Among them, the sixties and seventies were the early stage: "self-improvement" focused on the development of military industry 186 1 Zeng Guofan's Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute's first military industry 1865 Li Hongzhang's Zeng Guofan Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration was the largest military industry at that time 1866 left Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and the most well-equipped shipyard of the Qing government.

1862 set up wentong library in Beijing to train translators, which was the earliest westernization school in Qing dynasty (1902 merged into Shi Jing university hall).

1863, "Guangdong Pavilion" was established in Shanghai; The following year, the "Guangdong Pavilion" was established in Guangzhou. The main purpose of Cantonese Pavilion is to cultivate talents who are proficient in foreign languages.

1865, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau was established in Shanghai with a translation hall; In the same year, Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau was established in Nanjing.

1866, Mawei Shipping Bureau was established in Fuzhou.

1870, the General Bureau of Ordnance Machinery was established in Tianjin (later renamed Beiyang Machinery Manufacturing Bureau).