Of course, we should also consider the cost. What flowers are suitable now?
Usually place an order one month in advance!
The following is the paper I found for you, I hope it will help you!
The development and change of society constantly bring challenges and opportunities for the development of landscape architecture specialty. The agricultural era, industrial era and post-industrial era all provide the impetus for the expansion of landscape architecture, the formation of theoretical system and the reform of evaluation index, so that gardens in different eras have their own distinctive characteristics. At present, China is in an unprecedented process of urbanization. The major of landscape architecture in modern China must face up to major practical problems, put down the ideological burden of small-scale peasant gardens and move towards a broader space. On the basis of the existing professional fields, we will strive to play a leading role in the overall planning and design of residential communities, the planning of nature reserves, the overall landscape and ecological planning of urban and rural areas, the planning and design of land, urban design, and the planning and design of tourist destinations, and become the backbone of maintaining the natural ecological process and coordinating the relationship between man and nature. Is the modern garden community in China ready to meet this vast professional field and challenge?
Keywords: garden; Urban planning; Ecological gardens; Landscape planning
Recently, when researchers in Peking University were investigating why people went hiking in Xiangshan, an ordinary retired worker said, "I tell you, we really can't stay in front of our house. Our streets used to be quiet and the air was good. It turned out that there were big locust trees on both sides of the street ... now the sidewalk has become a small workshop, a small factory, and all kinds of strange smells and the noisy sound of sawing aluminum alloy are unbearable. Small tractors burn diesel, emit black smoke, and pass by our door like squid fish ... We really can't stand it, so we have to stay in Xiangshan with good air for half a day or 2-3 hours. "
The unprecedented urbanization process in China has made the living environment deteriorate sharply. In contrast, "landscape city", "garden city" and "ecological city" are particularly desirable, and their slogans are particularly appealing. At the same time, the theory of modern landscape architecture in China is almost zero (in contrast, there are many appreciation theories of classical gardens in China). In this situation, there is a great danger lurking in the construction activities of urban landscaping in China, which is blindness-looking for business, building a "garden" city with personal fantasies and guiding large-scale garden construction activities. There are countless lessons from history, and the so-called "beautification" and "greening" activities that happened in front of us are even more ridiculous. The severe environmental reality makes the modern landscape architecture specialty in China face severe challenges and rare opportunities. How to establish your own activity space and development direction in the unprecedented period of urban and social change has far-reaching historical significance for the development of this major.
Starting with the general relationship between social change and the development of landscape architecture, this paper discusses the characteristics of modern landscape architecture, and analyzes the present situation and potential opportunities of modern landscape architecture in China.
First, social change and the development of landscape architecture
At different stages of social development, there are different gardens and landscape specialties, which are reflected in different clients, different transformation and creation objects, different guiding ideology and ideas, and of course different designers. The following is a systematic analysis of the characteristics of gardens in the agricultural era, industrial era, especially in the post-industrial era, taking this as a starting point to explore the development of modern gardens in China.
1 Small-scale peasant economy and craft beauty
The social feature of the agricultural era is that the small-scale peasant economy supports an aristocratic class. They no longer depend on the sky for food. They appreciate the beauty of nature and farming landscape from the original natural landscape full of fear, and thus stimulate their desire to reproduce and create this beauty. This is the landscape pastoral art, including landscape painting and pastoral poetry, which is integrated into the garden art. At this time, the landscape and scenery are in harmony, that is, the "landscape" of China in the visual aesthetic sense. Therefore, gardening is to create beautiful scenery and beautiful countryside. Of course, its users are a few nobles, so the creative place is the garden and courtyard within the fence. Of course, according to the thickness of financial resources, gardens are large and small.
The creator of the garden is ultimately the master rather than a professional gardener, so there is a saying that "seven points are the master and three points are the craftsman". Gardeners are just craftsmen and have no independent personality. Even Renault or Ji Cheng were only senior craftsmen summoned by emperors and nobles. Due to the spatial differentiation of landscape on the earth and the adaptation of agricultural activities to nature, there are spatial differentiation of garden styles and different aesthetic standards aimed at reproducing the beauty of landscape. Including the formal beauty of western gardens and the poetry of China gardens. But no matter how different, they are all characterized by aestheticism. The Yuanmingyuan and Versailles, which appeared almost simultaneously, are typical examples.
