What are the symptoms of depression?

Three main symptoms of depression-criteria for judging depression

Many people are no strangers to depression, but it is essentially different from the general "unhappy". There are obvious characteristics, and there are three main symptoms, namely depression, mental retardation and exercise inhibition.

Depression means unhappiness, always sadness and even pessimism and despair.

Lin Daiyu, who frowns and sighs all day and tears easily in A Dream of Red Mansions, is a typical example.

Slow thinking means that you feel that your brain is not working, you can't remember things, and you have difficulty thinking. The patient felt empty and stupid.

Exercise inhibition means not being active and being lazy all over. Walk slowly, talk less and so on. Seriously, you may not be able to eat, move or take care of yourself.

2. Other symptoms of depression-depression has many manifestations.

Patients with the above typical symptoms are rare. Many patients have only one or two of them, and the severity varies from person to person. Depression, anxiety, loss of interest, lack of energy, pessimism and low self-evaluation are all common symptoms of depression, and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish them from general short-term bad emotions. Here is a simple way to introduce you: if the above discomfort is more serious in the morning and partially relieved in the afternoon or evening, then you are more likely to suffer from depression. This is called the rhythm change of depression.

3. Physical symptoms of depression-the most easily misdiagnosed symptoms.

Physical symptoms are relative to mental symptoms, that is, physical discomfort. Although depression is a mental illness, many patients have physical discomfort, such as dry mouth, constipation, loss of appetite, indigestion, palpitation, shortness of breath, chest tightness and so on. Generally, elderly patients are more common. These patients often go to the general outpatient department of the general hospital, and all the laboratory tests show normal. If you or your parents or family members feel unwell and can't find other organic diseases, I suggest you go to a specialized hospital. Maybe a psychologist will help you recover as soon as possible.

4. Suicide caused by depression-the most dangerous symptom.

Depressed patients are depressed and pessimistic. In severe cases, it is easy to have suicidal thoughts. Moreover, because the patient's thinking logic is basically normal, the success rate of suicide is also high. Suicide is one of the most dangerous symptoms of depression. According to research, the suicide rate of patients with depression is 20 times higher than that of the general population. More than half of the social suicide population may be depressed patients. Some unexplained suicides may have suffered from severe depression before their death, but they were not found in time. Because suicide only happens when the disease develops to a certain extent. Therefore, for patients with depression, early detection and early treatment are very important. Don't wait for the patient to commit suicide before thinking that he may have depression.

Many people with depression want to die to relieve their pain. Patients often have thoughts and behaviors of death to end pain, pain and confusion.

If you want to hurt yourself and others, please see a psychologist at once.

If you or someone you care about has the above four or more symptoms for more than two weeks; Symptoms are serious enough to interfere with daily activities or have suicidal thoughts; Then please see a psychologist in order to make a correct diagnosis. You or your loved ones may suffer from depression.

If you have depression, the symptoms that hurt you may also hurt your family, your work performance and your interpersonal relationship.

Physical symptoms of depression

Depression is mainly manifested as depression, mental retardation and decreased will activity, and most cases still have various physical symptoms.

(1) Depression: The basic characteristics are depression, distress and sadness, and lack of interest. I feel pessimistic and desperate, I feel very painful, and I feel that I am dying. Often used to describe one's inner experience, such as boredom and unhappiness. Typical people are depressed, heavy during the day and light at night. Often associated with anxiety. (2) Slow thinking: the process of thinking association is inhibited, the reaction is slow, and the brain consciously stops activities, which is manifested by the reduction of active speech, the obvious slowdown of speech speed, and the difficulty of thinking. Slow response, need to wait for a long time, under the influence of depression, low self-evaluation, inferiority, uselessness, worthlessness, feeling that living is meaningless, pessimistic suicide, self-blame, thinking that living is a burden, committing a big crime, having the concept of hypochondriac disease on the basis of physical discomfort, and thinking that they have an incurable disease.

