1894 China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, and China's international status plummeted. Western powers began to covet China. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, the western powers set off an upsurge of carving up China. With the deepening of the national crisis, China people's struggle against imperialism is growing day by day. At the same time, with the deepening of war reparations, the people were overwhelmed and eventually led to the Boxer Rebellion. The Qing government was at home and abroad, unable to resist, so the western powers became even more presumptuous and took advantage of the fish in troubled waters in an attempt to conquer China. Causes of War: The fundamental purpose is to further open the China market, invade China, and realize the dream of world domination.
The feud between Cixi and foreigners
From 65438 to 0898, Emperor Guangxu appointed Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao to carry out political reform, but they failed because of conservative opposition. Cixi town
Eight-Nation Alliance decapitated the Boxer Rebellion
Suppress the reform movement and put Emperor Guangxu under house arrest in Zhongnanhai. Countries sympathized with the reformists and helped Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao escape from China. Cixi wanted to depose Emperor Guangxu, but she was afraid to act because of opposition from all countries, and she held a grudge. In addition, foreign powers tried to carve up China, renting harbors in succession and dividing their spheres of influence, which also increased Cixi's xenophobia.
With the rapid development of the Boxer Rebellion in Zhili and Beijing and Tianjin, foreign powers repeatedly urged the Qing government to suppress it.
1900 65438+1On October 27th, Britain, France, America, Germany and Italy jointly sent a note to the Qing government, demanding once again that the Boxer Movement be banned.
On February 1 day, people in Gaomi, Shandong province besieged the German railway company, held each other hostage for several days and destroyed the railway. By February 14, the Germans threatened to suppress by force.
On March 13, imperialist powers held a naval demonstration in Bohai Sea, indicating that they would interfere in China by force.
On April 6, the ministers of Britain, the United States, Germany and France sent a note to the Qing government, limiting it to eliminate the Boxer Rebellion within two months, otherwise, the land and water armies would be sent into the provinces of Zhi and Lu to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.
1900 in April, the Boxer Rebellion had just developed in the suburbs of Beijing, and the Russian Imperial Minister proposed repression. The envoys of the United States of America, the British Empire, the Third Republic of France and the German Empire also sent a joint note to the Qing government, and threatened to assemble a fleet at Dagukou. In May, the Boxer Rebellion developed rapidly in Beijing and Tianjin. More and more Qing soldiers joined the Boxer Rebellion, and the xenophobic forces headed by Duanjun Aisin Qiao Luo Zaiyi gained the upper hand in the Qing government. Seeing that the Qing government was unable to control the situation, ministers of various countries planned to send troops directly to quell the chaos, and the prime minister's yamen was "unable to persuade the court to take severe repressive measures."
On May 20th, the ministerial group meeting proposed to transfer troops to Beijing.
On May 28th, the British Empire, the Third Republic of France, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the Japanese Empire, the Russian Empire and the United States of America formally decided to jointly send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in the name of "protecting the embassy", and the Qing government was forced to agree.
From May 30th to June 2nd, more than 400 marines from eight countries arrived in Dongjiaomin Lane by train from Tianjin.
On May 3 1, the foreign embassy in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing requested to strengthen protection. Britain, Russia, France, the United States, Italy, Japan and other countries sent 349 sailors ashore from Tianjin and arrived in Beijing by train that evening. Subsequently, countries constantly sent more troops to China. Twenty-four warships from various countries assembled outside Dagukou, and more than 2,000 allied troops assembled in Tianjin Concession. Around June 6th, the G8' s joint policy of seeking China was approved by their respective governments, and the war against China broke out.
On June 3rd, Germany and Austria sent 83rd Army to Beijing.
On June 10, the external communication of Beijing Embassy was cut off. Consuls and naval generals from various countries in Tianjin met and decided to form an alliance. Seymour, a British vice admiral, went to Beijing by train the next day. The embassies in Dongjiaominxiang built fortifications, and Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the British plenipotentiary, was responsible for directing the resistance. There are about 3,000 people trapped in the embassy area, including 2,000 China people seeking protection, 400 foreign men, 47 women/kloc-0 and 76 children. The embassy is protected by 409 foreign sailors and marines, equipped with 3 machine guns and 4 small guns. There are enough wells and food in the embassy. The British Embassy has 150 ponies.