As the owner and designer of the garden, although the aristocratic class got rid of farming activities, they did not get rid of the consciousness of small farmers. Such as territorial consciousness-reflected in gardens such as fences and hedges; Crop awareness-all non-crops must be weeds, and all non-beneficial insects must be disasters, which will be quickly removed; Good farmers' (shepherds') consciousness-intensive cultivation, pursuit of perfection in gardening, manifested in renovated hedges and patterned flower beds in gardens; Show off consciousness-show off, style, comparison, etc.
2 major industries and human physical and mental regeneration
The industrial revolution originated in Britain and flourished in the United States. Large-scale industrial production has brought about great changes in society, that is, the working class has emerged, "city people" are no longer a few nobles and attendants, and the perception of the beauty of nature and farming landscape is no longer unique to a few nobles. More importantly, people living in cities need a space for physical and mental leisure. The creative objects of landscape architecture specialty are parks and leisure green spaces. Create for beauty, and more importantly, create for the physical and mental regeneration of urban residents. In olmsted's words, civilized people are constantly developing medicine to overcome various diseases, but at the same time, their health and happiness are increasingly damaged by some more serious diseases. In this respect, medicine can do nothing but balance blood circulation and relax the brain through sunshine and gentle exercise, so that people can get regeneration, health and happiness (see Charles, 1995, p43). The garden space that can give full play to this function of physical and mental regeneration is the stretched pasture landscape. The undulating terrain, grassland, trees and water call for people's physical and mental participation and integration. The so-called park-like landscape. According to the research of landscape perception and cognition, park-style landscape contains rich spatial characteristics of "looking-avoiding" and "exploring", arousing human nature and making body and mind happy (appleton,1975; Kapplan， 1982， 1985).
An important breakthrough in the history of landscape architecture in the industrial age is the emergence of professional landscape designers, whose representative is olmsted, the father of American landscape architecture. Olmsted 1865 started professional landscape design in the United States. Prior to this (1858-6 1), he and his partner Walker had finished the design of new york Central Park. Olmsted insisted on distinguishing his major from traditional gardening, calling his major "landscape architecture" and calling himself "landscape architect" instead of "gardener". Strive to develop professional education of landscape architecture. At the beginning of this century, Harvard University created landscape architecture. Since then, a team of professional designers has really emerged, which serves the society, has independent personality and creates for life and career at the same time, rather than being a vassal of a few nobles. As a discipline, landscape architecture has truly ascended the elegant hall of the world's highest institution of higher learning and become the mother and cradle of American urban planning and design. Since 1900 Harvard opened the course of landscape planning and design, the course of urban planning did not appear until 1909, and it was not until 1923 that urban planning was officially separated from landscape planning and design and became a new major independently.
Because of the practice of olmsted and his collaborators and the establishment of professional education in Harvard University, American landscape specialty has been positioned in a wide range of activities from the beginning, including urban parks and green space systems, urban and rural scenic road systems (Parkway), planning and management of residential areas, campuses, real estate development, farms and national parks, and further extended to the landscape design of theme amusement parks and highway systems. The orientation of American gardens in this period laid a solid foundation for the development of world landscape architecture specialty in the future, making the profession of landscape architect no longer a gardener and craftsman, but a planner and creator of human settlements.
Because of the understanding of the relationship between park green space and urban residents' physical and mental health and regeneration, urban green space area and per capita green space area are often used to measure urban environmental quality. However, if we pursue these indicators unilaterally and forget the functional significance behind them, the landscape architecture specialty will lose its development direction.
