs then demanded local autonomy, but it was rejected by the Ottoman Empire. 18 13 10 the June uprising ended in failure because of the internal strife of Serbian leaders and the disparity between the enemy and ourselves, but it aroused the independent consciousness of the entire Serbian nation. Just two years later, the Serbs were in Milos? A second uprising was launched under the leadership of Oblianovic. Although the uprising did not make Serbia independent, it eventually became an autonomous principality and the starting point for Serbs to pursue complete national independence.
Fighting for national independence is not only a resistance to the tyranny of the Ottoman Empire, but also a manifestation of the further recovery of Serbian national consciousness. This national consciousness is not only manifested in the war of independence, but also in the language and cultural exchange process of Serbian scholars. In a sense, Serbia's national consciousness is driven by language reform. Vuk？ Karadzic is inheriting Kara? Dorset, George's first Minister of Education? On the basis of Aubrey Radovic's career, Serbian written language has been thoroughly reformed. 18 14, Karadzic published his first book, Slavic-Serbian Folk Songs Collection, and the article "Serbian Common People's Spoken Grammar". Later, he published a series of works on Serbian grammar and reformed the Cyrillic alphabet. These efforts aroused the Serbian people's understanding of its glorious history and national tradition, and laid a cultural foundation for the birth of Greater Serbia.
1844, Serbian Interior Minister Ilya? Galayanin formulated Serbia's long-term program "Memories" and put forward a national blueprint for the establishment of greater Serbia. Its central idea is to build a huge country with Serbia as the center, including Bosnia and Herzegovina and northern Albania, and maintain certain ties with Bulgaria, which was separated from the Ottoman Empire. Since 1866, Serbia has formed an alliance with Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria. 1866 In September, Galayanin also reached an agreement with the Croatian People's Party to establish a Yugoslav state independent of Austria and the Ottoman Empire. He emphasized that Serbia and Croatia belong to the same nation and advocated the establishment of a federal state on this basis. Obviously, what Galayanin wants to establish is a Balkan federation characterized by Serbian hegemony, which reflects the desire of Greater Serbia.
Under the influence of Galayanin's thought, a group of great Serbian nationalist young political activists, known as members of the "Belgrade Secret Slavic Group", are widely spread in Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria, carrying out secret activities and encouraging the establishment of a unified southern country with Serbia as the center.
1877, the Russian-Turkish war broke out, and Serbia once again launched an uprising to participate in the Russian-Turkish war. The Treaty of San Stefano concluded at the end of the war made Serbia's independent status recognized and its territory expanded. However, due to the opposition of great powers such as Britain and France, the Covenant was completely revised and overthrown at the Berlin Conference in June-July 1878. Although the Berlin Treaty reached at the Berlin Conference reconfirmed Serbia's independent status, Serbia's territorial claim to restore the Duchamp Empire was rejected, which hindered the development of the Greater Serbia plan to some extent. However, before the First World War, Greater Serbia became active again. 19 1 1 year, fanatical serbian nationalist dimitrijevic? Apis established a secret organization called "Alliance or Death" (also known as "Black Hands Society"), claiming that Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Vojvodina and Dalmatia should all be subordinate to Serbia and all should obey Serbia.
At the same time, during this period, the internal and external contradictions in the Balkans were intertwined, and the European powers launched increasingly fierce competition here. The countries on the Balkan Peninsula vacillate between empires, and make use of the contradiction of great powers to survive in the Balkans. In this situation, two Balkan wars broke out, and "Greater Serbia" grew further in these two wars. Great Serbian nationalists, such as Great Croatianism, Great Albism, Great Hellenism, Great Bulgaria and other nationalists, all enthusiastically pursued regional hegemony during this period, implemented expansion plans, and strived to acquire more land and population, unify ethnic groups with the same ancestry, and unify culture and customs into their own territory. During the war of this period, Serbia tried to consolidate and expand the achievements of national independence, get rid of the rule and slavery of Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empire, and seek the passage of Adriatic Sea. "Serbia will not expand and will not perish" once became a popular slogan among the Serbian people, and the big Serbs focused their expansion on Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire or Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
19 12, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece formed a four-nation alliance, which overthrew the dominance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. In this war, the first Balkan War, Serbia got part of Macedonia's territory, but failed to get the coveted Adriatic Sea, so Bulgaria, which got the most land, was asked to set aside part of Macedonia as compensation. At the same time, Greece and Romania stood with Serbia against Bulgaria because they didn't get much. The partition of Macedonia by the four Balkan countries eventually led to the outbreak of the Second Balkan War in 19 13. In the end, Bulgaria was defeated and made peace, and Serbia took most of Macedonia and half of New Pasa from Bulgaria. After two Balkan wars, Serbia doubled its territory and regained Skopje, the capital of Duchamp Empire. Its population and territory have greatly increased, and its military and economic strength has also improved, so it has become a big country in the Balkans. Serbia's national self-confidence and nationalism have risen sharply, and the call for the establishment of a unified Yugoslav country with Serbia as the center has been growing since then.