On June 1900, 1 1, Seymour vice admiral of England led more than 2,000 people from Eight-Nation Alliance to seize the train from Tianjin to Beijing. The imperialist war to conquer China aroused the loyal opposition of the Boxer Movement. /kloc-in June of 0/2, the Boxer Rebellion joined forces with Dong Fuxiang and Nie Shicheng of the Qing army to cut off the contact between the invading army and Tianjin. /kloc-June 0/4 to/kloc-June 0/8, the allied forces were surrounded by the Boxers in Langfang, Luodai and Yangcun. Facing the allied forces armed with modern guns, the Boxer Rebellion bravely confronted the enemy, showing great courage and patriotic enthusiasm, killing and injuring more than 300 enemy troops. Seymour was defeated and forced to return to Tianjin along the North Canal. The Boxer Rebellion smashed Eight-Nation Alliance's plan to invade Beijing (but according to the data, only one ally was killed, more because the railway to Beijing was gone, the heavy equipment of the allies could not be transported quickly, and the logistics line was easily cut off. Moreover, in the battle of Langfang, the allies took the train as their stronghold for defense, so if the Boxer had guns and muskets, it was almost impossible for the allies to survive.
Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing.
In mid-June, the imperialist navy invading China, under the command of Russian naval generals, jointly attacked Dagukou Fort, which was attacked by the loyal opposition of the defenders. The Qing army was injured and sank six enemy ships with more than 200 enemy soldiers. When the war was fierce, Luo Rongguang, the garrison commander, was shot and killed. The Qing army lost its command and Dagubao fell. Around this time, the secretary of the Japanese embassy was executed as a spy by Qing soldiers when he went to Yongdingmen to meet Seymour allies, and the German ambassador to China, Kleinder, was killed by the defenders in Dongdan archway. 2 1 year, the Qing government declared war on all countries.
After the fall of Dagukou, thousands of reinforcements from Russia, Britain, Germany and the United States invaded Zizhulin Concession on the west bank of Haihe River in Tianjin and launched a fierce attack on Tianjin and its periphery. Boxers rose to defend Tianjin. Dong Fuxiang led the Boxer Rebellion to attack Laolongtou Railway Station, killing more than 500 Russian soldiers (1 12) and occupying the station many times. Zhang Decheng led the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army to besiege Zizhulin, leveled the minefield with the "Fire Bull Array" and rushed into the concession. Nie Shicheng's Qing army stuck to Guang Hai Temple in the south of the city. In July, during the Battle of Balitai, Nie Shicheng was shot seven times, and he continued to fight until he died of dragon blood. /kloc-on 0/4, the allied forces paid the price of more than 900 casualties (882 people), and captured Tianjin after firing poison gas cannons.
In mid-August, more than 20,000 allied troops invaded Beijing from Tianjin. The next day, when they arrived at Beicang, they were stubbornly blocked by the Boxer Rebellion led by the Qing army, Lu and Li Laizhong, and they used poison gas to capture Beicang again. But the Coalition forces paid 635 casualties (more than 400 people). Among them, there were nearly 300 Japanese troops) and poison gas guns ("low-level guns") were also destroyed. [4-5] On June 3, 65438, the Allies entered Beijing and attacked Dongbianmen, Chaoyangmen and Dongzhimen. The British army took the lead in attacking the city from Guangqumen. 14, Beijing fell. The next morning, the Western Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu fled hastily. After the Allied Forces entered the city, the Boxer Rebellion's siege of Dongjiaominxiang and Xishiku Church was lifted, and the Boxer Rebellion was forced to withdraw from Beijing and turned to other places to persist in fighting the invaders. On the way to exile, the Western Empress Dowager appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary, negotiated with the great powers, and issued the order to completely eradicate the Boxer Rebellion.