(3) Decreased will activity: the initiative activity is obviously reduced, and people are passive. People are unwilling to participate in activities that are of interest to the outside world and often stay alone. Life is lazy and develops into silence, which can reach the level of stupor. The most dangerous thing is repeated suicide attempts and behaviors.

(4) Physical symptoms: Most patients with depression have physical and other biological symptoms, such as palpitation, chest tightness, gastrointestinal discomfort, constipation, loss of appetite and weight loss. Sleep disorders are prominent, mostly difficulty falling asleep.

(5) Others: hallucinations, depersonalization, reality depersonalization, compulsion and terror symptoms may also occur during depressive episodes. Because the thinking association is obviously slowed down and the memory is decreased, it is easy to affect the cognitive function of elderly patients and produce depressive pseudodementia.

Mild depression often complains of dizziness, headache, fatigue and insomnia, which is easily misdiagnosed as neurasthenia. The latter has certain psychological and social factors before the onset, such as long-term tension and excessive brain use. Emotions are mainly anxiety and fragility. The main clinical manifestations are emotional symptoms such as mental fatigue, nervousness, annoyance and irritability related to mental excitement, as well as physiological dysfunction symptoms such as muscle tension pain and sleep disorder. Good insight, passive symptoms, eager to seek treatment. Depression is mainly manifested as depression, accompanied by biological symptoms such as slow thinking, inferiority, self-guilt, and wanting to die (such as day and night mood, loss of appetite, and loss of libido). ). Self-knowledge is often lost, and it can be recognized without actively seeking treatment.

Recessive depression is an atypical depression, which is mainly manifested by repeated or persistent physical discomfort and autonomic symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, palpitation, chest tightness, shortness of breath, numbness of limbs, nausea and vomiting. Depression is often masked by physical symptoms, so it is also called depression allele. Most patients go to other departments instead of psychiatry. Physical examination and auxiliary examination often have no positive manifestations and are easily misdiagnosed as neurosis or other physical diseases. Symptomatic treatment is generally ineffective, and antidepressant treatment is effective.

What are the early symptoms of depression?

Depression is mainly manifested as depression. During this period, at least the following four symptoms appeared and lasted for more than two weeks. Suggest seeing a doctor.

1. The degree of depression varies, from mild bad mood to sadness, pessimism and despair. The patient feels heavy, life is boring, he is unhappy, he is unhappy, he is miserable, and he can't dial himself. Some patients may also be anxious, excitable and nervous.

2. Losing interest is one of the common symptoms of patients with depression. Lost the enthusiasm and fun of life and work in the past, and lost interest in anything. I don't feel happy with my family, I don't care about my past hobbies, I often live alone, alienate my relatives and friends, and avoid socializing. Patients often complain of "no feelings", "emotional numbness" and "unhappy"

3. Energy loss, fatigue, washing, dressing and other small things in life are all difficult and difficult. Patients often use "nervous breakdown" and "frustrated ball" to describe their illness.

4. Low self-evaluation: Patients tend to belittle their abilities too much and treat their present, past and future with a critical, negative and negative attitude. This is neither good nor right. They say they are useless and their future is dark. Strong sense of self-blame, guilt, uselessness, worthlessness and helplessness. In severe cases, the concepts of self-guilt and hypochondriasis may appear. 5. The patients are obviously, persistently and generally depressed, with difficulty in concentration, memory loss, dull brain, blocked thinking and slow action, but some patients show anxiety, tension and agitation.

6. negative pessimism: I feel very painful, pessimistic and desperate. I feel that life is a burden, and it is not worth nostalgia. Seeking liberation by death will produce strong suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

7. Physical or biological symptoms: patients with depression often have biological symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight loss, sleep disorder, sexual dysfunction, and day-and-night mood swings, which are very common, but not in every case:?

Loss of appetite and weight loss: most patients have symptoms of loss of appetite and poor appetite, and delicious food is no longer attractive. Patients who don't think about tea or rice or eat tasteless often lose weight.

