background
After the outbreak of World War I, 19 17 February, the second bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in Russia. Workers in Petrograd took to the streets because of the long war and famine, and the troops sent to suppress them mutinied on the spot. In just a few days, the czar lost control of the army and the country. The tsar was forced to abdicate. Petrograd established a bourgeois provisional government. In the February revolution, workers and soldiers were the main forces against the tsar, and the bourgeoisie did not lead the revolution. After the success of the revolution, workers and soldiers organized their own leading body: the Soviet Union. The bourgeoisie has no power in the Soviet Union. The armed forces are also in the hands of Soviet workers and soldiers. The Soviets held real power, but there was still an interim government controlling them. There was a situation in which the bourgeois provisional government and soldiers represented the Soviet two regimes.
Among the members of the Soviet Union, Menshevik was the majority. The Bolsheviks were suppressed in the war, and the number was very small. Many of their main leaders, such as Lenin, are abroad. In the Soviet Union (mainly composed of peasants) elected by soldiers, the social revolutionaries (a petty-bourgeois political party) are in the majority, because the social revolutionaries have high traditional prestige among peasants. These Mensheviks are all second revolutions. They believe that Russia is still in the stage of bourgeois democratic revolution and needs to cooperate with the bourgeois interim government to carry out land reform and democratic reform. So they support the interim government. Social revolutionaries come from the upper class of the petty bourgeoisie, and they tend to follow the bourgeois provisional government. Before Lenin returned to Petrograd, the Bolsheviks also adopted the Menshevik policy of supporting the interim government. Workers and soldiers do not trust the interim government, but trust their leaders. The authority of the interim government is based on the support of Soviet leaders. This phenomenon was called "dual regime" by Lenin. In fact, the bourgeois provisional government simply has no sincerity and ability to solve the problems of peace and land.
In April, Lenin came back from abroad and published the Outline of April, which put forward the task of transition from bourgeois democratic revolution to socialist revolution. His arrival completely changed the Bolshevik policy of supporting the interim government. Lenin's genius lies in his courage to correct unrealistic theories to meet the challenges of reality. After the February Revolution in Russia, the interim government could not complete the task of democratic revolution. Farmers either follow the interim government or support the dictatorship of the proletariat. They have no independent political platform. Or the proletariat seized power and started the socialist revolution in Europe; Or the provisional government won and buried the fruits of the February revolution, and there was no middle way to go. The change of Bolshevik policy not only split itself, but also split the camp of Menshevik and Social Revolutionary Party. Some internationalists Mensheviks and left-wing social revolutionaries joined the Bolsheviks. Trotsky's regional alliance also joined the Bolsheviks.
According to Lenin's instructions, the Bolshevik Party actively carried out propaganda and led workers and soldiers to hold demonstrations many times. After returning to Petrograd, Lenin put forward the slogan "All power belongs to the Soviet Union". In July, some workers and soldiers in Petrograd demanded the overthrow of the interim government. The armed parade they organized developed into an uprising. Being divorced from the masses, the uprising was quickly put out by the interim government. Lenin and other major Bolshevik leaders are wanted.
In September, the Bolsheviks won an absolute majority in the Soviet Union in major cities. Bolshevik's policy ideas are gradually accepted by most people. Lenin's current Party Central Committee put forward the task of organizing armed uprising.
The interim government has changed many times. The last one is kerensky, a social revolutionary. The kerensky government ordered Petrograd's garrison to go to the front, with the intention of consuming revolutionary armed forces in the war. Trotsky went to the garrison and persuaded them to stay. In this process, the Soviet Union under the leadership of Bolsheviks established the Military Revolution Committee and issued orders to the garrison in the name of the Committee. After the order was issued, it was recognized by the garrison. This event marked the beginning of the Soviet takeover. The Military Revolutionary Committee later became the command body of the uprising.
The interim government tried to stop the Bolshevik Party from launching an armed uprising. 165438+10.2, the provisional government sent cadets-they were the only force available to the provisional government, occupied the most important stronghold in Petrograd, and tried to close the newspaper Workers' Road and Soldiers of the Bolshevik Party, searched for the leaders of the Bolshevik Party, cut off the telephone contact between the Petrograd Soviet and the workers' area, and ordered the Petrograd military division.
