Under the impetus of the workers' movement, 1898 in March, representatives of working-class liberation struggle associations in Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev and Yekaterinovslav held a meeting in Minsk, announcing the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. This meeting is called the 1 th Party Congress in history. It didn't formulate a party platform and party constitution, and all the members of the Central Committee elected by the meeting were arrested by the czar government soon, and actually failed to complete the historical task of party building. 1900, Lenin and plekhanov founded Mars to publicize Marxism. 190 1 year, Lenin published the article "where to start" and put forward the specific plan for party building. 1902 In March, Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union's * * * Production Party, published the book What to Do, which systematically expounded the nature, functions and basic principles of the Party, criticized the "economic faction" who worshipped the spontaneity of the workers' movement and denied the guidance of revolutionary theory and the necessity for the working class to establish an independent political party, and created conditions for the establishment of Marxist revolutionary political parties ideologically and organizationally.
1903 From July 30th to August 23rd, 43 official representatives from all over Russia and the editorial department of Mars held the second congress of Social Democratic Labor Party in Brussels and London successively. The meeting adopted the party program and party constitution, and elected the party's leading body, which marked the emergence of a new type of political party different from the Social Democratic Party in the Second International Period in organizational principles and struggle programs. The lowest program of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party is to lead the Russian working class and all workers to carry out bourgeois democratic revolution, overthrow the autocratic rule of the czar and establish a democratic republic. The highest program is to carry out the socialist revolution, overthrow the capitalist system, implement the dictatorship of the proletariat and build socialist capitalism. At this conference, due to the discussion of party constitution's articles, there were serious differences in the principle of party building. During the election of the central leadership, the Bolsheviks (majority) headed by Lenin and the Mensheviks (minority) headed by л Martov (1873 ~1923) were formed, and two factions with opposite political views appeared in the party.
The first bourgeois-democratic revolution
The first bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in Russia from 65438 to 0905. The Bolsheviks held their third congress in London from April 25th to May 10, and formulated the Party's strategic line in the democratic revolution under the auspices of Lenin. Menshevik held a separate representative meeting. These two different political factions have their own strategic lines and have actually developed into independent political parties. The main contents of the Bolshevik strategic line are: under the new historical conditions, the Russian bourgeois democratic revolution must be led by the proletariat, rely on the alliance of workers and peasants, isolate the free bourgeoisie, overthrow the czar regime through armed uprising, establish a temporary revolutionary government, implement the democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants, carry the bourgeois democratic revolution to the end and transform it into a socialist revolution in time. Menshevik's strategy advocates handing over the revolutionary leadership to the bourgeoisie and letting the peasants follow the bourgeoisie. The end of the revolution should be bourgeois dictatorship and oppose the immediate transformation into a socialist revolution. Bolsheviks actively participated in and led the all-Russian political general strike and the Moscow armed uprising in June and February of 5438. For various reasons, the Russian revolution of 1905 ~ 1907 failed.
After the failure of the revolution
In the reactionary period after the failure of the Stolypin Revolution, two new opportunist factions appeared in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party: they advocated abolishing the party's secret organization and turning the party into a legitimate right-wing abolition faction; Oppose all legal struggles, advocate the recall of the leading party group in the Duma and the left-leaning recall faction that stops working in legal organizations. The Bolsheviks opposed the erroneous ideas of abolishing the faction and recalling the faction, and combined the legal struggle with the secret struggle to strive for and educate the masses and strive for a new revolutionary climax. 19 12 1, the sixth all-Russian congress of the party was held in Prague, and Menshevik was expelled from the party. The Bolsheviks officially became an independent political party.
