After the Opium War, China was reduced from an independent feudal country to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country due to the invasion of western capitalism and the corruption of the Qing Dynasty. The modern history of China is a history of deep humiliation, heroic struggle and constant exploration. Independence, democracy, prosperity and unity became the theme of China's modern history. The Chinese nation faces two major historical tasks: one is to achieve national independence and people's liberation, and the other is to achieve national prosperity and people's prosperity. The former task is to clear the obstacles and create the necessary premise for the latter task. China people in modern times, from Lin Zexu's ban on smoking and resistance to Britain to the Taiping Rebellion, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Boxer Rebellion, the Revolution of 1911, and the movement to protect the law, all worked for national independence and people's liberation, and for the prosperity of the country. They all made different contributions to this, but they failed to change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal national status of China. Therefore, after the May 4th Movement, there was a new-democratic revolution led by the China Producer Party and the people of China.
After the Opium War, the social and economic structure of the late Qing Dynasty changed. In addition to the original agriculture and handicraft economy, a modern capitalist industrial economy emerged, which was not available before the Opium War. After the Revolution of 1911 and during the First World War, the national capitalist industry further developed. However, this development is very slow and weak. According to statistics, the proportion of modern industry in the total output value of industry and agriculture is only 4.9% by 1920, while the economy of agriculture and handicraft industry accounts for 95. 1%. This is the result of oppression and plunder by imperialism and feudalism in China. China's imperialism and feudalism unite to support the reactionaries as the mainstay of their rule in China. It is precisely because of the maintenance of imperialism that feudal land relations, commercial usury capital and all pre-capitalist exploitation systems and superstructures can be maintained. Imperialism reduced China to a semi-colony and China to a semi-feudal state. With the change of economic structure, the class structure has also changed, and new classes have emerged. This is the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The growth of the bourgeoisie will inevitably put forward political demands. This requirement was reflected in the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Revolution of 1911.
After the Opium War, western learning spread to the east, especially the emergence of new intellectuals, and new changes have taken place in ideology and culture. Contrary to the traditional historical cycle theory and Confucian classics, it is the spread of ideas such as evolution, civil rights, freedom and equality. "Revolution in Poetry", "Revolution in Style", "Revolution in Novel", "Improvement in Drama" and "Revolution in History" have been put forward one after another, bringing new atmosphere to literature, art and history. The abolition of the imperial examination, running schools, studying abroad and education have all undergone fundamental changes. Before the May 4th Movement, the New Culture Movement reached its climax. It is better to teach people to fish than to teach them to fish. I don't think it's good for you to give you the answer directly now. More importantly, let you know how to analyze and solve such a large-scale problem.
"The gains and losses of China's 80-year modern history.
From the Opium War to the Revolution of 1911, summarize the influence of what happened in the process of China's reform in this period on China! "
From the Opium War to the Revolution of 1911, what reforms (revolutions) did China have during this period? This is what we should do first, and then analyze the impact of these reforms and revolutions. Of course, we should analyze the impact from two aspects, one is favorable and the other is unfavorable. These effects are summarized as gains and losses.
So now we start to analyze step by step.
First, China's reform (revolution) from the Opium War to the Revolution of 1911.
1. During the Second Opium War, a large-scale peasant uprising-Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement rose in China.
2. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Qing government realized the rise of Westernization Movement in the West.
3. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Westernization Movement failed and set off another bourgeois reform movement-the Reform Movement of 1898.
4. The bourgeois revolution that began in19111911 Revolution.
Mainly these historical events in this period.
Second, the impact of these historical events.
1, the influence of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement:
(1) Advantages: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom lasted 14 years, occupied the rich areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River for many years, and the war spread to half of China, which greatly hurt the national strength of the Qing court. Because the Qing court defeated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom by relying on the Xiang Army and Huai Army formed by the Han people, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and other Han officials made contributions to quelling the chaos, forcing the Qing court to use more Han people, and the influence of the Han people in the Qing court increased greatly, while the control of the Manchu people over the army weakened. The Qing court used foreigners to suppress the Taiping Army, which resulted in the idea of imitating the West for reform, which led to the emergence of the "Westernization" reform. The deeds of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and some propositions put forward by it promoted the national thought and revolutionary spirit, and had a certain influence on the anti-Qing revolution in the future. When the Taiping Army fought in the south of the Yangtze River, a large number of wealthy families and civilians fled to Shanghai for refuge, which promoted the development of Shanghai. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal peasant movement, the largest, largest and longest-lasting peasant war in the history of China, and the highest level peasant war in China for thousands of years, which has dealt a heavy blow to reactionary forces at home and abroad. It greatly inspired the anti-colonial struggle of Asian and African people and embodied the new characteristics of the times.