165438+1October 6, Lenin wrote to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, demanding that the provisional government personnel be arrested that night and the trainees be disarmed. According to Lenin's instructions, the Bolshevik Party decided to hold an armed uprising on 165438+ 10/October 6 (65438+1October 24). At this time, the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison, the sailors and workers of Cranstad's Red Guards have been transferred to the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, and Trotsky is in charge of the commander-in-chief of the uprising troops. 165438+1In the early morning of October 7, Lenin went to the Smolny Institute and personally led the armed uprising.
process
From the night of1October 6th 165438+ to the morning of1October 7th, the Red Guards, soldiers and sailors led by Bolshevik Party quickly occupied the main bridges, railway stations, post offices, national banks and government agencies in Petrograd. At 9 am on the 7th, the main road leading to the Winter Palace, where the interim government is located, was occupied. Kerensky, Prime Minister of the interim government, fled in a car of the American Embassy.
165438+1On the afternoon of October 7, 20,000 red guards and soldiers surrounded the temporary government, the Winter Palace. The Revolutionary Military Commission ordered the interim government to surrender unconditionally before 6: 20, but the interim government responded in anticipation that reinforcements would be sent back from the front. At 9: 45, the cruiser "Aphrodite" moored on the Neva River fired an empty gun, marking the beginning of the general attack on the Winter Palace. Then, the Red Guards and revolutionary fighters launched a general attack on the Winter Palace. By 2: 00 a.m. on the 8th, all the Winter Palace was captured, and all the ministers of the interim government 16 were arrested.
At the same time,165438+1October 7th, the second congress of all-Russian engineering Soviet was held in Smolny Institute. 165438+1October 8th, the meeting adopted and published the Letter to Workers, Peasants and Soldiers, the Peace Decree and the Land Decree drafted by Lenin. The "Peace Act" suggested to the governments of the belligerents to end the war and conclude a peace treaty without ceding land and compensation. The Land Law stipulates the abolition of private ownership of land by landlords, the implementation of state-owned land, and the allocation of land to working farmers for cultivation. The meeting solemnly declared that all political power belonged to the Soviet Union, and elected and established an interim government of workers and peasants-the People's Committee. Lenin was elected chairman of the People's Committee. The People's Committee consists of thirteen departments of the People's Committee, including internal affairs, agriculture, labor, Lu Haijun, industry and commerce, education, finance, diplomacy, justice, food, posts and telecommunications, ethnic affairs and railways.
165438+1October 7-16, the Soviet regime was established in Moscow. 191711918 from February to March, Soviet regimes were established all over the country. In Petrograd, workers seized power. However, whether this regime can last depends on the attitude of farmers. At the farmers' congress, the Bolshevik land reform plan was adopted, and the Soviet regime was recognized, which initially showed the farmers' support for the workers' government. In the three-year civil war, the role of farmers is absolute. Whether it is revolutionary armed forces or counter-revolutionary armed forces, their main strength comes from farmers. Farmers account for 85% of the Red Army. Facts have proved that poor Russian farmers support the Bolshevik regime.
War and Peace
An important issue facing the Russian revolutionary regime is the issue of peace. A revolutionary regime can have two choices. One is to use revolutionary war against counter-revolutionary war. The other is to win the support of the people of our country and other countries in peace and sincerity and turn the imperialist war into a class liberation war. The Bolsheviks chose the latter policy. This choice is determined by the international and domestic situation.
At home, the Bolsheviks have just seized power and are still unstable. Russian people are paying attention to Bolshevik foreign policy. Internationally, although people all over the world hate imperialist wars, they can't find a way out. In this case, Lenin foresaw that if Russia withdrew from the war first, it would give an impetus and an example to the people of the belligerent countries. The Russian revolution will find a way out from the European revolution. The revolutionary wave after the war proved Lenin's foresight.
The designers of the October Revolution viewed the Russian Revolution from an international perspective. They deeply realize that the Russian revolution is an integral part of the world revolution. They know that the revolution against war is the most powerful weapon of the proletariat against the imperialist war.
affect
The October Revolution laid the foundation of the socialist economy and established the Supreme State Economic Council as the state economic management organ.
Because Lenin promised to bring peace to the people after the revolution, Soviet Russia withdrew from World War I after the October Revolution.
The October Revolution is the practice of Marxist working class's theory of seizing power. The October Revolution in Russia spread Marxism in many countries.
The October Revolution was the prelude to the international capitalist movement in the 20th century, which directly led to the confrontation between the Soviet Union and western capitalist countries until the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
The October Revolution produced the first new social system of proletarian dictatorship in the world. After the October Revolution, the proletarian revolution and the national revolution in the world are rising day by day.
Mao Zedong wrote a passage in 1949: "The October Revolution brought us Marxism–Leninism with artillery. The October Revolution helped the advanced elements in the world and China, and used the proletarian world outlook as a tool to observe the destiny of the country and reflect on their own problems. Take the road of Russia-this is the conclusion. "