Sexual hypofunction: Sexual hyposexuality can occur in the early stage of the disease, and impotence can occur in men, while female patients lack sexual attraction.

Sleep disorder: A typical sleep disorder is waking up early, 2-3 hours earlier than usual, and then falling into a sad atmosphere.

Diurnal change: the patient's mood changes day and night. Fall into depression in the morning or morning, get better in the afternoon or evening, and be able to have a short conversation and eat. The incidence of diurnal variation is about 50%.

Although we have a new understanding of the causes of depression and will continue to move forward, throughout human history, people, regardless of age, wealth, celebrities and ordinary people, have suffered from depression. No matter who you are, you may have depressive symptoms at some stage in your life.

Depression is a kind of brain disease, which has its own occurrence and development law. For many years, the study of depression and antidepressants has been an important research field of contemporary psychiatry. Although the etiology and pathophysiology of depression are still unclear, it does not hinder the effective treatment of this disease.

There are many treatments for depression, such as psychotherapy, sleep deprivation therapy, phototherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, etc., but at present, medication is the main treatment, supplemented by psychotherapy. It should be pointed out that people with depression often have negative and pessimistic thoughts, and in severe cases, they have suicidal tendencies and world-weariness Doctors should be on high alert and warn their families to take strict precautions. If conditions permit, it is best to be hospitalized. Electrospasm therapy has direct resuscitation effect and should be used decisively and quickly.

Antidepressants are a large category of many psychotropic drugs, which are mainly used to treat depression and various depressive states. Here are only two drugs with definite curative effect and generally recognized:

1, the first generation of classic antidepressants: including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (maoi) and tricyclic antidepressants (tca).

2. The second generation of new antidepressants: Due to the rapid development of new drugs, new drugs emerge one after another, such as venlafaxine and nafazodone, but at present, selective serotonin (5- HT) reuptake inhibitors are still the main ones, and these drugs are also the most widely used in clinic. However, the antidepressant effects of some antipsychotic drugs, such as sulpiride, alprazolam, roller, buspirone and methylphenidate, are still controversial, so they are omitted.

There are two kinds of classic antidepressants in the first generation, namely monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants.

1, single oxidase inhibitor

Isopropylhydrazine is the first antidepressant that came out in 1950s. Isopropylhydrazine is an anti-tuberculosis drug. 65438-0957 has been successfully tried in patients with depression because of its central excitatory effects such as talkativeness, hyperactivity, insomnia and euphoria. Animal experiments show that it can reverse the apathy and inactivity caused by reserpine, and at the same time increase the monoamine content in the brain. It is speculated that its central excitatory and antidepressant effects are due to the decrease of monoamine degradation caused by inhibition of brain singleton oxidase, which leads to the increase of singleton content in the burst release gap. Therefore, the relationship between animal behavior and brain receptors is put forward, which has important theoretical and practical significance and lays a foundation for the study of psychopharmacology and etiology of mental diseases.

Also included in this category are isocarbohydrazide, phenelzine and amphetamine. These drugs used to be widely used, but they were soon eliminated because they interacted with certain foods and substances to produce serious adverse reactions such as hypertensive crisis and acute yellow liver atrophy.

In the late 1980s, a new generation of half-day oxidase inhibitors appeared, which is a subtype of reversible monoamine oxidase (mao-a). Its characteristics are: 1 has high selectivity to mao-a, but low selectivity to another isoenzyme mao-b, so it can still degrade coolamine in food, thus reducing the risk of hypertensive crisis. The inhibitory effect of 2 on mao-a is reversible, and it takes only 8- 10 hour to restore the enzyme activity, while the inhibitory time of old amine oxidase inhibitor is as long as 2 weeks, which reduces the risk of interaction with food. The main product is moclobemide, the dosage is 150-450mg/d, and it is taken in batches. It is said that the efficacy is equivalent to tricyclic antidepressants.

