Li Guangli is a jealous and narrow-minded person, so he won't let Li Ling show off. "In the second year of Tianhan, the Second Division rode 30,000 out of Jiuquan and attacked the right king of Tianshan Mountain." With Li Ling's talent, he should have occupied an important position in the party and charged ahead; However, Li Guangli is going to put him in charge of logistics. Li Ling, who is devoted to serving the country and is not worldly, naturally doesn't want to, but kowtows to Hanwu and asks himself:' The people I want to send to the border are warriors and swordsmen in Jingchu, willing to be the first team, alone in the south of Ganlan Mountain, and don't have to be the second division of the township. "And set up the rhetoric of" willing to hit the public with less, and 5,000 infantry involved in the court ". Miss Li is naturally very unhappy. However, Hanwu, who was eager to use troops, deeply appreciated him, and led the crossbow captain Lu Bode to meet Li Ling's army in the middle of the road as a side response. Bode used to be a general in Fu Bo, but he didn't want to stay behind the mausoleum. He said, "Xiongnu horses in Fang Qiu are too fat to fight. I hope that from the tomb to the spring, I will take five thousand people to ride Jiuquan and Zhangye and attack things, but they will be captured. ".Hanwu" resented Ling's reluctance to go out and taught Bode to write letters ".He was furious and refused. Li Ling hurried to lead the troops with 5,000 troops, and the soldiers left behind.
In late October, Ling Jun arrived at Xunji Mountain and met thirty thousand cavalry of Khan. Seeing that the Han army was few, Xiongnu soldiers swarmed and besieged. "Ling war attack, thousands of crossbows, draw string falls. Lu also went up the mountain, and the Han army pursued and killed thousands of people. Khan was frightened and summoned about 80 thousand soldiers to attack the mausoleum on horseback. Ling fought and led, went south for a few days, and arrived in the valley laughing. Because of continuous fighting, most of Ling Jun's soldiers were injured, but their morale did not dare to slack off. Fight again tomorrow and cut more than 3 thousand people. Alone, but reinforcements have not yet arrived, and Li Ling is doomed to fight and retreat. "South to the foot of the mountain, khan in nanshan, make his son will ride strike ling. Ling Jun fought in the Woods and killed thousands of people. Khan fell because of a sniper's shot. "
In the face of such a powerful and fearless opponent, the Xiongnu army did not understand the reality of the Ling Jun army, thinking that it was facing the elite of the Han army; At this time, Li Lingjun had retreated to the frontier fortress not far from the Han Dynasty, and Khan was also worried that he would lead the enemy into the encirclement and annihilate, so he was timid and ready to retreat. At this moment, a traitor named Guan Gan, a soldier in Lingjun, surrendered to Xiongnu because of the humiliation of the captain, and told him that "Lingjun had no way to save, and it was exhausted, and the general and Cheng' an Hou sent forward alone." Khan was overjoyed when he heard the news, but he made an urgent order to attack the Ling army. On the eighth day of Lien Chan, the Han army retreated. "If we don't reach Khan Mountain, 500,000 arrows will be consumed in one day. . . Not if the foot soldiers die too much. ""The Huns blocked the narrow road, and the tomb was short of food, so reinforcements couldn't come. "Soldiers trapped, horses and ammunition. Knowing that he had been calculated, Li Ling sighed, "It is enough to get rid of dozens of arrows. "Some military officials advised me to return to Taoism, but Li Ling refused. He said," I will not be a strong person until I die. " And ordered the soldiers to escape overnight, lest "there are things to report to the son of heaven. "In the middle of the night" drums are beating, but the drums don't ring. Ling and Han Yannian both mounted their horses, followed by more than ten strong men. "。 Lu rode thousands after him, and Han Yannian died. Ling said, "I have no face to report to your majesty!" " Surrender. "
Li Ling's defeat was mainly due to the delay in the arrival of Li Guangli's reinforcements. However, it is not a miracle that Li Ling resisted the Xiongnu's 80,000 brave enemies with 5,000 soldiers for nearly ten days. It's a pity that Li Ling failed to honor his promise that "I won't die, and I won't be a strong man", but died on the battlefield like Han Yannian, which was the beginning of his big mistake in life. Or is it because he is still young and wants to win reinforcements from two divisions in the future? Or does he want to hide his strength for the future? Of course, since ancient times, there has been no reason to win a war, and defeat is likely to be surrender. However, in any case, military commanders are afraid of death and surrender to the enemy. In modern America, they can still "surrender gloriously" and win understanding and even applause. In the popular slogan "Long live the traitor", it is a little boy who has no rules with the world, jumping around naked and screaming hysterically, and may also win the taste of mutual appreciation. However, in China's traditional ethical framework of "success or failure", it must not be allowed; In any society that respects the individual more than life and longs to realize personal value in the realization of personality, it is probably rarely allowed. And since ancient times, many brave people have been captured and persevered. Yue Fei said that "civil servants don't love money, and military officers are not afraid of death." Therefore, Li Ling's surrender cannot be justified in any case. This is where Li Ling was hated by later generations.