3 Post-industry and the sustainability of the entire human ecosystem
After World War II, the development of industrialization and urbanization in the west reached a climax, and cities spread on the earth like malignant tumors. Park green space is not enough to improve the urban environment, especially in the post-industrial era, the fear of the city, the development of transportation and communication and the change of industrial production mode have promoted the vicious development of suburbanization, making the earth's landscape riddled with holes, the natural ecological process seriously threatened, biodiversity disappearing and the survival and continuation of mankind threatened. The ensuing internationalization has destroyed the cultural diversity that has been developed for thousands of years, and also submerged the diversity of human adaptation to nature, which also threatened the sustainability of human survival (Gadgil. , 1987). Therefore, the service object of landscape architecture specialty is no longer limited to the physical and mental health and regeneration of a group of people, but the survival and continuation of human beings as a species, which in turn depends on the survival and continuation of other species and multiculturalism. Maintaining natural processes and other life is ultimately to maintain human survival. As the research object of landscape architecture, it has been extended to the earth complex, which is a mosaic of multiple ecosystems formed by the interaction between human cultural circle and natural biosphere (land mosaic, Forman, 1995). How to coordinate the relationship between cultural circle and biosphere on different spatial scales has become an urgent problem for landscape architecture majors. I. Macharg first carried the banner of ecological planning, and his Design and Nature, 1959, marked that landscape architecture courageously undertook the heavy responsibility of overall human ecological environment planning and design in the post-industrial era, and greatly expanded the activity space of landscape architecture on the basis of olmsted. Ecological planning or human ecological planning (McHarg, 198 1) has become the most important revolution in the planning history of this century.
Contrary to the previous practice of functional zoning in land and urban planning, Macharg emphasized that land use planning should follow the inherent value and natural process of nature, that is, the suitability of land. Thus, the planning methodology based on factor hierarchy analysis and map overlay technology is perfected, which McHarg calls "layer cake model" (198 1). For nearly half a century, following the natural design pattern has built a bridge between ecology and human activities, and also made landscape architecture a backbone in the environmentalist movement.
However, people soon discovered the disadvantages of the planning model of Melaleuca Cake. There are two outstanding points. First, this model only emphasizes the vertical natural process, that is, the ecological relationship within a landscape unit, while ignoring the horizontal ecological process, that is, the ecological flow between landscape units. It is basically in Harvard's early garden educator Eliot or earlier Pattrik Geddes(Faludi；; 1978, Steiner et al. 1987) is an extension of the ecological thought that organisms, especially plants, adapt to the environment. Therefore, Macharg attaches great importance to the vertical process between soil-soil-hydrology-vegetation-animals and human activities and land use in a landscape unit. Secondly, the model of Melaleuca cake emphasizes the natural determinism of human activities and land use planning, and the planning should not only understand the natural process, but also adapt to it. This is unrealistic on the whole. The process of landscape planning is a defensible process, not a process of natural determinism (Steinitz, 1985, Faludi, 1987), and the behavior of decision makers must be considered. What's more, nature has been torn apart by human beings.
With the development of landscape ecology, the research on horizontal ecological process is gradually deepening. Landscape ecology emphasizes the relationship between horizontal ecological process and landscape pattern, and studies the spatial pattern of multiple ecosystems and between them, including the diffusion of material flow, species flow and interference (Forman and Godron,1986; Formn, 1995). A basic model "patch-corridor-matrix" is used to analyze and change the landscape. On this basis, the landscape ecological planning model is put forward.
On the other hand, the decision-centered planning model and the defensibility of planning have developed the modern landscape planning theory on another level, which makes the planning focus determined by nature return to the people-centered planning base point, but at a higher level, it can actively coordinate the relationship between people and the environment and the relationship between different land uses, thus maintaining the health and sustainability of people and other lives.
Therefore, in this era, the role of landscape planners is the coordinator and commander. He serves humans and other species, and he studies and creates landscape complexes. Its guiding theory is the sustainable theory of human development and environment and the whole human ecosystem science, including human ecology and landscape ecology. Its evaluation criteria include the continuity and integrity of landscape ecological process and pattern, biodiversity and cultural diversity and their meanings. The human settlement environment to be created is a sustainable landscape (Thayer, 1993).
Therefore, in different times, due to the different social needs and natural social problems, the tasks, objects and guiding theories faced by landscape professionals are different. What is the urgent need for landscape research in China society? Is it a flower bed with patterns on Wuyi Square? Is the flower on Eleventh Street? Or the grass around the barbed wire in the park? Poetic pavilions or rockeries?