Although it is safer than the old half-day amine oxidase inhibitor, we should still pay attention to postural hypotension and the potential interaction between food and drugs, which are generally not the first choice.

2. Tricyclic antidepressants

It is another kind of antidepressant after monoamine oxidase inhibitor, represented by imipramine.

Its chemical structure is similar to chlorpromazine. People think that it may be a new antipsychotic drug, but the clinical trial results are unexpected. This drug has no effect on schizophrenia, but it can improve depression. Later, it was confirmed by a large number of double-blind placebo-controlled studies that replacing monoamine oxidase inhibitors became the first choice for depression treatment, monopolizing the antidepressant market for 30 years.

There are 10 kinds of tricyclic antidepressants. In addition to imipramine, there are amitriptyline, doxepin and clomipramine in China. Although maprotiline has a tetracyclic structure, its pharmacological effects are consistent with tricyclic antidepressants. The indications of tricyclic antidepressants are various types of depression, the effective rate is about 70%-80%, the onset time is 1-2 weeks, the dosage range is 50-250mg/d, and the dosage is slowly increased and taken in batches. Because of its strong sedative effect, the dosage should be large at night. The plasma concentrations of imipramine and amitriptyline are 50-250ng/ml.

Tricyclic antidepressants have been used for the longest time in clinic, and their pharmacological effects have been studied most and fully. In short, their main pharmacological effects are: 1 blocking the reabsorption of monoamine transmitters (mainly adrenaline and 5-ht), increasing the content of synapses and producing antidepressant effects. Blocking a variety of transmitter receptors has nothing to do with the therapeutic effect, which is the main cause of many adverse reactions, such as acetylcholine M receptor stagnation, which can cause dry mouth, blurred vision, sinus tachycardia, constipation, urinary retention, glaucoma aggravation and memory dysfunction; Blocking adrenaline a 1 receptor can enhance the antihypertensive effect of prazosin, causing postural hypotension, dizziness and reflex tachycardia. Yin stagnation of histamine h 1 receptor can strengthen central inhibition, sedation, drowsiness, weight gain and blood pressure reduction; Yin stagnation of dopamine d2 receptor may lead to extrapyramidal symptoms and endocrine changes.

If the side effects of antidepressants are serious, they should be reduced, stopped or switched to other drugs. Generally speaking, the combination of two or more antidepressants is not recommended. Because of the high recurrence rate of this disease, treatment should be maintained for 4-6 months after the symptoms are relieved to consolidate the curative effect and prevent recurrence.

Let melancholy see the rainbow again

I have no energy or ability to do anything. What's more, I feel that living is meaningless and have suicidal thoughts. In this state, most people can realize that their state is abnormal, but they don't think they have the ability to change. They often take a negative coping style, lying in bed and saying to themselves: When my mood gets better, I can. However, when will the mood get better? It seems out of your control.

Faced with this situation, people are often quite distressed, eager to get rid of it but don't know where to start, so they can only wait blankly. In fact, people's emotions, thinking and behavior are interrelated, with one moving and all three moving. Among the three, behavior is the easiest to change by self-control. Therefore, when the mood is bad, individuals can indirectly improve their mood by actively changing their behavior. Here, I want to introduce you to a behavioral therapy. As long as you can fulfill the requirements, your life will be beautiful again. It is worth noting that if you or your friends have no hope of improvement at all, or even have suicidal thoughts, then you'd better see a psychologist. )

Find something you have always liked but haven't done for a long time, make a practical plan and finish it, and gradually increase meaningful activities in your life. With the increase of activities, you will find that there are many things you can do and your interest in life will gradually recover.

1, set a practical goal.

This goal should be feasible, that is to say, both external conditions and their own conditions should be met. The initial plan is easier to implement and requires less time and effort. If this process takes too much time and energy, if you are not interested in anything, you are more likely to give up halfway. If you are ready to act enthusiastically as soon as you think of a certain goal, you don't have to look down. You are not the object that this article hopes to help. If you live in an inland province, don't plan to enter DaHai You yet: If you have only swam in the swimming pool, don't plan to cross the Qiongzhou Strait. These goals are too ambitious for you at present.

