Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty carried out a military reform aimed at "Qiang Bing" during the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years. The contents of the reform include the following aspects: in the way of military mobilization, the officer system is gradually replaced by the recruitment system; In terms of the management system of the army, we have set up "our envoys" extensively in the border areas and formally established our system. In terms of military supplies, the buffer zone is given certain financial rights to meet the growing military expenditure in the buffer zone.
Moreover, the system of our time is combined with the recruitment system in Xuanzong period, that is, we have the right to recruit soldiers in our time, forming the "buffer region system". The Anshi Rebellion can be regarded as the inevitable result of the development of the buffer region system in Xuanzong period. During the Tianbao period, with the change of the military situation in the frontier, the pattern of confrontation between the eastern and western provinces appeared.
From a certain point of view, the outbreak of Anshi Rebellion can be regarded as the result of the contradiction between the two major buffer regions, and the process of Tang Tingping's determination of Anshi Rebellion can be regarded as the continuation of the conflict between the two major buffer regions. The opposition of Xifan Town Group led to Anshi Rebellion.
Mr. Huang Yongnian further elaborated the theory of "two unifications" in Chapter 10 of Chinese Political History from the Sixth to the Ninth Century (Shanghai Bookstore, 1998), that is, in Tianbao period, there appeared a buffer town pattern in which the buffer towns of Hexi and Youwei of Ge confronted the buffer towns of Fanyang, Pinglu and Hedong of An Lushan.
In addition, Huang Xinya has a similar view in the article "Talking about Xuanzong's Feudalization and Anshi Rebellion" (academic monthly,No. 1 issue, 2008). He thinks that during the Tianbao period, in order to buffer Yupu Town, the Tang Dynasty tried to strengthen the balance between the two buffer groups, which eventually led to Anshi Rebellion.
The military system, that is, the military system, is generally called the "military system" in modern times, including the mobilization mode of soldiers, the command and coordination mode of the army, and the supply mode of military supplies. The Tang Dynasty was an important period for the development of China's military system. Before Kaiyuan, the military system of the government was always implemented. During Xuanzong period, in order to meet the needs of frequent and large-scale border wars in border areas, Tang Ting carried out the military system reform with the recruitment system as the core content for the purpose of "Qiang Bing".
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the frequency and intensity of border wars intensified, and it was necessary to recruit a large number of effective soldiers. However, the increasingly collapsed system of government soldiers can no longer meet the needs of the development of the war situation, so Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty implemented the reform of the recruitment system of troops in the imperial capital and border towns during the Kaiyuan period.
The recruitment system established by Xuanzong is essentially different from the previous recruitment system, which is mainly manifested in the fact that the recruitment system is a professional soldier and has the characteristics of "recruiting but not leaving"
The collapse of the government system. The system of officers and men is a military service system in which soldiers participate in agriculture. It is based on the principle of low economic cost and military risk, but its efficiency is not very high. The system of officers and men in the Tang Dynasty was linked to the system of equal land. With the emergence of uneven land grant and no land to grant, the system of officers and men has lost its economic conditions and is difficult to implement.
Coupled with the heavy military service and protracted war, the social status of "Wei" declined. Therefore, "since Emperor Gaozong and Wuhou, there has been no need for soldiers in the world for a long time, and the military service has become more and more out of date, and Wei has disappeared slightly or even dissipated, and Wei can't do anything." The destruction of the government soldier system is a long process. "Government soldiers are often destroyed and eventually collapse. This is not a short process. The first stage is from the second year of Yongchun to the first year of Kaiyuan. At this time, the form can be maintained, but in essence it has become more and more corrupt.
The second stage is from the first year of Kaiyuan to the eighth year of Tianbao. It was difficult to keep in shape at this time, and finally I stopped fishing. After that, it still maintained the organization, officials and soldiers who worshipped Fu for more than 30 years in name only. In the eighth year of Tianbao, "Chongfu had no soldiers to pay, so Li asked to stop catching books", and the imperial military system officially died out.
