In the early days of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School established a number of modern military industries under the banner of "self-improvement" and adopted advanced western production technologies.
186 1 year, the Anqing ordnance institute founded by Zeng Guofan hired China craftsmen to imitate western-style guns, which was the earliest modern military industry in China. From 1862, it took three years to successfully develop China's first ship "Huanggu".
In the later period of the Westernization Movement, in order to solve the difficulties of military industry in terms of capital, fuel and transportation, the Westernization School set up many civilian industries under the banner of "seeking wealth".
The following timetable can help us understand some of the most important contents of the Westernization Movement:
186 1 year, the Qing government established the Prime Minister's Office for International Affairs, which was a newly established diplomatic institution of the Qing government.
1862, wentong library was established in Beijing to train translators, which was the earliest westernization school in Qing dynasty (1902
Incorporated into Shi Jing University Hall).
1863, "Guangdong Pavilion" was established in Shanghai; The following year, the "Guangdong Pavilion" was established in Guangzhou. The main purpose of Cantonese Pavilion is to cultivate talents who are proficient in foreign languages.
1865, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau was established in Shanghai with a translation hall; In the same year, Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau was established in Nanjing.
1866, Mawei Shipping Bureau was established in Fuzhou.
1870, the General Bureau of Ordnance Machinery was established in Tianjin (later renamed Beiyang Machinery Manufacturing Bureau).
1872, China merchants ship was established in Shanghai; The first batch of overseas students sent by China officials went abroad, and they were selected under the guidance of Yung Wing.
1875, suggesting that all provinces set up foreign schools; Set up the item of "westernization and enterprising" in the imperial examination.
1878, Lanzhou Weaving Bureau was established in Lanzhou, which is the earliest machine woolen mill in China.
1880, the machine weaving layout was established in Shanghai, which was the earliest machine cotton textile factory in China. In the same year, Shi Jing School was established in Tianjin to buy warships; Set up a north-south telegraph office.
188 1 year, Kaiping Mining Bureau was established.
1882, Lushun military port was established.
1885, the Qing government established a new naval yamen; Established the Army Ordnance School in Tianjin.
1890, Hubei Gun Factory was established in Hanyang; In Hubei and Jiangxi, Hanyeping Coal and Iron Plant and Mining Company were established.
Of course, these are not all the contents of the Westernization Movement, but only some of the most important and representative contents. In fact, there were many smaller factories and mines at that time.
Anqing internal ordnance research institute
186 1 year, Zeng Guofan established a military industry in Anqing to manufacture modern weapons, which was also the first military industry founded by the Westernization School imitating western weapons. Mainly manufacturing bullets, gunpowder, blasting guns, etc. "Interior" refers to the setting of Anqing Army to which this ordnance belongs. 1864, after the Xiang army captured Nanjing, the factory was moved from Anqing to Nanjing and renamed Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau.
Jiangnan manufacturing bureau
Also known as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, it was founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai on 1865. /kloc-moved from Hongkou to Gaochang Temple in 0/867. After continuous expansion, it became the largest military industry of the Qing government. The technology and mechanical equipment of this factory mainly depend on foreign countries. Besides making guns and ammunition, it also makes machines and ships. /kloc-in 0/905, the shipbuilding part became independent and was called "Jiangnan Wharf", and the arsenal part was called Manufacturing Bureau. Later, it was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard and Shanghai Arsenal respectively.
Fuzhou navigational affairs management bureau
Fuzhou Shipping Bureau is the most well-equipped new shipyard operated by the Qing government. 1866 was founded by Zuo in Mawei, Fuzhou. Hire foreigners as technicians. Mainly composed of iron works, docks and schools, it was seriously damaged in the 1884 Mawei naval battle. Although it has recovered, it is not as good as before. After the Revolution of 1911, it was renamed the Naval Shipyard.
Hanyang iron works
1In the spring of 889, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, planned to establish an ironmaking plant in Guangzhou. In the same year, he was transferred to the governor of Huguang, and the ironworks moved to Hanyang. 1890 Construction started under Dabie Mountain. 1893 Hanyang Iron Works was basically completed, with six large factories, four small factories and two ironmaking furnaces. 1894 was put into production, and it was all official at the beginning. From preparation to 1895, * * * spent more than 5.8 million. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1896, the Qing government was unable to raise funds, so it was changed to "official supervision and commercial office" in 1896. On the eve of the Revolution of 1911, Hanyang Iron Works had about 3,000 workers with an annual output of 70,000 tons. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, some equipment of Hanyang Iron Works was moved to Chongqing by the Kuomintang government and Dadukou Iron and Steel Works was established. After liberation, it belongs to the people.