Now, let's assume that your goal is to learn to swim this summer. Is this goal feasible? Yes, because several of my friends learned to swim in one summer, and they are not sports geniuses; I know there is a swimming pool not far from home, which provides swimming lessons; I have money to go to swimming lessons; I have time this summer.

2. Define your goal accurately.

Only when the goal is clear can we judge whether we have achieved it. Otherwise, you can always say to yourself, "I failed." To regain your confidence in life, you need a successful experience. Therefore, in the process of implementing this kind of behavioral therapy, you should make sure that you will succeed again and again and convince yourself that you can do what you want. So, please define your success criteria accurately.

Learn to swim this summer. When does this summer mean? June to September 2004. What kind of swimming? What is learning in breaststroke? You can swim 100 meters without any auxiliary tools. Well, on September 30th, you can check whether your goal has been achieved according to these standards.

3. Divide your action plan into small enough steps to ensure that your plan can be completed.

Make a detailed plan for your goals, and the goals to be achieved in each step of the plan are small enough to ensure that you can achieve them. For example, your first goal may be to determine the time of swimming class. You may scoff at this goal and think it's too easy. But for some people with depression, it is not easy to think of it and do it. Remember, when determining each sub-goal, make sure that you can accomplish it. Every time you accomplish a goal, you win, and every success will gradually increase your confidence. If you set too big a sub-goal, you are bound to fail. Failure again and again will hurt your confidence. Perhaps, after several failures, you will completely lose interest and confidence in this plan, give up halfway and return to the state of doing nothing before.

4. Define success by your own behavior.

In other words, don't involve other people's behavior in the goal. If your goal is to associate with people, be careful not to make such a goal: to have coffee with Xiao Li after work. The mistake of this goal is that whether this goal can be achieved depends on whether Xiao Li accepts your invitation. You can control your own behavior, but you can't control the behavior of others. So your goal violates the previous principle, and you are not sure whether this goal can be achieved. According to the principle of ensuring success, you can modify your goal like this: invite Xiao Li to have coffee with you after work. You will succeed as long as you make an invitation. As for Xiao Li's reaction, it doesn't matter. Invitation skills are another problem.

Don't add emotional factors to your goals.

In this plan, what matters is doing, not how you feel in the process of doing it. You can control your behavior, but you can't directly control your emotions. In a depressed state, it is difficult for you to get a happy feeling from any activity. Emotion will be affected by behavior, but this effect is not immediate and takes some time. Therefore, if you must be happy for success, then you are likely to fail. Don't set such a goal: "I want to swim happily twice", just "I want to swim twice" is enough.

Well, the main principles are over, and you can start making and implementing your plan. If you fail at some point, don't worry, failure at the first attempt is inevitable. Look back at these five principles, find out your mistakes and correct them. I believe you will overcome your depression and live a colorful life.

Remember: this is the real symptom of a real disease. Don't indulge in self-blame and bad emotions. On the contrary, you should see a doctor and follow his advice, so that you can return to your normal life as soon as possible.

Related terms: anxiety disorder

First, endogenous depression is lazy, slow, changeable, anxious and worried about the "five-dimensional sign" (the brain biogenic amine is right or absolutely insufficient).

Second, reactive depression is depression caused by various mental stimuli and setbacks. People who encounter natural disasters, man-made disasters, lovelorn marriages, serious illness, career setbacks, etc. People with poor psychological endurance are prone to reactive depression.

Third, the depressive symptoms of concealed depression are not obvious, and they are often manifested as various physical discomfort symptoms, such as palpitation, chest tightness, epigastric discomfort, shortness of breath, sweating, emaciation, insomnia, etc.

Fourth, depression characterized by learning difficulties. This kind of depression will lead to learning difficulties, inattention, memory decline, overall or sudden decline in grades, weariness of learning, fear of learning, truancy or refusal to learn.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Secondary depression caused by drugs If some hypertensive patients take antihypertensive drugs, their mood will continue to be depressed and depressed.

