At present, the specific pathogenesis of gastric cancer is not clear in medicine, and the cause of gastric cancer is not fully understood. There are many factors related to gastric cancer:
On the whole! Gastric cancer is a multi-factor and multi-step complex process, and it is difficult for us to make specific prevention methods and predict that we are cancer in situ. We can't change genes. We can only change our living habits, such as developing good living habits, avoiding tobacco and alcohol hobbies, not eating too much pickled food, sharing meals and eating more healthy and green food. If you have stomach trouble, it is recommended to treat it actively! There is helicobacter pylori infection, which needs standardized treatment! Gastric cancer is one of the common malignant tumors, and it occurs in gastric mucosa epithelium. Gastric cancer originated from mucosal epithelial cells, mostly adenocarcinoma.
Gastric cancer can be divided into early gastric cancer and advanced gastric cancer according to the depth of tumor invasion of gastric mucosa.
Early gastric cancer means that the cancer tissue is confined to mucosa and submucosa. According to statistics, the incidence of gastric cancer in men is 1.52.5 times that of women, second only to cervical cancer and breast cancer, ranking first among women's digestive system tumors.
Etiology of gastric cancer:
In fact, the exact cause of gastric cancer is not very clear, but it is related to the following factors:
1. Due to the regional environment and dietary factors, the incidence of gastric cancer has obvious regional differences. The incidence of gastric cancer in the northwest and eastern coastal areas of China is significantly higher than that in the south. People who eat smoked and pickled foods for a long time have a higher incidence of gastric cancer. Foods containing more compounds such as nitrite, fungi and toxins can also cause the onset of gastric cancer. The lack of fresh vegetables and fruits in food is also related to the incidence of gastric cancer.
2. Helicobacter pylori infection, Helicobacter pylori infection and Helicobacter pylori infection are also one of the main factors causing gastric cancer. In the high incidence area of gastric cancer, the infection rate of HP in adults is above 60%, and gastric cancer and precancerous lesions are also one of the causes of gastric cancer.
3. Polyps or adenomas can be transformed into cancer and belong to precancerous lesions.
Another factor is heredity and genetic factors. Genetic, molecular and biological studies show that the incidence of gastric cancer among blood relatives of patients with gastric cancer is four times higher than that of the control group. Many evidences show that the occurrence of gastric cancer is related to the loss of heterozygosity such as tumor suppressor genes.
How long does it take for gastric cancer to form from scratch?
In fact, it only takes five things to destroy a stomach.
The World Health Organization has identified atrophic gastritis as a precancerous lesion of gastric cancer.
Atrophic gastritis is caused by the damage of gastric mucosa epithelium, which leads to the obscene and reduced number of inherent glands, accompanied by intestinal gland metaplasia or dysplasia.
Gastric cancer mostly goes through the process of "non-atrophic gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia".
The common symptoms of atrophic gastritis are indigestion, loss of appetite, acid regurgitation and nausea, as well as some mental symptoms such as fatigue, emaciation, forgetfulness, anxiety and depression.
Most people think that gastric cancer is a senile disease, but in fact, the prevalence of gastric cancer among young people has greatly increased.
In the past five years, the incidence of gastric cancer in people aged 19 to 35 has more than doubled, and patients under 30 years old account for 7.6% of all gastric cancer patients, and the younger they are, the higher the malignancy is.
The atrophy of gastric mucosa is mainly caused by the following five points:
1, Helicobacter pylori, I don't need to say more about this, I have repeatedly mentioned it.
2. Bile reflux, weakened gastric motility and bile reflux caused by smoking. It can also induce pyloric sphincter relaxation, cholecystectomy and multiple gallstones in gallbladder.
3. Bad habits. For example, long-term abuse of salicylic acid drugs, like overheated and high-salt stimulating diet, less intake of fruits and vegetables.
4. Vitamin deficiency. Vitamin B 12, folic acid deficiency.
5, immune factors, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells of gastric mucosa, leading to chronic damage.
What are the symptoms of gastric cancer?
1. The early symptoms of gastric cancer are mostly asymptomatic, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed as gastritis or gastric ulcer, delaying the best treatment opportunity, making cancer cells continue to spread and causing more serious consequences. The specific symptoms are mainly as follows:
(1) epigastric pain is the most common manifestation of gastric cancer, with intermittent dull pain at the beginning;
(2) Upper abdominal discomfort, manifested as abdominal fullness or burning sensation;
(3) indigestion, loss of appetite, belching, etc.