During the First World War
19 14 when the first world war broke out, the Bolshevik party resolutely opposed the imperialist massacre, the social chauvinism and social pacifism of the second international leader, and put forward the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil war and making its government fail in the war. 19 17 February Revolution broke out in Russia, which overthrew the reactionary rule of the czar government and established engineers to represent the Soviet Union. The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolshevik) actively participated in and led this revolution. Due to the compromise between Menshevik and social revolutionaries and the free bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie was able to form an interim government, forming a situation in which two regimes coexisted. Lenin published the Outline of April, convened the Seventh National Congress of the Bolsheviks, and promptly put forward the peaceful development plan for the transition from the democratic revolution to the socialist revolution and the slogan "All political power belongs to the Soviet Union". The Sixth Party Congress held from July 26th to August 3rd formulated the policy of armed uprising, overthrew the interim government and realized the socialist revolution. 165438+ Russian calendar 65438+1On October 25th, Bolsheviks led the working class, united the peasants, carried out the socialist revolution with the support of soldiers, overthrew the bourgeois provisional government and established the Soviet regime. The victory of the October Revolution announced the birth of the first socialist country under the dictatorship of the proletariat in the world, and began the world historical process of transition from capitalism to socialism. socialist transformation
191711turn1965438+In the first half of 2008, the Bolsheviks led the people to carry out a preliminary socialist transformation of Russia, nationalizing the land, and nationalizing large industrial enterprises, banks, railways, foreign trade and merchant fleets. 19 18 The seventh congress held in March discussed and approved the signing of the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany, which withdrew from the imperialist war and won a short respite for the Soviet regime. 1965438+In March 2009, the Eighth National Congress adopted a new party program (the second party program), announcing the transformation from "neutral middle peasants" to "forming a solid alliance with middle peasants" and putting forward the task of building socialism. 19 18 to 1920, during the Soviet-Russian civil war, the wartime * * * policy was implemented, a strong Red Army team was established, the armed interference of 14 countries was repelled, the rebellion of the White Guards was put down, and the Soviet regime was consolidated. After the civil war, the national economy began to recover, and the focus of the party's work shifted to economic construction. At this time, there was a debate within the party about the nature, status and role of trade unions. Therefore, Lenin comprehensively expounded the trade unions in socialist countries, and emphatically criticized the Trotskyites' wrong views, thus ending this debate.
New economic policy
1921March, Russia * * * * held its 10 th congress, and decided to change from wartime capitalism to new economic policy, replace the collection system of surplus grain with grain tax, allow private trade and small private enterprises, and implement concession system. The congress also adopted a unified resolution on the party, prohibiting any faction activities within the party. 1922 On April 3rd, the Party's 1 1 Central Committee elected Stalin as the General Secretary of the Central Committee.
Debate on building socialism
1924 65438+1October 2 1, Lenin passed away. Soon, the Russian Bolshevik Party debated whether the Soviet Union could build socialism. Most leaders, led by Stalin, believed that a socialist society could be established in the Soviet Union by relying on the strength of the workers-peasants alliance, and criticized the Trotsky opposition. 192565438+February,14th Congress put forward the policy of socialist industrialization, and criticized the new opposition formed by г e Zinoveyev, лб Kamenev and others (see "Debate on Trade Unions in Bolshevik Party of Russia"). 1June, 926, Trotsky-Zinoviev alliance was criticized. In order to meet the needs of industrialization, the 1927 15 Congress in February made a resolution on agricultural collectivization. ниии Bukharin and others put forward different opinions on the time and steps of agricultural collectivization, the extraordinary measures taken to buy grain and the attitude towards rich peasants. Subsequently, in 1929 and 1 year, he began to criticize Bukharin and аиииииииииииииии. 1 The five-year plan was implemented from 1928 to 1932. 1930, the 6th congress was held, and it was declared that this was "a congress in which socialism launched a large-scale attack on all fronts, wiped out the rich peasants and realized overall collectivization". 1936 12, the eighth special congress of the Soviet union adopted the Soviet constitution and declared the victory of socialism. 1939, the congress of 18 was held, and the task of completing socialist social construction, transitioning to capitalism and strengthening national defense was put forward.
After Lenin's death, the normal democratic principles in the United Bolshevik Party were destroyed, which confused the contradictions between the enemy and ourselves and among the people, and many leading members were treated as class enemies. The worship of Stalin became popular in the 1930s. The wrong theory of class struggle led to a large-scale counter-revolutionary movement, which seriously violated the socialist legal system and killed a large number of innocent cadres and masses. In terms of foreign relations, the chauvinism style of big party and big country is growing.