(2), unfavorable
To some extent, it hindered the development trend of history, when many people were oppressed by it. Advocating social reform-Taiping Heavenly Kingdom advocates public ownership of land and equal distribution of property; He also advocated equality between men and women and eliminated social bad habits. The social reform he advocated had a certain influence on China in the future. Although the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom failed to sow the seeds of revolution, the anti-Qing thought it preached was widely circulated among the people, sowing the seeds of anti-Qing revolution in the future. The influence of the Han people rose-the Qing court relied on the Han people Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang to pacify the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and they were all appointed as local governors or governors. Since then, the influence of the Han people has risen and gradually mastered.
2. Westernization Movement
(1) Advantages: With the construction of modern industry, some modern production technologies have been introduced from capitalist countries, and a number of modern industrial workers have emerged in China society. In the new schools founded by the Westernization School, a group of intellectuals and engineers who have mastered natural science have also been created. At the same time, the profits of enterprises also attracted some bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen to invest in modern industry, which objectively stimulated the development of capitalism in China.
(2) Disadvantages: Although China's modern national capitalist industry grew up in the same process of the Westernization Movement, it was mainly due to the modern economic laws of China, which was counterproductive for the Westernization School. Its fundamental purpose is to maintain the rule of the Qing government.
3. 1898 Reform Movement
(1) Advantages: The Reform Movement of 1898 was an event of great significance in the modern history of China, and it was a patriotic national salvation movement. It demands the development of capitalist economy and the expansion of bourgeois regime, which conforms to the historical trend of modern China's development, and is therefore a progressive political reform movement. It spread new bourgeois culture and new ideas, criticized old feudal culture and old ideas, and was another enlightenment thought.
(2) Due to the failure of political reform, China has lost a group of elites and supporters who tend to carry out reforms within the original system; But a revolutionary who advocated drastic changes and overthrew the original system and government, which eventually led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the end of China's two thousand-year monarchy. In addition, some more enlightened and promising ministers in the imperial court were demoted after the coup, and most others were excluded from the central government; Indirectly, it also caused the boxer movement that happened later. (/view/ 159 17.htm)
4. Xinhai Revolution
(1) The Revolution of 1911 was called "a great bourgeois-democratic revolution in the history of China" by the portrait of Sun Yat-sen by China (16), which overthrew the feudal imperial power system practiced by the Manchu government and China for more than two thousand years and established the first democratic Republic of China in Asia. All previous uprisings in China ended with one dynasty replacing another, but the Revolution of 1911 completely overthrew the monarchy and tried to establish a new political system-* * * harmony.
The Revolution of 1911 is also a profound enlightenment trend of thought. It makes democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. In China Thought since Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty, the relationship between monarch and minister is the first of the "three cardinal guides and five permanents". The emperor is not only a political authority, but also an important basis and source of the legitimacy of many values in culture.
(2) "Ignorance of the Revolution of 1911 is an empty signboard of the Republic of China, and it has not constructed the reality of the Republic of China. As far as overthrowing the Manchu dynasty is concerned, it is certainly successful. As far as the purpose of the whole revolution is concerned, it cannot but be called failure. The purpose of the revolution is not only to overthrow the Manchu dynasty, not only to gain the good name of the Republic of China, but also to create a free and equal new China of the Three People's Principles, which makes it clear that the realization of the Three People's Principles is the ultimate goal of the Revolution of 1911. In this sense, the success or failure of the Revolution of 1911 can be said to be reasonable.
Third, clear your mind and summarize again.
Judging from these favorable influences, it is from the initial peasant uprising (feudal uprising) to the salvation of the Qing Dynasty itself, to the Reform Movement of 1898, and finally to capitalism through revolution. This clue, feudal society-capitalist society. Farmers-big landlords-reformists-revolutionaries. This is the continuous progress of our advanced China people, and the transition from feudal society to capitalist society is our greatest gain (harvest)
Although we have made great progress, we still find that we still live in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society when the Revolution of 1911 took the capitalist road, and the life and time we lost in this exploration stage will always be owed by history. However, these are also an important cornerstone, because on this basis-the new-democratic revolution led by China's * * * production party really saved China and the people of China, and lost the people's ownership. I am a little disgusted with this sentence, but it is estimated that this sentence is still very important in the article. China * * *, it's been 90 years, and asking you to write such an article is nothing more than talking about China.
That's all I want to say. I hope you can really understand this idea.