1On July 25th, 894, Japanese ships attacked Japanese ships, and the Sino-Japanese War broke out. 1 August, 8941day, China and Japan declared war, and the Sino-Japanese War broke out in an all-round way.
The Sino-Japanese War lasted for 9 months and was divided into two battlefields: land war and naval battle. The Japanese army captured Pyongyang, North Korea, defeated the Beiyang Navy in the Yellow Sea naval battle, then captured Lushun and Weihai in China, and carried out mass slaughter in Lushun on June 22nd1894+065438+1October 22nd.
After the war, the two sides signed the treaty of shimonoseki, which stipulated that China ceded territory to Japan for compensation. As a result, the Qing government in China was burdened with heavy foreign debts, and its national strength declined day by day, making it a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country.
2. Hundred-day reform
1898 June to February1September, the bourgeois reformists with Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao as the main leaders, through Emperor Guangxu, advocated learning from the West, advocated scientific culture, reformed the political and educational systems, and launched the political reform movement of agriculture, industry and commerce.
However, the Reform Movement of 1898 was strongly resisted and opposed by the old school headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. 2 1, in September, 65438, Empress Dowager Cixi and others staged a 1898 coup, and Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai. The reformists Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France and Japan, Tan Sitong, Kang, Yang Rui and Liu Guangdi respectively.
3. Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China and aroused the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Movement. In order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and expand the aggression against China, eight imperialist countries, namely Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States, jointly invaded China on the pretext that the Qing government was xenophobic.
1June 900, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagubao; In July, Tianjin was conquered; In August, the occupation of Beijing. The invading army slaughtered people, plundered property and trampled on China's sovereignty in China. Cixi and others in the Qing court fled to xi 'an and sent Li Hongzhang and others to make peace.
165438+ 10, the number of invading troops increased to 65438+ 10,000, invading Shanhaiguan, Baoding, Zhengding and other places respectively and entering Shanxi. Russia also invaded northeast China alone with 1.7 million troops. In September, the Qing government and imperialism signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" which humiliated the country.
4. Yuan Shikai Station Training
190 1 year, after the invasion of Eight-Nation Alliance, the Qing dynasty decided to reorganize the army, and the Beiyang Third Army, which had strong fighting capacity, became the Central Army and continued to expand. The combat effectiveness of the troops compiled in various places is weak, so they are positioned as local troops, and 36 new towns are trained nationwide.
1907, the new army in 36 towns planned by the Qing Dynasty has completed the mixed association of 16 town and 16 town, among which Yuan Shikai's six towns in Beiyang have the strongest equipment and training, and are all over Zhili, Shandong and Northeast China.
However, this new army was originally intended to strengthen the rule of the Qing Dynasty, but unexpectedly it became the main force of the Revolution of 1911. Among them, the six northern towns with the strongest fighting capacity are the most ironic.
5. Xinhai Revolution
19 1 1 year (the third year of Qing Xuantong), the bourgeois democratic revolution broke out in China. It was named because that year was 19 1 1 year. It happened on the basis of the increasingly decadent Qing Dynasty, the further deepening of imperialist aggression and the initial growth of Chinese national capitalism.
Its purpose is to overthrow the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty, save the nation from peril and strive for national independence, democracy and prosperity. This revolution was led by China bourgeois political party alliance and its leader Sun Yat-sen, which ended China's autocratic monarchy for more than two thousand years and was a great revolutionary movement.
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