Second, China's landscape architecture professional challenges and opportunities
1 The demand of China's real society for landscape architecture specialty
China is currently in a social period in which industrialization and post-industrialization coexist. Needless to say, the urban and environmental problems in the United States and other developed countries in the 1950s and 1960s are unfortunately repeated in China, and they are even more serious. The urban and environmental problems faced by landscape architecture specialty in China can be summarized as follows:
(1) The rapid expansion of urban population has seriously threatened the basic living environment of residents.
(2) The outdoor sports and leisure space is extremely lacking, which can't satisfy the physical and mental regeneration process of the broad masses of workers.
(3) Land resources are extremely tight, and it is difficult to improve the environment by greatly expanding the green area. It is difficult for China to improve the residents' environment through suburbanization.
(4) Limited financial resources make it difficult to realize high-input urban landscaping and environmental maintenance projects.
(5) Natural resources are limited, biodiversity protection is imminent, and the overall natural ecosystem is very fragile.
(6) European and American cultures invaded, and the local culture suffered an unprecedented impact.
These problems are self-evident. What I want to emphasize here is how landscape architecture specialty in China can play an irreplaceable role in solving these major problems, establish the development direction of landscape architecture specialty in China in the modern and future, and establish the image of landscape architecture specialty and professionals while making contributions to society.
2 get rid of the consciousness of small farmers and aim at the whole human ecosystem
At the beginning of this century, if olmsted hadn't insisted on breaking away from traditional gardening and called his major "landscape planning and design" and called himself "landscape planning designer" instead of "gardener", the landscape specialty in the United States would not have been brilliant for nearly a hundred years. Similarly, in the middle of this century, if I.McHarg didn't get rid of the shackles of olmsted's traditional American garden professional territory, bravely faced the problems of resources, environment and human survival brought about by industrialization at that time, and assumed the heavy responsibility of landscape planning and human ecosystem design, it would be impossible for the garden specialty to make the idea of "natural design" penetrate into all fields and become the backbone of dealing with the relationship between man and nature at different levels and scales. Biologist Willson said that "landscape design will play a decisive role in the protection of biodiversity" (Willson, 1992, P3 17). Gunn, a tourism expert, said, "Among all the design majors, landscape planners are the most suitable for designing tourism environment" (1988, P3). Macharg is the first landscape worker in American history to be directly consulted by the President and important state leaders (Miller and Pardal 1992), which makes landscape professionals proudly undertake tasks that other professions cannot accomplish in the global, peripheral and regional scope.
In contrast, what kind of territory and image has the landscape specialty in China opened up for itself?
(1) Flower bed, I don't know why I am busy. The flower beds and the "Eleventh" and "May Day" flower shows are getting worse and worse. Someone has made a credible estimate that the funds for arranging temporary flower beds every year are enough to build a new park for each city. Patterned flower beds are the continuation of typical small-scale farmers' garden thoughts. Doing it in the front yard is a kind of entertainment, but doing it on a large scale in the city streets and parks can be regarded as a waste of people and money. What's more, this backward urban landscaping behavior is often regarded as the act of creating a "garden city", which is ridiculous. This will not help to solve the environmental crisis faced by urban residents in China.
(2) As a garden, the park is long-term and short-lived. As mentioned above, the main function of parks and park systems is to provide citizens with space for leisure and physical and mental regeneration. However, the design and management of new parks in many cities are full of means and methods of small-scale farmers' gardens in the agricultural era. Or decorate a large number of flower beds, manually prune, weed and fertilize, introduce exotic ornamental plants, or build "poetic" bridges, and forget the main essential functions of "parks", not to mention taking parks as the lungs of urban ecosystems, habitats for biodiversity protection and stepping stones for maintaining natural ecological processes. Not only the construction and management costs are huge, but also the extremely limited green space is occupied, which is tantamount to solving the urgent environmental problems in China. You know, even from an artistic point of view, whether it is exquisite flower beds or poetic bridges and flowing water, it is just an empty imitation of small-scale gardens in the agricultural era, which has neither the needs of the times nor the significance of history and life.
