Question 2: The meaning of green building "Green" does not refer to the three-dimensional greening and roof garden in the general sense, but represents a concept or symbol, which refers to a building that is harmless to the environment, can make full use of environmental natural resources and does not destroy the basic ecological balance of the environment. It can also be called sustainable development building, ecological building, returning to nature building, energy-saving and environmental protection building, etc. The green building evaluation system has six indicators, which are divided into three stars, two stars and one star from high to low. The indoor layout of green buildings is very reasonable. Minimize the use of synthetic materials, make full use of sunlight, save energy, and create a feeling of being close to nature for residents. Taking the coordinated development of people, buildings and the natural environment as the goal, while using natural conditions and artificial means to create a good and healthy living environment, we should control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment as much as possible, fully reflecting the balance between demand and return on nature. The reason why green buildings emphasize indoor environment is because the mainstream idea in the field of air conditioning is to strive for a balanced relationship between the internal and external environment, while the internal environment, that is, health, comfort and productivity of building users, shows different needs. Thermal problem (1. 1) First of all, thermal comfort obviously affects work efficiency. The traditional air conditioning system can maintain the indoor temperature, but in recent years, the research shows that indoor absolute comfort is easy to lead to "air conditioning disease", which consumes a lot of energy and increases the destruction of ozone layer by freon. Green building requires not only ensuring the overall thermal balance of human body, but also paying attention to the special requirements of individual parts of human body, such as head and feet, and being good at applying natural energy. In addition, the commonly used buildings with large glass surfaces will produce greenhouse effect in summer, while the low-temperature radiation effect of cold glass surfaces will occur in winter. Therefore, in addition to the design conditions of air conditioning in winter and summer, it is also necessary to analyze the influence of local climate and internal load changes of buildings on indoor environmental comfort. It is best to change the load and comfort of the air conditioner once a month and every hour. 1 .2 Daylighting and voice problems are the same. Indoor light environment directly affects work efficiency and indoor atmosphere. It is a part of green light environment to introduce pollution-free and bright sunlight as a light source in green buildings. However, a comfortable and healthy light environment should also include easy-to-watch, safe and beautiful brightness distribution, glare control and uniform illumination control, so strong light should be adjusted according to different time and place to avoid affecting the high quality of sunlight. In addition, a healthy and comfortable acoustic environment is beneficial to people's physical and mental health. Green sound environment requires that hearing should not be damaged and noise sources should be reduced as much as possible. In this way, the equipment that produces noise is usually arranged separately from the room, and the outdoor noise level is controlled. 1.3 air quality The air quality reflects the degree of meeting people's environmental requirements. The factors that usually affect air quality include air flow and air cleanliness. If the air flow is not enough, people will feel uncomfortable. If the air flow is too fast, it will affect the temperature and cleanliness. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the appropriate fresh air volume according to different environments, control the cleanliness and flow of air, and make the air quality reach a better state. At the same time, effective control of indoor air pollutants is also one of the main ways to improve the indoor environment. There are thousands of pollutants that affect indoor air quality. Green building thinks that not only the concentration of pollutants in the air is lower than the recognized harmful concentration index, but also most people in the room should be satisfied with the indoor air quality index. In the 1960s, American architect Paul? Solari put forward a new concept of ecological architecture. 1969, American architect Ian? Machar's book Design with Nature marks the official birth of ecological architecture. In 1970s, the oil crisis made various building energy-saving technologies such as solar energy, geothermal energy and wind energy come into being, and energy-saving buildings became the forerunner of building development. 1980, the World Conservation Organization put forward the slogan of "sustainable development" for the first time, and the energy-saving building system was gradually improved, which was widely used in developed countries such as Germany, Britain, France and Canada. 65438-0987 The United Nations Environment Programme published the report Our Common Future, which established the concept of sustainable development. 1990 The world's first green building standard was released in Britain. 1992 "United Nations Conference on Environment and Development" promoted the idea of sustainable development, and green buildings gradually became the development direction. 1993 The United States established the Green Building Association; 1996 Hong Kong has launched its own standard ... >>
Question 3: The difference between the third-level qualification and the second-level qualification of architecture. Secondary qualification standard
1 enterprise assets
The net assets are more than 40 million yuan.