(4) Black stool or fecal occult blood is positive, which is positive after examination;
(5) Fatigue, emaciation, anemia and fatigue.
2. Symptoms of gastric cancer in the middle stage. Patients with early gastric cancer may have no obvious symptoms, but with the progress of the disease, a series of symptoms gradually appear in the middle stage of gastric cancer:
(1) Persistent epigastric pain;
(2) hematemesis and melena;
(3) progressive emaciation, fatigue and anemia;
(4) Gastric fundus cancer may have dysphagia;
(5) There is a lump in the abdomen, which is hard and tender.
3. Symptoms of advanced gastric cancer. Many patients usually don't pay attention to their health, and only go to see a doctor when they are very unwell, which leads to the spread of cancer cells and the development of gastric cancer to the advanced stage, causing irreparable consequences. In the advanced stage of gastric cancer, it will show the following symptoms:
(1) has stomachache, similar to peptic ulcer.
(2) A series of symptoms, such as abdominal distension, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, emaciation, etc.
(3) Upper abdominal pain occurs earlier, which may be accompanied by waist pain, and nausea, vomiting and eating difficulties occur after obstruction;
(4) The upper abdomen is palpable, hard and nodular, and moves up and down with breathing.
How to prevent gastric cancer?
Because gastric cancer is developed on the basis of chronic gastropathy, its prevention is to actively treat chronic gastropathy, especially chronic atrophic gastritis, and we should pay more attention to it, especially when it is accompanied by atypical hyperplasia.
Second, what we need to pay attention to and prevent is to eradicate the infection of Helicobacter pylori. Because helicobacter pylori is closely related to gastric cancer.
According to epidemiological investigation, the infection rate of Helicobacter pylori in people with high incidence of gastric cancer is very high. The risk of gastric cancer in people with positive helicobacter pylori antibody is four times that in people without infection.
Third, we should pay attention to the treatment of gastric ulcer, because gastric ulcer has a great relationship with gastric cancer. Because gastric ulcer is a major cause of gastric cancer, if patients suffer from gastric ulcer, they must be treated regularly and reviewed regularly.
Fourth, we should develop good living habits, such as eating regularly, not overeating, not eating irritating food, not eating too spicy food, such as strong tea and coffee, drinking moderately and not excessively, eating less fried food and not eating spoiled and moldy food.
Fifth, we must pay attention to the regular review of gastroscope. Many people feel that gastroscopy is very painful, so they are often afraid of gastroscopy after getting stomach trouble. In fact, the tube of fiber gastroscope is very thin and soft now, especially with the development of painless gastroscope, the pain of reexamining gastroscope is no longer a problem.
Dr. x
Doctor of medicine, surgeon and father of three children.
The author of Learn to See a Doctor.
Bring you healthy dry goods and parenting tips with attitude and temperature ~
The classic path of gastric cancer is as follows: from chronic non-atrophic gastritis to chronic atrophic gastritis, and then to intestinal metaplasia, atypical hyperplasia, early cancer and middle and late gastric cancer.
Chronic atrophic gastritis is a precancerous lesion with a certain chance of canceration. How long does it take to develop from chronic atrophic gastritis to gastric cancer? It may take years, even more than ten years. Some doctors have done long-term follow-up. After five years of follow-up, the probability of developing gastric cancer will generally not exceed 5%. Two messages are revealed here: not all atrophic gastritis will become cancerous, and the probability of canceration is a small probability time. The second message is that atrophic gastritis turns into gastric cancer faster, and cancer may occur after five years. The time of canceration is faster than that of intestinal polyps, so the time of gastroscopy is more frequent.
The probability of canceration of atrophic gastritis is related to the following factors. If it is accompanied by atypical hyperplasia or intestinal metaplasia, the probability of canceration increases and regular examination is needed. If severe atypical hyperplasia or early cancer is found, it is necessary to treat it as soon as possible and remove the focus, which can achieve good therapeutic effect.
How to prevent gastric cancer? How to prevent gastric cancer? The occurrence of gastric cancer is related to genetic inheritance, environment and bad eating habits. To prevent gastric cancer, you need to do the following:
(1) Eat less pickled food.
Pickled foods such as pickles and bacon need to be eaten less. These foods may contain some nitrite, which may increase the incidence of gastric cancer if ingested in large quantities for a long time.