(3) Nature as a park is "lawless". Since the undergraduate education of landscape architecture, nature has not been regarded as a part of urban green space system, and the education of students' knowledge such as ecosystem, biological protection, landscape ecology, ecological planning theory and methods is almost zero. Little is known about the understanding, evaluation and change methods of rural areas. In practice, there is neither systematic theoretical method as a guide nor due respect for nature, which can be described as "lawlessness". In this case, only the planning, design and management methods of parks and even gardens can be applied. Thereby causing unnecessary damage to extremely limited natural resources and fragile ecosystems. This runs counter to solving the major environmental problems in China.
Facing the realistic environmental problems in our country, it is necessary for landscape architecture specialty to supplement some long-standing evaluation indexes of garden green space, which should not be limited to some superficial indexes, such as green space rate, green coverage rate and per capita green space index, but also prevent the evaluation indexes of small-scale gardens from measuring modern garden green space. Specifically, we should measure the essential attributes of some gardens that embody the concept of environmental sustainability:
(1) Functional principle: The maintenance of residents' physical and mental health and the maintenance of natural ecological processes must be evaluated as the main functions of gardens.
(2) The principle of economic efficiency: emphasize the improvement of natural ecological process with the least labor (capital) investment, meet the function of human physical and mental regeneration, and effectively use limited land resources to achieve the above functions. It is against this principle to use a lot of chemical fertilizers and bedding plants for manual or chemical weeding.
(3) The principle of recycling (Lyle, 1994): emphasize the recycling and regeneration functions of the ecosystem to construct the urban garden green space system, such as the recycling of nutrients and water, while avoiding the use of non-renewable resources.
(4) The principle of native diversity: It is emphasized that urban garden green space system is one of the last bastions to protect native plants and native biodiversity, and the introduction of exotic species should be restricted to protect and develop native species.
(5) Genius loci principle: It emphasizes that every place has its own natural and cultural historical process, and the two adapt to each other to form local characteristics and local significance. In the process of urban development, landscaping is a rare place to preserve local spirit. The expression of local spirit is not only a form, but an experience.
(6) Principle of integrity and continuity: Garden green space is not an independent sightseeing space, but an organic part of the urban-land complex, and should be designed and managed as a continuum of human living space and natural processes.
3 Challenges and opportunities coexist: the vast potential space of China landscape architecture.
In order to carry out the above principles and overcome the disadvantages of the current landscape development in China, landscape professionals must undertake the heavy responsibility of changing the entire human ecosystem in a larger space. Specifically, based on the current scope of landscape activities in China, landscape professionals should bravely undertake the following aspects.
(1) Planning and design of residential district: including overall layout, road organization and layout design of green space system. International experience has proved that only landscape architects are most qualified to design a good living environment. Landscape architects lead the design of architecture and municipal engineering.
(2) Urban design: This is a field where gardens and buildings intersect. There are specialized urban design majors (masters) in the United States, which are developed on the basis of landscape architecture and architecture respectively. The territory of China is blank, a vacuum zone between architecture, landscape architecture and urban planning. To solve the urban environmental problems in China, landscape architecture should become the pillar of urban design.
(3) Urban-rural and regional landscape ecological planning: Studying the relationship between landscape complexes on the regional scale is still blank in China, which belongs to landscape architecture specialty.
(4) Planning and design of nature and cultural reserves: Only landscape architecture can achieve the purpose of nature reserves and embody the spirit of nature and culture.
(5) Tourism destination planning: As international tourism scholars have said, among all design majors, only landscape architecture is most competent for this job.
In addition, China's expressway system, planning of new development areas, etc. , have an irreplaceable important position in landscape architecture.
Three. conclusion
Looking at the three stages of the development of landscape architecture in the world, each stage is to meet the specific needs of social development, and to open up professional territory in constantly meeting social challenges, so that landscape architecture professionals can play an irreplaceable role in coordinating the relationship between man and nature. The development of landscape architecture specialty in the world, or more precisely in the United States, should learn from the landscape architecture specialty in China.
The rapid urbanization process in China poses a severe challenge to the landscape architecture specialty in China, and it is also a rare development opportunity. Starting from the needs of environment and social reality, landscape architecture specialty in China should grasp the historical opportunity of professional development, establish the main direction of landscape architecture specialty in the future, strengthen theoretical research and improve the education system. In particular, we should give up the burden of small-scale gardens and bravely shoulder the heavy responsibility of designing the whole human ecosystem.