Eight-Nation Alliance entered the Forbidden City.
After Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing, he sent his troops to attack the city and expand his conquest. In September, while capture Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan, Russian troops concentrate huge forces and occupied northeast China in five ways. In June 5438+10/mid-October, German commander Vadexi led 30,000 troops to China to capture Baoding and Zhangjiakou. However, when the French-German allied forces invaded Jingxing and Niangziguan, they were stubbornly blocked by the Qing army's Liu Department and lost ground after paying heavy casualties.
Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China has brought profound disasters to the people of China. Wherever the allies went, they killed, set fires, raped and plundered, and countless villages and towns were reduced to ruins. Tianjin was burned by a third, and Beijing was in ruins. Even the commander-in-chief of Eight-Nation Alliance, Wadesi, admitted that "the details of all the damage and robbery suffered by China this time will never be found out, but the number will be extremely considerable". Eight-Nation Alliance plundered openly in Beijing, and countless treasures of the Qing Palace were washed away, and a large number of people were killed.
190 1 On September 7th, the Prime Minister's Foreign Affairs Department, Aisingiorro, Prince Shuo Qing, Governor Zhili, Minister Beiyang, and Li Hongzhang, a university student in Wenhua Hall, signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" on behalf of the Qing court and imperialism respectively. The treaty stipulates that China will pay 450 million yuan in silver; The embassy district in Beijing and the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan were handed over to foreign troops; People's organizations and anti-imperialist organizations in China are prohibited. The Xin Chou Treaty preserved the power of the Qing government and strengthened the imperialist rule over the people of China, thus making the Qing government a puppet of imperialism.
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Current situation chart
After the Boxer Rebellion, foreign powers took the opportunity to send troops to China and plundered it. The news reached Russia, and the czar government thought it was an excellent opportunity to invade China. In addition to actively participating in Eight-Nation Alliance, in July 1900 and 16, the Hailan gun tragedy was created. Almost all the thousands of China people living in Hailanpao were brutally killed by the Russian army, and less than 100 people swam to escape. 17-2 1 On this day, the Russian invaders drove more than 10,000 residents of 64 villages in Jiangdong to the Heilongjiang River and were shot or hacked to death with axes. The rest were driven into Heilongjiang and drowned. Only a few people made a living by swimming. On August 28th, Russian troops occupied Qiqihar, and Heilongjiang general Shoushan committed suicide. Occupy Jilin on September 22 and Liaoyang on September 28; 65438+1 October1,entered Shengjing (Shenyang). Wherever the Russian army went, it burned, killed and looted, doing all kinds of evil.
1900165438+10. In October, Russia coerced General Zeng Qi to sign the temporary charter of Fengtian land in an attempt to legalize military occupation and fix Russia's monopoly on the three northeastern provinces in legal form, which was invalid due to Chinese and foreign opposition. Russian troops seized the opportunity of military occupation and plundered gold mines, coal mines and forest resources in northeast China. [6]
Allied atrocities
During Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, German, Russian and French troops committed such inhuman atrocities as indiscriminate killing, rape, robbery and burning.
In Beijing, the priests headed by alphonse Fabvier issued a "circular", allowing Catholics to rob the necessities of life within eight days after clearing the scene in August, stipulating that those who robbed less than 50 taels of silver did not have to pay it; Those who exceed 50 taels of silver should be responsible for repayment or handed over to the church for handling. The French media once published the statement of returning soldiers: "We drove from Beitang to the palace, and the monks followed us ... They encouraged us to slaughter and rob ... We robbed for the priest. We were ordered to do whatever we wanted in the city for three days, kill if we wanted, and take whatever we wanted. In fact, we robbed for eight days. The priest is our guide. As soon as we entered the room, we took whatever we wanted. We arrested the shopkeeper as a servant, and the priests took the stolen things and asked them to carry them to the North Hall ... ".
According to an article by American writer Mark Twain, American Christian missionary Mei Ziming killed 680 innocent farmers in China under the slogan of "answer blows with blows" in Renqiu County, Hebei Province.