First, do you want a revolution or overthrow the Qing government? The reformists tried their best to defend the national oppression and class oppression policies of the Qing government, arguing that the thin tax policy of Emperor Kangxi, the holy ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, was not only "unprecedented in China for thousands of years, but also unprecedented in all countries on earth"; It is claimed that under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, "all the people in the country are equal in law and have no other privileges", so the national revolution is completely unnecessary. The revolutionaries exposed the policies of racial oppression, slavery and discrimination carried out by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty with a large number of facts, and stressed that the first thing to save the country was to eliminate the Qing Dynasty and foreign governments. They accused the Qing government of betraying the country and fawning on foreign countries, stressed that only by resolutely overthrowing the autocratic government of the Qing Dynasty could China be saved and national disasters be avoided, and pointed out that "Manchuria should go". China is strong. ". In view of the fallacy that the reformists misinterpreted the revolutionary slogan of "Paiman" as "racial revenge", the revolutionaries declared that "Paiman" only "hates a surname" and "does not hate a clan". The racial revolution did not kill millions of Manchu people, but "overthrew its government, prevented a few people from strangling my sovereignty, and called it" controlling it ",clearly distinguishing Manchu civilians from Manchu nobles.
Second, should we advocate civil rights and establish a bourgeois republic? The reformists, proceeding from the interests of their own class, opposed * * * and revolutionary theory, advocated "gradualism" and believed that feudal autocracy could only be implemented through constitutional monarchy. On the pretext of "the people's wisdom is not open", they slandered the people of China for "lacking the habit of self-government and not understanding the public welfare of the organization" and did not enjoy democratic rights at all, and claimed that this qualification could only be cultivated in the era of enlightened autocracy and constitutional monarchy. The revolutionaries strongly refuted this, pointing out that the development of things always lags behind. When there is an advanced democratic system in the world, and the abolition of autocracy and the establishment of a * * * Republic have become the general trend and the aspiration of the people, a backward country will inevitably choose advanced democracy after the national revolution without going through the stage of constitutional monarchy. It is a great slander to the people of China that "the Chinese nation, a base nation, can only be suppressed, but cannot have freedom" and "our nation can never have the ability, but should always be slaves of cattle and horses". Because "tyranny in illness, freedom in pleasure is human nature", everyone has it. And "it is almost unsatisfactory to regard one person as the sacred title and one surname as the right to govern the country." It is this system that leads China to the forest of world decline. The wisdom of the people is developed through struggle. In the revolutionary era, the improvement of the people's democratic consciousness is very rapid. We can't achieve harmony, but we can only do autocracy. In fact, we continue to sell the traditional concept of "divine right of monarchy" for the purpose of "consolidating the foundation of imperial power that will never be replaced"
Third, should we change the feudal land system and implement "equal land rights"? The reformists opposed "equal land rights" in order to maintain feudal land rights, saying that China's feudal economic system was different from Europe, with no aristocratic oppression, extremely even land and extremely light taxes. Even if the industry develops in the future, it will not cause the social phenomenon of "the rich and the poor hang together" like Europe and America. Therefore, a "social revolution" is needed, and the social and economic development "actually stems from human self-interest". The existence of private property system has its historical inevitability, which can not be underestimated and is the source of all civilizations in modern society. The implementation of "equal land ownership" and "state ownership of land" is "the result of plundering people's hard work", which discourages people's enthusiasm for production and "overturns the foundation of modern society". Although the revolutionaries lacked an essential understanding of the feudal system and asserted that there was no gap between the rich and the poor in China as in Europe and America, their response was sharp and powerful, pointing out that the reason for the "social revolution" was the "incomplete" social and economic organization and the "free competition and absolute recognition of private property system", which caused the gap between the rich and the poor. Although it is "absolutely impossible" from the specific situation of China, it is necessary to "add restrictions and relative recognition". Some accusations against reformists clearly answer: "knowing the shortcomings of China's economic phenomena, when we eliminate them before they happen, there is no need to interrupt the social revolution;" Knowing that the country is a big landlord and capitalist (referring to the implementation of land state-owned and controlled capital) and foreign capital is not enough to worry about, then social revolution is not feasible; Knowing the state-owned land doctrine, its pricing method is even more irrefutable, so the social revolution cannot be said to be broken. " Some activists even pointed out that China's social and economic system is not perfect, but full of ills, mainly manifested in the concentration of land in the hands of a few people, thus causing people's extreme poverty. It is believed that "the land owner has a place for a country, and the land of a country is scattered by the people of a country". Otherwise, it will inevitably lead to "imbalance of land rights" and "imbalance of human rights", so "we should try our best to break the ranks of the rich and the poor, and the land belongs to the people, so as to truly be in harmony with the public". At the same time, it is further pointed out that since there is such an unequal system in China, once large-scale machine production is adopted, the situation of "rich people's capital surge and poor people's growing day by day" will certainly occur in western capitalist countries. It is necessary to carry out social revolution at the same time as national revolution and political revolution. The specific method is to eliminate private land, that is, land is "invisible natural productive forces" and nationalize the land.
The debate between revolutionaries and reformists began in the 29th year of Guangxu, and was launched in an all-round way from 31st to 31st. The time, scale and scope involved are unprecedented. After this great debate, firstly, the boundaries between revolutionaries and reformers were further drawn, which made people clearly realize the necessity of democratic revolution, so they left reformers and joined the revolution. Secondly, revolutionaries criticized feudal cultural thoughts. Western bourgeois democratic thoughts and Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles have been more widely spread, which has promoted the growth of revolutionary forces. Reformists also have to admit that after the debate, the "revolutionary party forces" are "like rivers, but they are irresistible." However, due to the limitations of class and history, revolutionaries failed to give completely correct answers to a series of basic questions of China's democratic revolution. On the issue of refuting that the revolution will lead to imperialist interference and dismemberment, although they say that even interference is not enough to fear, they always naively believe that imperialism will abide by international law and will not interfere with the China revolution, let alone dismember the China revolution. On the one hand, they talked about "natural violence" in refuting the problem that revolution will lead to the violent (harmonious) movement of the lower classes and thus "civil strife" On the other hand, in order to avoid long-term social chaos, he also put forward the idea of quick victory, that is, the so-called "the scope of revolution must be as small as possible; When the revolutionaries refuted the question that "state-owned land" means "robbing the rich to help the poor", they not only failed to give a strong answer, but made it clear that there was no such plan at all, which was "our policy" and "benefiting the poor without harming the rich" in order to make the rich "beneficial but harmless" and make the rich richer.