19 14, Princip, a member of the radical Serbian youth secret organization "Young Bosnia" established under the influence of the Black Hands Society, successfully assassinated Archduke Ferdinand, which became the fuse of the outbreak of the First World War. After the war broke out, Serbia became the main force in the Balkans against the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although Serbia's senior radical party had the dream of establishing an "orthodox Greater Serbia" at that time, in order to unite all ethnic groups to jointly resist the enemy, the Serbian government temporarily suppressed Greater Serbia at this time, claiming to liberate and unite all the brothers who are not free-Serbs, Croats and Slovenes-to fight for the establishment of a unified, free, democratic and equal Yugoslav country.
However, Great Serbia was further strengthened in the First World War ... The first Yugoslavia (1918-1941), the "Kingdom of Serbia-Croatia-Slovenia" established after the war, faced with how to deal with the great Serbian nationalism that emerged in the process of founding the country. From the long name of the country, it seems that the three ethnic groups are in an equal position, but in fact, great Serbian nationalism is the basic program of state rule. Serbs hold almost all the most important government positions in the country, and enjoy a favorable position in economy, culture and education, religion, employment and national income distribution. The new constitution promulgated from 192 1 stipulates that the kingdom is centralized.
System, the implementation of the idea of only one nation, 1929 King Alexander monopolized the power and "promoted the hegemonism of Greater Serbia", all of which profoundly reflected the influence of Greater Serbia. After World War II, a unified Yugoslav federal government was established under the leadership of Yugoslavia. Tito, the leader of the Southern Communist Party, abandoned the great Serbian doctrine in the "First Yugoslavia" period, insisted that all ethnic groups were equal, and on this basis, solved ethnic problems through the institutional guarantee of federalism and regional ethnic autonomy. Tito's important purpose in carrying out this policy is to suppress and contain Greater Serbia, which is Tito's thought that "the weak will strengthen the south". Obviously, Tito believes that Serbs are the main reason for ethnic contradictions in Yugoslavia. If Serbia's power is weakened, other ethnic groups can be guaranteed to be free from the threat of great nationalism, which will naturally put an end to the nationalism of other ethnic groups. Under the guidance of this thought, Yugoslavia has long denounced Greater Serbia as "monism" and focused on weakening the tendency of Greater Serbia. During this period, Great Serbia was obviously suppressed.
However, since the1980s, the death of Tito and the economic crisis in Yugoslavia have gradually strained ethnic relations. In this context, Great Serbia began to resurface. Milosevic has been advocating Greater Serbia since 1984 came to power. 1989 After he came to power, he directly pursued the policy of Greater Serbia. Shortly after Michaelis took office, he dismissed the leaders of Kosovo and Vojvodina, announced that he would take back most of the legislative, administrative and judicial powers granted to the autonomous province of Kosovo by the 1974 Constitution, and in fact cancelled the high degree of autonomy of Kosovo. This objectively promoted the tendency of ethnic separation in Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and the desire for independence in Croatia and Slovenia. As a matter of fact, the expansion of Greater Serbia and the fierce confrontation of narrow ideas of all ethnic groups have made all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia suffer from war and paid a heavy price. In just six years, unified Yugoslavia fell apart and was divided into five parts. Greater Serbia is also gradually at a low point. 1992, Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 2003, Yugoslavia changed its name to "Serbia and Montenegro", and the original alliance and country became a loose country. On May 2, 2006, Kloc-0, Montenegro became independent. "Serbia has lost its only seaport and become a landlocked country with a smaller land area. The material basis for confrontation with the West is getting weaker and weaker." Kosovo and Vojvodina, two autonomous provinces of ethnic minorities in Serbia, have the desire and demand to get rid of Serbia. Especially in 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence and was recognized by western society. The real material foundation of Greater Serbia was fatally attacked again after Yugoslavia was divided into five parts.
Some scholars in China believe that it was the Great Serbian Doctrine advocated and promoted by Michaelis that destroyed Yugoslavia and made him the chief grave digger of Yugoslavia. If Milosevic can restrain Great Serbia like Tito, give consideration to the legitimate rights and interests of all ethnic groups and continue to safeguard Yugoslavia's reunification with an iron fist, then Yugoslavia may become the first Southeast European country to join the EU and NATO after the Cold War.