194 1 ~ 1945, United with * * * (Bolsheviks) to lead the people of all ethnic groups to resist the German fascist aggression, effectively organized the wartime economy, and won a great victory in the Great Patriotic War. After the war, efforts were made to heal the wounds of war, restore and develop the national economy, and socialist construction began a new climax. 1952 the 9th congress of 1952 was held in June1952 to discuss the fifth five-year plan for the development of the Soviet union (195 1 ~ 1955), and party constitution was revised and renamed the Soviet union * *. 1on March 5, 953, Stalin died. In July, the Central Plenary Session expelled л. п. beria was expelled from the Party and executed in February of the same year. In September, Khrushchev was elected as the first secretary of the Central Committee and began to adjust agricultural policies. 1At the 20th Congress held in February, 956, Khrushchev made a secret report on "Personality Worship and Its Consequences", which severely criticized Stalin's mistakes of abusing power, undermining the legal system, encouraging personality worship and violating the principle of collective leadership. The secret report failed to make a comprehensive historical evaluation of Stalin's merits and demerits, failed to find out the root of the mistakes, and failed to draw lessons that should be learned. Before making a secret report, the parties in various countries were not informed of the situation, which made the parties in various countries feel suddenly and even confused, and international imperialism took the opportunity to set off an anti-socialist wave. Due to the seriousness of the situation, in June of the same year, the Central Plenary Session of the Soviet Union made a resolution on overcoming personality cult and its consequences, analyzed the reasons, performance characteristics, essence and consequences of personality cult, and affirmed Stalin's due historical achievements. 1June, 957, the Central Plenary Session expelled гм malenkov, вм Molotov, лм Ka Ganovic and others from the Central Committee as anti-party groups. 196 1 10 The 22nd Congress adopted a new party program (the third party program), declaring that the Soviet Union has become a country and a party of the whole people, and putting forward the task of basically building a socialist society by the early 1980s. 1964 10 The Central Plenary Session of the Soviet Union dismissed Khrushchev as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union and was succeeded by ли Brezhnev (later renamed General Secretary).
Starting from 1965, the new economic system was tried out, emphasizing improving the scientific level of planning and expanding the economic power of enterprises. 1971The 24th Congress in March announced that the Soviet Union had built a developed socialist society. 1973 reorganized industry management institutions nationwide, implemented 2 ~ 3 levels of management system, and established various joint companies. 1977, the new constitution was promulgated. From 65438 to 0979, the new economic system was revised. He pursued hegemonism in foreign relations and sent troops to Czechoslovakia in the name of defending socialist achievements in August 1968. From 65438 to 0969, there was an armed conflict between Chen Bing and the Sino-Soviet border. 1978 12 supports Vietnam's armed aggression against Cambodia. The armed occupation of Afghanistan in February.
1982165438+10/0, Brezhnev died, and andropov was appointed as the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. He emphasized that the strategic task of the Soviet Union in the last decades of the 20th century was to improve developed socialism, and the Soviet Union was at the beginning of this long historical stage. Andropov died on1February 9, 984, and chernenko was the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. He died on1March 0, 985. 1 1 мс Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union.
198510 June 15 The Central Plenary Session of the Soviet Union adopted the revised draft of the new third party program of the Soviet Union, critically re-recognized those references in the original party program that have not stood the test of time, and put forward that the current task of the Soviet Union is to improve socialism in a planned and comprehensive way on the basis of accelerating the social and economic development of the Soviet Union, so that the Soviet society can continue. The 27th Congress of the Soviet Union was held in 1986. In the report of the congress, Gorbachev replaced the formulation of building developed socialism with "developing socialism" and put forward the policy of "accelerating strategy" and implementing "thorough reform".
1990, the Soviet Union implemented a multi-party system, and the Soviet Union was no longer the only legitimate political party.
Su * * * has181000 party member (1983), Pravda is the organ of the party, Producer of * * and Party Life are party magazines.