Ship investment promotion bureau
Referred to as "China Merchants". The earliest shipping enterprise established in China. 1872 (11th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty) Li Hongzhang was invited to organize. 1873 1 holds. The General Administration is located in Shanghai, with branches in Yantai, Hankou, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Yokohama, Kobe, Luzon and Singapore. 1885 (in the 11th year of Guangxu) was changed to official supervision and commercial office. 1909 (Xuantongyuannian) is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. 19 12 was changed to commercial office, renamed as Commercial China Merchants Steamship Company, and later renamed as Commercial China Merchants Steamship Co., Ltd. 1932, the Kuomintang government was nationalized and renamed as State-owned China Merchants Bureau, which was under the Ministry of Communications. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the General Administration moved to Hongkong first and then to Chongqing. Moved back to Shanghai after the war. 1947 * * has 460 ships, exceeding 330,000 tons. China merchants steamship co., ltd was established in 1948. 195 1 changed its name to China People's Steamship Corporation, and Hong Kong still retains its old name. China merchants group co., ltd was established in 1985.
Tianjin machine building bureau
1872, Li Hongzhang established China Merchants Shipping Company, which was the first modern shipping company in China and the first private enterprise founded by Westernization School. When it was founded, it bought three ships, arrived at 1877, and bought Meiqichang Shipping Company, with more than 30 ships, forming a powerful merchant fleet.
China Navy's new warship "Chen Nan"
Beiyang navy is the best. 1888, beiyang fleet was formally established, with 25 warships and more than 4,000 officers and men, with Ding, the general of Huai Army, as the prefect. At the same time, two naval bases, Lushunkou and Ahava, were completed, and the construction of the whole Beiyang coastal defense system was declared complete. Li Hongzhang proudly said: Beiyang Navy has a "strong momentum" ... it can be stationed in Liaoning and Bohai, and it can also be supported in other places, supplemented by the stationing of various artillery companies, which is enough to defend Gyeonggi. "
In order to meet the needs of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School also held some new schools, such as Shi Jing Wentong Museum and Fuzhou Ship Administration School, to train translators, military personnel and scientific and technological personnel. First, several groups of international students were sent abroad for further study.
Establishment of Wentong Museum
People who have been engaged in translation for a long time in the history of our country, but the formal establishment of foreign language schools was not until the Qing government 1862 that the Wentong Museum was established in Beijing. When the Qing government signed the treaty of nanking, Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty with foreign countries, even China people who knew foreign languages could not be found, and they were deceived by the invaders.
186 1 year? Please set up a foreign language school to train foreign language talents and diplomatic talents. 1862 August, Emperor Tongzhi officially approved the establishment of "Shi Jing Wentong Pavilion". Besides Chinese, students mainly study foreign languages. There are foreign teachers, such as Paul Teng in Britain, Smile and Billigan in France, Berlin in Russia, Ding Weiliang in the United States, John Flair and Harrington. Ding Weiliang served as head teacher from 1869, and was in charge of education affairs for 30 years. Hurd, the chief tax official, also serves as an inspector, actually controlling the power of funds and personnel.
Wentong Library is completely managed by regular schools, and English Library, Russian Library, German Library and Oriental (Japanese) Library are opened one after another. Only the children of the Eight Banners under the age of 13 and 14 will be recruited, and then Manchu students aged 15-25 and Manchu students of any age will be recruited. The study period is initially set at 3 years, which is divided into two types according to 1876: one is students of foreign languages, astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other disciplines, with an academic system of 8 years; First, older students who study astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other disciplines only by Chinese translation have a five-year academic system. 1867 added mathematics, chemistry, international law, medical physiology, astronomy, physics, foreign history and geography. The maximum number of students is 120. Most of the graduates are translators, diplomats and officials of other westernization agencies of the Qing government. There is a printing factory that translates and prints books on the public law of nations and mathematics, physics, literature and history. 1902 wentong museum merged into Shi Jing university hall.