Sixth, secondary depression caused by physical diseases, such as heart disease, lung disease, endocrine and metabolic diseases and even a bad cold and high fever, can cause this kind of depression.

Seven, postpartum depression, especially for their babies, have a strong sense of guilt, inferiority (especially rural women are discriminated against by their mother-in-law or husband after giving birth to a baby girl), hate, do not love or hate their children. Crying, insomnia, inability to eat and depression are common symptoms of this kind of depression.

Depression is a common mental illness. The incidence rate of women is two to three times higher than that of men, and patients suffer greatly. Here are four self-therapies, which I believe will help you.

Physical therapy can give people a sense of relaxation and autonomy after exercise, which is conducive to overcoming the loneliness of depressed patients. However, exercise must have a certain intensity, duration and frequency in order to achieve the expected results. Take doing aerobics as an example, which includes running, skipping and fitness dancing. Do it at least three times a week for 15 to 20 minutes each time. Walking can also achieve the same effect as running. Experts advise patients to walk 1500m every day, and strive to walk within 15min. Then gradually increase the distance until you run 4500 meters in 45 minutes. When you start exercising, you must get the doctor's permission.

Nutrition therapy Many doctors believe that vitamins and amino acids contained in food have an important influence on people's mental health. Some experts believe that paranoid people can also lead to depression if they lack a single nutrient, so people are advised to eat more foods rich in vitamin B, such as coarse grains and fish. He also asked patients to take a certain dose of vitamin B complex. He thinks these are easy to lack.

Psychotherapy patients with depression often look at the world and themselves with colored glasses. In order to change this misconception, Gary Emmer of the Los Angeles Psychiatric Center put forward the "three A methods", that is, understanding, answering and acting. Because the English letters of the three words all start with a, they are called "triple A method".

-understand: first admit that you are depressed; Secondly, we should pay attention to our emotional changes, whether there are abnormalities in words and deeds, and the differences between feelings, thinking and physical reactions.

Answer: Learn to identify and record mistakes in time when they occur. Write down your wrong ideas first, and then write a more practical choice answer, in order to test your ideas in practice. After writing, ask yourself, "Can this be true?" Then ask yourself: "How to look at it from another angle?"

-Action: If you don't feel valued, you should adopt a new approach; If you are uncomfortable at work, you should take a course to improve your skills or find a new job. Plan more activities to make your life regular.

The research of communication therapy shows that people who are good at making friends are much happier in mental state than those who like to be alone. A mental health laboratory in the United States recently launched an activity with the slogan "Friends are good medicine". They think that social support can even make people live longer.

The specific manifestations of depression:

1. Emotion: depression, sadness, sadness, lack of interest and unhappiness, but some people will be irritable, irritable and even hostile.

Second, cognitive and ideological aspects: pessimism, gray will, incompetence, hopelessness and helplessness, self-blame, suicidal thoughts, slow thinking, sin and self-punishment delusions and hallucinations.

Third, physiological aspects: decreased sexual desire, decreased appetite, impaired sleep and decreased physical strength.

Fourth, behavior: speak less with a low voice, speak slowly, move slowly, and have serious dementia, but sometimes there are manic behaviors and even suicidal behaviors. Many times, some minor symptoms of "depression", such as fatigue, insomnia, gastrointestinal discomfort, persistent headache, back pain, etc., may be misunderstood as other diseases. The medical community has not yet studied the main cause of this disease, but many related factors have been found, such as the imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain and body; Heredity makes some people more prone to depression; And some unpleasant things or diseases in life affect the psychological state, and may also promote the emergence of depression. Commonly used treatment methods include drug therapy, psychotherapy and electric shock therapy, which can be used alone or in combination. So far, there is no radical cure; In fact, patients can control their illness to a great extent and return to normal life as long as they follow the doctor's advice and take medicine frequently.

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