1. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, the heavy mentality caused by national consciousness has gradually faded, and their poems have begun to get along with the current regime with a new look. Wang Shizhen's verve theory is the fundamental completion of this transformation.

2. The so-called "verve theory" is to try to get rid of the interference of social factors such as politics on poetry art and pay attention to the faint and fresh realm and implicit language of poetry itself, thus strengthening the recreational function of poetry.

Tone theory

1. With the death of Wang Shizhen in the Qing Dynasty, the era of relatively unified poetic circles ended, and the disputes among various poetic schools became lively. The "tune theory" in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, represented by Shen Deqian, was one of the important roles. tFfIl

2. The so-called "tune theory" is to express feudal politics and ethics with the style of Tang poetry, in fact, it is to let poetry serve feudal politics and ethics. In order to achieve this goal, Shen Deqian believed that the Confucian tradition of "gentleness and gentleness" and "loyalty, forgiveness and peace" should be restored, and this intention was put into practice in the style of Tang poetry.

Texture theory

1. Weng Fanggang, a writer in Qing Dynasty, thought that Wang Shizhen's theory of verve was vague and Shen Deqian's theory of mode was ignorant of the past, so he put forward the theory of texture.

2. The so-called texture includes "righteousness" based on Confucian classics and "arts and sciences" in structural rhetoric. In fact, Weng Fanggang's muscle theory requires that the content of poetry should be enriched by textual research based on knowledge, so as to realize the unity of meaning and arts.

Soul theory

1. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Mei, as the representative, took over the slogan of "expressing one's own spirit" from the public security school, thinking that writing poems should show one's true colors. He totally denied all kinds of poetic theories since the Qing Dynasty. His anti-tradition and innovative characteristics have challenged the powerful authority of the traditional literary view since the Qing Dynasty.

2. The achievements of the spiritual school are mainly poetry, among which the seven laws are especially good. For example, "Spring Miscellaneous Poems" reveals a relaxed and lively life atmosphere in silence, which is very comfortable and natural; Ma Wei has a novel meaning and a fundamental change in emotional tendency, which can be called a poem that speaks for the people.

Yangxian school

1. The poets in Qing Dynasty, Fa Su, Xin and Xin Qiji, are particularly close in their bold and unconstrained ci style. For example, the first article "Little Fantasy Imagination" in "Little Red Lip", and the momentum created by the second and more articles look back, revealing the author's sad and generous mood. 9 1 pyly

2. Chen Weisong is a native of Yixing, Jiangsu Province, which was called "Yang Xian" in ancient times, so the school of Ci represented by Chen Weisong is called "Yang Xian School". Other writers belonging to this school are Jiang Shiquan. ?

Zhexi school

1. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Yizun recommended the works of graceful poets such as Jiang Kui and Zhang Yan in the Southern Song Dynasty, and thought that Zhang Yan's "ethereal realm" was the highest standard of lyrics. This view actually pays more attention to the rhythm and skills of words, and the style of words is mellow, elegant and beautiful. {

2. Zhu Yizun's theory of ci poetry and his ci works have been recognized by western Zhejiang ci poets. Many people take Zhu Yizun's famous Jiang Kui and zhangyan as examples, and this trend has flourished for some time. Later, Gong Xianglin chose Zhu Yizun, Li Liangnian and his own ci poems as six ci poems in western Zhejiang, hence the name "Zhexi Ci School".

3. Li E inherited Zhu Yizun's thought and thought that Zhou Bangyan and Jiang Kui were superior to Xin Qiji's bold and unrestrained style. Different from Zhu Yizun, the loneliness in his poems is more prominent. T*Y}

Changzhou school

1. During the Ganjia period, the realistic atmosphere represented by Pu Xue enveloped the whole society, and the tendency of attaching importance to reality in the literary field became an important aesthetic value orientation in this period. Under the influence of this kind of atmosphere, the emphasis on quality in this period replaced the sentimental and sentimental style in the early Qing Dynasty. The rise of Changzhou Ci School represented by Zhang Huiyan is the embodiment of this difference.

2. Zhang Huiyan advocates the restoration of tradition from the content and essence, emphasizing personal life and twists and turns. His desire to restore tradition is difficult to realize fundamentally. His writing is vigorous and elegant. The word style is solid, but the content scope is still narrow.

Tongcheng school

1. Tongcheng School is an important prose school in the middle of Qing Dynasty. The representatives Fang Bao, Liu Dakui and Yao Nai are all from Tongcheng, Anhui Province, so they are called Tongcheng School.

2. The basic feature of Tongcheng School's prose theory is that it is based on Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, serving the Qing regime, taking the ancient prose of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and the eight masters of Tang and Song Dynasties as models, and has detailed rules and systematic prose theory in article system and practice. g

3. Fang Bao summarized the core of his prose theory as "righteousness and law", that is, "words have substance" and "law" means words are orderly. Fang Bao's disciple Liu Dakui played a connecting role. Yao Nai's main contribution to the theory of ancient Chinese prose is to integrate and summarize the previous theories and make them more specific. He emphasized the combination of righteousness, examination and literature. He also put forward the "Eight Essentials" to integrate righteousness, textual research and articles into practice. Many styles can be divided into "masculine" and "feminine". x5

4. Yao Nai not only developed the prose theory of Tongcheng School, but also formed a huge prose system of Tongcheng School around him. Guan Tong, Mei Zengliang, Fang and Yao Ying are called "Four Disciples".

Tang and Song School

During the Jiajing period, writers who opposed the ancient prose of the former and the latter seven scholars and advocated the use of the ancient prose of the Tang and Song Dynasties were Wang, Mao Kun and Gui Youguang. They are called "Tang and Song School".

Childlike heart says: Li Zhi advocates' childlike innocence', and childlike innocence is sincerity.

"Jingling School": Zhong Xing and Tan, who oppose archaizing, but emphasize seeking spiritual sustenance from ancient poetry, broaden their horizons in poetry, and form the artistic style of "deep loneliness" in this literary school.

Chaling school of poetry

With Li Dongyang as the representative, his poems advocated patriarchal Du Fu and emphasized the tone of statutes, which had an impact on the style of Taige style and had a direct impact on the later poetic opinions of the first seven sons.