(2) Put less salt
The stomach doesn't like salty food, which will damage the gastric mucosa, because gastritis and gastric mucosa atrophy will even increase the incidence of cancer.
(3) smoke less
Harmful substances in smoke will also be inhaled into your stomach, which will damage the gastric mucosa. Smoke contains a lot of carcinogens, which may lead to gastric cancer.
(4) Eradication of Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is a carcinogen, and 1% of patients with Helicobacter pylori will eventually develop into gastric malignant tumor. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may reduce the incidence of gastric cancer.
(5) Eat more fruits and vegetables.
Studies have shown that eating more fresh fruits and vegetables will reduce the incidence of gastric cancer. It may be related to vitamin C in fruits and vegetables.
(6) Regular physical examination
Regular physical examination and early detection of precancerous lesions can remove these lesions as soon as possible, thus preventing the canceration of gastric cancer.
Medically speaking, gastric cancer is a process from scratch, and it is a strip-shaped continuous process, that is, normal epithelial hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. So gastric cancer is gradually transformed from the normal epithelium of the stomach. Precancerous lesion of stomach refers to the lesion of gastric mucosa that is prone to canceration, but it does not have malignant transformation itself. At present, it is recognized that atypical hyperplasia, that is, normal gastric epithelial cells have changed due to hyperplasia, and have partially lost their similarities with the original tissue in structure and function. It can be divided into three grades: mild, moderate and severe. Generally speaking, severe atypical hyperplasia is easy to become cancerous.
As for how long this process takes, it varies from person to person. Under normal circumstances, carcinogenic factors will act for about 30-40 years, and atypical hyperplasia precancerous lesions will turn into carcinoma in situ after about 10 years. After another 3-5 years, cancer in situ developed into invasive cancer under the action of carcinogenic factors. The course of invasive cancer is generally around 1 year, but some of them last around1year.
So how should we prevent gastric cancer? First of all, it should be clear that some diseases are not gastric cancer, but they may develop into gastric cancer, and the risk of patients suffering from gastric cancer is significantly increased. These diseases are called precancerous diseases of gastric cancer. Such as chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastric polyp and giant gastric fold. Therefore, if you have these diseases, you should actively treat them as soon as possible and cut off the transformation process of gastric cancer, which will greatly reduce the incidence of gastric cancer.
This is really difficult to give an accurate answer. Because gastric cancer is a kind of tumor with obvious heterogeneity, everyone has different reasons for its biological behavior. Gastric cancer is the canceration of mucosal epithelial cells in the innermost layer of gastric wall. In the final analysis, normal cell canceration is the change of cell genes (various forms of variation). Various pathogenic factors (chronic inflammation, bacteria, physical and chemical stimulation, drugs, etc. ) slowly acts on mucosal epithelial cells, leading to slow mutation of multiple genes and eventually forming cancer cells.
Generally speaking, the early stage of gastric cancer formation is very slow, and even some of them will return to normal after drug treatment or changes in diet and lifestyle, but there are also repeated attacks to form gastric cancer. Such as precancerous diseases of gastric cancer (chronic atrophic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric polyp, chronic gastric ulcer, etc. ), the time can reach several years.
How to reduce the risk of gastric cancer or early detection of gastric cancer: (1), improve bad habits: try to keep a regular diet, eat less smoked and baked food (including carcinogens), eat less pickled food (nitrite), don't drink too much (seriously damage the mucosa), don't eat hot food often (also damage the gastric mucosa, which is prone to mutation after repeated injury and repair), and try not to eat mildew.
(2) Pay attention to the treatment of precancerous lesions in advance: I have mentioned precancerous lesions of gastric cancer, including gastric polyps, chronic atrophic gastritis, remnant gastritis and gastric ulcer.
(3) It is suggested to carry out a blowing test to check whether there is Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. Studies show that Hp is one of the main causes of gastritis and gastric ulcer, and it is also a high-risk factor for gastric cancer. So it is necessary to eradicate Hp.
(4) If you have a family history of cancer, regular physical examination is recommended. Generally, gastroscopy is not done every year, and it should be decided according to the results of the last gastroscopy. If there is no obvious abnormality in the results of the last gastroscopy, it is usually enough to review it once every three years. If the result of gastroscopy is not good, it is best to review it in time after treatment or do gastroscopy at least once a year to keep abreast of the changes.
(5) Pay attention to exercise and keep as healthy as possible.