If Li Ling dies or commits suicide, he will be a national hero who sets an eternal example. If Li Ling is willing to be a slave and be exterminated like Hong Chengchou in the late Ming Dynasty, it will be simple. Li Ling, on the other hand, chose another road, as if to free himself from "unwilling". This road is extremely difficult for him, and every step he takes will be tortured by national justice and conscience.
However, he was really driven by his unwilling heart and went down that road.
(3)
After hundreds of years of wars in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the battle between Qin and Han Dynasties in 1978, the population of the Chinese nation withered and the people struggled. After 40 or 50 years' cultivation of Wenjing, a relatively stable national form with the Han nationality as the main body was gradually formed by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. What followed was the so-called "traitor". Therefore, traitors can be said to follow the nation from beginning to end.
A traitor, as its name implies, is a traitor who betrayed the Han Dynasty. As far as the Han Dynasty is concerned, anyone who betrays the interests of the Han Dynasty can be classified as a traitor. In the imperial era, the world is often simply equated with the world of the royal family, so those who maintain the orthodox imperial power often classify those who betray the interests of the royal family as thieves or even traitors. This is of course wrong. As Gu said, the world belongs to everyone, not a family. Therefore, the so-called traitor is first of all a concept of a nation and its culture, not a concept that is necessarily related to the country. Although they can be unified in a certain period and under certain conditions, there is no necessary connection between them. The definition of a traitor depends on whether his actions betray or ruin the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation with the Han nationality as the main body, rather than whether he is loyal to a certain family. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek was defeated in Taiwan Province Province, dealt with national justice and did not sentence traitors; Taiwan independence elements like Li Thief take it as their duty to betray the interests of the Chinese nation, so Chinese people all over the world are angry and everyone should punish them. This is a living example of traitors. Betrayal means selling benefits to foreigners, such as Wang Jingwei in Qin Gui. The so-called mourning, such as gluttony for the essence of the nation, does not sell to the people but brings great damage to the nation, such as corrupt officials and incompetent fools who die in their original places; Both men should be counted as traitors.
At the same time, the right to define and interpret the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation will never be manipulated by any power or by illusory and visualized "people". History has repeatedly confirmed that the interests of powerful rulers are difficult to be unified with the interests of the nation; Even the so-called broadest "people" are bound by the limitations of the times, and it is difficult to see where the interests of their own nation are. Therefore, in order to make a fair judgment on whether a traitor is a traitor, the only person who has the final judgment right is time and the truly written history that runs through time. Therefore, although Qin Gui can bully the world for a while and die a fair death, he cannot but be spurned for thousands of years; Although Yuan Chonghuan was reviled by the ignorant and eaten alive, his loyal soul remains for thousands of generations, Yong Guang.
Traitors can be classified according to their behavior and harm, except for the above betrayal and burial, that is, selling with national interests and swallowing with interests.
Traitors can be divided into big traitors, middle traitors and small traitors according to the degree of harm. For example, Wang Jingwei and Zhou Zuoren are traitors, and it is the traitors who can greatly frustrate the national spirit of resisting foreign aggression; It's for the enemies of China traitors who work hard and don't have the strength to drum up arguments. The influence is not great, but you can always get a reward from time to time and run around to let foreigners sanction China in exchange for some money to buy rice. Wearing a cap, standing guard for the devil, leading the way, catching the eighth route, and stealing some chickens and dogs from a nervous citizen's house are all for that little traitor.
Traitors can be divided into evil traitors, idiot traitors and rascal traitors. Bad karma is a person who only knows how to work for the enemy and is full of bitterness. He is too tired to be a big official like Hong Chengchou, and he is too tired to run the road like Ruan Dacheng. Stupid as Lord Wei, loyal enemies are played by him. Once the oil is squeezed, it is sold at a low price or even ignored, and I don't know its innocence. The last kind, the so-called ruffian traitor, is one of the more fashionable traitors, that is, the kind of person whose face is painted with the word "traitor" everywhere, and then who shouts "I am a traitor" when he sees people with bare feet and long hair in the street, and then shows a smug face and gets the greatest satisfaction from the sudden awakening of others.
According to the above standards, which category should Li Ling, a defeated and captured Han general who is willing to surrender, belong to?