2 key personnel of the enterprise
(1) There shall be no less than 12 registered construction engineers in architectural engineering and mechanical and electrical engineering, including no less than 9 registered construction engineers in architectural engineering.
(2) The technical person in charge has more than 8 years experience in technical management of engineering construction, and has the senior title of structural specialty or the qualification of a first-class registered builder of construction engineering; There are no less than 15 people with intermediate or above titles in construction engineering related majors, and the majors of structure, water supply and drainage, heating and ventilation, and electricity are complete.
(3) There are not less than 30 construction site management personnel with certificates, and the constructors, quality engineers, safety officers, mechanics, cost engineers, laborers and other personnel are complete.
(4) There shall be no less than 75 skilled workers at or above the intermediate level who have passed the examination or training.
1.2.3 enterprise engineering performance
In the past five years, I have undertaken the general contracting or main project contracting of two of the following four types of projects, and the project quality is qualified.
(1) 1 above ground 12 floors or above ground 8-1/above ground;
(2) 1 structural engineering with a height greater than 50m or 2 structural engineering with a height of 35-50m (excluding);
(3) Single industrial and civil building projects with a building area of 1 m2 or two single industrial and civil building projects with a building area of 6000-1 m2 (excluding);
(4) Two single-span reinforced concrete structures with a length of more than 2 1 m (or steel structures with a length of more than 24 m)/one single-span reinforced concrete structure 1 8-21m (excluding) (or steel structures with a length of 2 1-24 m).
Three-level qualification standard
1 enterprise assets
The net assets are more than 8 million yuan.
2 key personnel of the enterprise
(1) There shall be no less than 5 registered construction engineers in construction engineering and electromechanical engineering, including no less than 4 registered construction engineers in construction engineering.
(2) The technical director has more than 5 years working experience in technical management of engineering construction, and has the intermediate title or above in structural engineering or the qualification of registered builder in construction engineering; There are not less than 6 people with intermediate titles in construction engineering related majors, and the majors of structure, water supply and drainage, and electricity are complete.
(3) There shall be no less than 65,438+05 construction site management personnel with certificates, and the builder, quality engineer, safety officer, mechanical engineer, cost engineer, service engineer and other personnel shall be complete.
(4) There shall be no less than 30 skilled workers at or above the intermediate level who have passed the examination or training.
(5) The technical director (or registered constructor) shall preside over the completion of no less than two engineering achievements required by the secondary qualification standard of this category.
Scope of contracted projects
1 level 1 qualification
Can undertake the construction of the following construction projects with a single contract amount of more than 30 million yuan:
(1) industrial and civil construction projects with a height below 200m;
(2) Structures with a height less than 240m.
2 secondary qualification
Can undertake the following construction projects:
(1) industrial and civil construction projects with a height below 100m;
(2) Structures with a height below120m;
(three) a single industrial and civil construction project with a construction area of less than 40 thousand square meters;
(4) Construction projects with a single span less than 39 meters.
3 level 3 qualification
Can undertake the following construction projects:
(1) industrial and civil construction projects with a height less than 50m;
(2) Structures below 70 meters in height;
(3) A single industrial and civil construction project with a construction area of 1.2 million square meters;
(4) Construction projects with a single span less than 27 meters. ...& gt& gt
Question 4: What can the second-level qualification of architecture do? The scope of the second-level qualification certificate of construction enterprises is different. The national construction administrative department shall define the main and part-time business scope according to the quantity and quality of engineering and technical personnel, construction machinery and equipment, the quantity and quality of contracted projects over the years, registered capital and working capital, etc. This range is something that can be done, which is very clear. Open it and it will be clear at a glance.
Question 5: What is a first-class project and a second-class project?
Structures or buildings with a height of 100 m;
Housing construction projects with a single building area of more than 30,000 square meters;
Housing construction projects with a single span of more than 30 meters;
Residential quarters or buildings with a construction area of 654.38+10,000 square meters or more;
Housing construction projects with a single Jian 'an contract value exceeding 654.38 billion yuan.
Secondary engineering
12 floors above the building project;
Structures or buildings with a height exceeding 50 meters;
Housing construction projects with single building area 1 1,000 square meters;
Housing construction projects with a single span of more than 2 1 m;
Residential quarters or buildings with a construction area of more than 50,000 square meters;
Housing construction projects with a single construction and installation contract amount of more than 30 million yuan.