During Xuanzong period, the military situation in the frontier was tense and a large number of troops were needed. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he actively fought with Qidan, Turkic, Tubo and Nanzhao. During the Kaiyuan period, * * * organized several large-scale wars, such as the water painting battle between Tang and Qidan in the second year of Kaiyuan, the battle of 60,000 troops in Tang Jun in 1989, the battle of Wu Fan Street in Tang Dynasty, and the invasion of Tang Jun in120,000, which won a great victory.
Although the war between Tang Ting and foreign countries was won or lost during the Kaiyuan period, Tang Ting attacked in four places and held a long-term military confrontation with many countries, which required Tang Ting to station a large number of troops in the border areas to prevent sudden attacks by foreign cavalry. Moreover, in order to ensure the quantity and quality of soldiers, the conscription system began to replace the original compulsory military service system-the officers and men system, and the "conscription system" was institutionalized.
The economic development of the Tang Dynasty in the Kaiyuan period created economic conditions for the reform of the recruitment system. Recruiting soldiers instead of government soldiers undoubtedly needs the support of the country's strong fiscal revenue, because "the rulers headed by Xuanzong in Kaiyuan period attached great importance to social economy and formulated some important economic policies in all aspects of social and economic life from production to consumption.
Although these policies came into being in different times, and not all of them were made by kaiyuan monarch and ministers, most of them were beneficial to social and economic development under the historical conditions at that time. As a result, "Kaiyuan Shengshi" appeared in the ancient history of China, which recorded: "Kaiyuan Tianbao, the tiller benefits, and within the four seas, the mountains are absolutely, the thunder boxes are full, and the people's grain depots are all several years old, and they are immeasurable." Economic prosperity laid an economic foundation for the reform of Xuanzong's recruitment system.
However, in the dynasty, no rich economy could afford the military expenditure of continuous war. Once a regime falls into the "quagmire" of war, it will inevitably lead to disaster if the ruler does not change course or change the regime in time. Conscription system refers to the recruitment of soldiers by the central or local government in the form of employment, and the recruited soldiers serve in the army for a long time. The government provides soldiers with weapons, food or horses, exempts them from compulsory service, and pays them a certain amount of military pay and food and clothing.
"Recruiting soldiers" did not appear during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. For example, in the eighteenth year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong marched to Goguryeo, "Chang 'an and Luoyang recruited 3,000 soldiers and 500 warships, and crossed the sea from Laizhou to Pyongyang". During the period of Wu Zetian, "500 soldiers were recruited every year to defend Yaozhou, and the road was difficult and dangerous, and many people died." It can be seen that "recruiting soldiers" was common before Xuanzong.
In the 11th year of Kaiyuan (in), the imperial army of Nanya, which was originally under the "Twelve Guards", was no longer recruited by the imperial court, but by the Tang court, which marked the beginning of the reform of Xuanzong's recruitment system. The imperial guards still belong to the "Twelve Guards", originally called "Long Cong Su Wei" and later renamed "Strong Qi".
The history books say: "When Emperor Gaozu and Wuhou were in power, there was no need for soldiers in the world for a long time, and the law of government soldiers was broken, and the service for generations was not timely. The guards have disappeared a little, and the benefits have dissipated. The guards can't give it. " Prime Minister Zhang said that he invited all scholars to stay in the Guards. Eleven years, take, Pu, Tong, Qi, Liu Wubing and, and benefit from the cat governor soldier, * * * one hundred and twenty thousand, number' Chang Cong Su Wei', one year old.
Life history Zuo Chengxiao Hao and state officials * * * chose it, and it will be called' expanding riding' next year. "The recruitment area is concentrated inside the customs, which is convenient for staying and defending." Since then, although the soldiers of the government army still fought for the town, the position of the rocky guard has been cancelled, they have been promoted and reduced to pure paperwork. "loyalist' business' system has been completely abolished.