All Dr. Zhang Chenghai's articles are original, pursuing truth and objectivity, popularizing health knowledge, welcoming attention to forwarding, and continuously providing beneficial medical and health (tumor prevention and treatment) science popularization and tumor work content. My second aunt is a "not spicy and unhappy" person, and her love for peppers can be described as her love for peppers! When I was young, I opened a Sichuan restaurant, and everything I did was heavy oil, heavy salt, heavy hemp and spicy food. I like bacon products very much. Every winter, I will buy half a pig from the countryside and give it to the old farmer who specializes in bacon (some people in my hometown use bacon to build a stove and sell it to foodies from south to north) to help her make a refrigerator of bacon. Give her a New Year greeting during the Spring Festival. Her balcony must be full of pickled fish and sausages.
After learning that she suffered from chronic constrictive gastritis and gastric ulcer, Er Yi gradually changed her eating habits (of course, she did not completely give up her previous hobbies). After taking the medicine, the gastric ulcer was cured, but the chronic constrictive gastritis was irreversible. Fortunately, Er Yi is not the kind of person who is afraid of medical treatment and illness. She checked her gastroscope regularly and was not intimidated.
In fact, chronic constrictive gastritis is a precancerous symptom of gastric cancer, which is what we call precancerous lesions. My second aunt belongs to that kind of lucky person. She knew the lesion before the cancer occurred, and she was followed up regularly after treatment, and the chance of recurrence of gastric cancer was very small.
There are two questions here: first, will precancerous lesions definitely lead to cancer? The answer is no, not all precancerous lesions will cause cancer; Second, how many years does it take to develop from precancerous lesions to cancer? After thinking through the previous questions, it will be clear at a glance. Precancerous lesions do not necessarily lead to cancer! Even if it turns into cancer, everyone has a different time, so there is no clear standard time. A leader of our unit was diagnosed with precancerous lesions of gingival epithelial cells more than 20 years ago, and has not developed into cancer until now.
Speaking of prevention, there are many leaflets about the prevention of gastric cancer in the outpatient department of gastrointestinal surgery and oncology in hospitals. To sum up, it is nothing more than radical eradication of HP infection, reasonable diet, nourishing and protecting the stomach, limiting salt and alcohol, eating more fruits and vegetables, and regular physical examination (when the doctor tells you that you need to have a gastroscope, don't refuse because of fear. I'm really scared. If physical conditions permit, I can choose a painless gastroscope, which can be performed under sedation/anesthesia, and the whole process only takes a few minutes).
I hope my answer is helpful to you.
First of all, the formation of gastric cancer takes about 5 years, but it depends on the influence of various aspects during this period. If the stomach and intestines are well maintained, and some stomach diseases are not treated, the probability of getting gastric cancer is high and the course of disease is relatively fast. Gastric cancer is mainly a malignant tumor of gastric mucosal epithelial cells caused by various factors, and most of them are adenocarcinoma.
First of all, what are the factors that lead to gastric cancer that Dr. Ma Xia answered for you?
1, the most common dietary factor.
Because the function of the stomach is to accept all the incoming food and digest it, and eat some spicy and irritating foods, pickled products and trace elements for a long time. These foods contain more nitrates, chemicals, benzopyrene and other substances, so long-term intake can easily lead to cancer.
2. Helicobacter pylori infection
This kind of bacteria is the most common pathogen of stomach diseases. Because long-term Helicobacter pylori can lead to an inflammatory reaction that is difficult to heal in the stomach, long-term infection can also induce gastric mucosal epithelial cells to become cancerous. Therefore, the International Agency for Research on Cancer defines Helicobacter pylori infection as a human carcinogen.
3. Genetic factors
Tumors are hereditary, so 10% of patients with gastric cancer have family history, and the incidence rate of this population is 2-3 times higher than that of the normal population.
4. Precancerous lesions
The common precancerous lesions of stomach mainly include atrophic gastritis (intestinal metaplasia and atypical hyperplasia of glands), gastric polyp (adenomatous polyp, especially gastric low gland polyp with polyp larger than 1cm), remnant gastritis and gastric ulcer.
Second, Dr. Xia popularized how to prevent gastric cancer for everyone?
1, pay attention to eating habits
Stomach and intestines need to be maintained, so try to eat some light and high-protein diet, some soft food, and some fruits and vegetables. These foods are beneficial to digestion and absorption, will not cause irritation and damage to gastric mucosa, and also have certain effects of protecting gastric mucosa and promoting gastric mucosal repair.
2, regular detection of Helicobacter pylori.