Third-level project
Housing construction projects with more than 6 floors;
Structures or buildings with a height exceeding 25 meters;
Housing construction projects with a single building area of over 5,000 square meters;
Housing construction projects with a single span 15m or more;
Housing construction projects with a single construction and installation contract amount of more than 5 million yuan.
(PS: the above personal understanding, don't spray if you don't like it)
Question 6: What are civil buildings below Grade II? Refers to the scale and height. 5 points According to the Charge Standard for Civil Building Design promulgated by the Ministry of Construction, all kinds of civil buildings in China are divided into special, one, two, three, four and five grades according to their complexity.
The secondary project refers to:
1, medium and high-grade large public buildings and small and medium-sized public buildings with high technical requirements, such as university teaching buildings, archives, auditoriums, cinemas, provincial and ministerial office buildings, hospitals with less than 300 beds, sanatoriums, municipal libraries, cultural centers, children's palaces, clubs, rehearsal halls, lecture halls, wind and rain playgrounds, bus stations, railway stations, post offices and multi-storey shopping malls in medium-sized cities.
2.16-29th floor residence.
Question 7: What is the use of the second-class architect qualification certificate? You can call, you can earn money, and the prices of different majors are different. About 8000 yuan a year. It is better to find a certified job!
Question 8: What is the second-level builder? Construction engineer is a registered major relying on professional technology and focusing on project management, and recently focusing on construction management. Construction engineer is a compound talent who knows management, technology, economy, laws and regulations, and has a high comprehensive quality. He should not only have a theoretical level, but also have rich practical experience and strong organizational ability. Construction engineers are divided into registered first-class construction engineers and registered second-class construction engineers. The first-class constructor has high standards, high quality and high management level, which is conducive to international mutual recognition. At the same time, taking into account the large number of construction projects in China, the disparity in the scale of construction projects, the great differences in the level of economic, cultural and social development in different places, and the different requirements for managers in different projects, a second-class constructor was set up to meet the actual needs of construction management. After the implementation of the construction engineer qualification system, the project manager of large and medium-sized engineering construction enterprises should be gradually served by the personnel who have obtained the registered construction engineer qualification.
The qualification of first-class construction engineers shall be subject to a unified national outline, unified proposition and unified organization examination system, which shall be organized and implemented by the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Construction. The exam is held once a year in principle; The qualification of the second-level constructor shall be subject to the national unified outline and the examination system put forward and organized by all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The examination content is divided into two parts: comprehensive knowledge and ability and professional knowledge and ability. The applicant shall meet the corresponding conditions stipulated in the relevant documents. Those who have passed the first-class and second-class constructor qualification examinations have obtained the first-class constructor qualification certificates of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the state and the second-class constructor qualification certificates of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the state respectively.
Question 9: What is the title of a builder, and what is the difference between it and a second-class builder? "Engineer" refers to the professional title certificate issued by the personnel department. There are generally three levels: assistant engineer (green book), engineer (blue book) and senior engineer (red book or blue book).
"Architect" is a registered qualification certificate, which is usually required for people who hold project management positions.
The above documents do not interfere with each other. If conditions permit, it is best to have both.
Question 10: How are buildings and houses classified? What is a first-class or second-class residence? Classification of buildings and houses:
(1) According to the building height, it is mainly divided into low-rise, multi-storey, small high-rise, high-rise and super-high-rise buildings.
(2) According to the structural form of the building, it is mainly divided into brick-wood structure, brick-concrete structure, steel-concrete frame structure, steel-concrete shear wall structure, steel-concrete frame-shear wall structure and steel structure.
(3) According to the classification of architectural forms, it is mainly divided into low-rise houses, multi-storey houses, medium-high-rise houses, high-rise houses and other forms of houses.
(4) According to the types of houses, they are mainly divided into ordinary units, apartments, duplex houses, duplex houses, garden houses, small-sized houses (super-small-sized houses) and so on.
(5) According to the classification of housing policy attributes, it is mainly divided into low-rent housing, purchased public housing (reformed housing), affordable housing and housing cooperatives to raise funds to build houses.