Helicobacter pylori can be said to be a kind of bacteria that is difficult to eradicate, so patients with stomach discomfort need to detect Helicobacter pylori in time. If it is positive, it needs to be eradicated in time (four drugs), and negative people can be adjusted through diet.
3. Actively treat common stomach diseases
Stomach trouble can't be delayed, because the more it is delayed, the more serious it becomes. Therefore, some common diseases, such as gastric ulcer, gastritis and polyp, need to be examined and treated in time, so as to find and treat them as early as possible.
4. It is recommended that people with family history of gastric cancer have regular checkups, especially those over 35 years old.
One of my cousins, who is only 45 years old this year, has metastasized in the late stage of gastric cancer. I went to see him the other day and looked at my skinny cousin. I feel very sad. My cousin cried and said to me, "Brother, I can't let go of my wife, young children and elderly parents. I feel sorry for them, but it's too late to say anything now. I regret not listening to you, otherwise I wouldn't have a small stomach trouble. "
When my cousin said this, it reminded me of ten years ago, when he was only 35 years old and in his prime, he had seen me once. He said that in recent months, he always didn't like to eat, and after eating reluctantly, he always felt full and uncomfortable in his upper abdomen, which seemed to be a symptom of common chronic gastritis, which caught my attention. If the general chronic gastritis is not cured for a long time, it will cause cancer, so I suggest him to have a gastroscope first and then make sure to eat. He went to the hospital to have a gastroscope as I said, and found nothing unusual. Later, I took some stomach medicine and felt much better, but it has not been completely cured. His symptoms are sometimes good and sometimes bad. I suggest that he have regular gastroscopy every year to rule out precancerous lesions. Cousin didn't take it seriously, thinking that it would be good to have a gastroscope, so he didn't want to go again, and he spent money and suffered. Later, until a year ago, my cousin's symptoms were more serious than before, and she became thinner and thinner. She vomited while eating, and once vomited blood and swollen lymph nodes. Only then did he attract my cousin's attention.
At this time, I went to the hospital for examination and found that I had reached the middle and late stage of gastric cancer. The doctor said that there is no way, only chemotherapy and chemotherapy can prolong the time, and metastasis, even surgery can not be completely cured. It was like a bolt from the blue and broke my cousin's spirit. If my cousin had regular physical examination every year, it wouldn't be like this, because it takes about 3 to 65438+ to develop from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer.
In short, the early stage of cancer is slowly developed from chronic gastritis. General chronic gastritis can develop into gastric cancer after 3 to 10 years. To prevent chronic gastritis, we need to smoke less or not, drink as little as possible, eat regularly, eat seven or eight full meals, eat less fried barbecue foods, pickled foods, spicy and cold foods, and chew slowly.
How long does it take for gastric cancer to form from scratch? I don't think any doctor or scientist can tell you the answer! Because, so far, no one has done this statistics and experiment, and there is no way to do it.
To prove how long it takes for gastric cancer to form, we must at least do the following two things: No matter how long it takes for gastric cancer to form, as long as we do not take it lightly and take the following preventive measures, I believe that gastric cancer is not terrible. 3. Tertiary prevention. The sooner gastric cancer is found, the better the treatment effect! Of course, we can't treat it blindly. We must make clear the staging and pathological types, and treat gastric cancer in strict accordance with the latest treatment guidelines. Do a full course of treatment, a full course of treatment, but don't overtreatment. Moreover, it is necessary to follow the doctor's advice and go back to the hospital for follow-up regularly to get the best treatment effect and prolong the survival time!
Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor of the stomach, which means that the epithelial cells of the stomach become cancerous, and then the cancer cells gradually multiply and divide, and finally form vegetable-like swelling, or huge ulcers and bleeding.
The occurrence of gastric cancer and the canceration of epithelial cells are a process of gradual accumulation, and the effects of various harmful substances on gastric epithelial cells are gradually accumulated, resulting in gene damage, metabolic and division errors in epithelial cells, activation of proto-oncogenes and formation of cancer cells.
There are many substances that affect the stomach, such as pickled pickles, meat, bacon, barbecue, excessive alcohol, spicy stimulation, Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer and so on. In addition, everyone's genetic differences have different reactions to the effects of these substances, so the time of gastric cancer is also different.
For the prevention of gastric cancer, what we can do is to avoid these influential substances. Gastric ulcer can be cured, and helicobacter pylori infection can be cured. These problems can be solved by going to the digestive department of the hospital.