After Qin Shihuang unified Lingnan, today's Guangxi region mainly belongs to Guilin County and Xiang Jun County, which is the first time that Guangxi was brought into the unified territory of the central dynasty. In order to solve the grain transportation in Qin Jun, an artificial canal-Lingqu was dug in Xing 'an today. Lingqu connects the Pearl River and the Yangtze River, which is of great significance to the development of Lingnan area. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo, the commander of the South China Sea, attacked Guilin and Xiang Jun, and established Nanyue State. Today, most of the Lingnan area, including Guangxi, belongs to Nanyue. In the sixth year of Ding Yuan (BC 1 1 1), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pacified South Vietnam, and Cangwu Guangxin (now Wuzhou) became the administrative center of the 9 counties of Jiaodi secretariat. During the Western Han Dynasty, Hepu was one of the original ports of China's Maritime Silk Road, and it was around this time that the paintings of Zuojiang Cliff painted by Europeans in the Warring States Period were completed. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Guangxi belonged to Wu first, then to Jin and the regimes of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen in the Southern Dynasties. In the third year of Tang Xiantong (862), Lingnan Road was divided into Lingnan East Road and Lingnan West Road, which was the first time that Guangxi became an independent administrative region. In the Tang Dynasty, Guangxi's economy and culture developed greatly, and "Chifu" was well known. The rise of important towns such as Guangxi, Yong, Liu and Rong; A famous water conservancy project acacia belt connecting Gui Jiang and Liujiang was built. Zhao Guanwen, the number one scholar, and famous poets Cao Ye and Cao Tang all appeared in Guangxi. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Chu and Southern Han fought for Guangxi for a long time, and the social economy was destroyed. In Song Dynasty, Guangnan Road was divided into Guangnan East Road and Guangnan West Road, called Guangxi for short, and the name of Guangxi began. In the Song Dynasty, there were also some anti-Song events, such as Fan Zaiqu's uprising, the peasant's uprising against the Song Dynasty and Li Jie's uprising. In the eighth year of Xining (1075), the upper rulers invaded Guangxi on a large scale, and the massacre in Yongzhou (now Nanning) alone reached more than 50,000 people. In the Song Dynasty, Hengshanzhai (now Ma Ping Town, Tiandong County), Yongping Village (now Ningming County) and Sanboyichang, Qinzhou became southwest ethnic fairs or international towns that traded with Jiaozhi and other places. The output of non-ferrous metals tin and lead ranks in the forefront of the country; Wuzhou Yuanfeng supervisor has become one of the six major money casting supervisors in Jiangnan; Textiles, especially ramie fabrics, are of high quality, and woven fabrics produced by Youjiang River are rich in color, which is the earliest brocade and the top-grade material at that time. The Yuan Dynasty basically controlled Guangxi militarily, stationed troops near the main pass and practiced military reclamation. In the 23rd year of Zheng Zheng (1363), Guangxi was established as a book province, which was the beginning of the establishment of Guangxi.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Guangxi Province was changed to Guangxi Business Propaganda Department, which was one of the national 13 departments at that time. Zhu Yuanzhang made his grandnephew Zhu Shouqian king of Jingjiang, and in the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), he began to build Jingjiang Wang Fu and Wangcheng under the Duxiu Peak in Guilin. In the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553), Japanese invaders invaded the southeast coast of China. Vasco, the wife of Tianzhou local official, led a Xi 'an soldier composed of Zhuang sons and daughters to the front line to fight against the Japanese aggressors. She was defeated repeatedly and made outstanding achievements. The Ming Dynasty was the most fruitful period of Guangxi's economic development in feudal society. A large number of immigrants poured in, and the area of cultivated land increased greatly. After planting double-cropping rice, the farming technology changed from extensive to fine; The architectural art has reached a fairly high level, and the representative buildings include Zhenwu Pavilion in Rongxian County and Dashi Pavilion in Hepu. The gap between culture and education and the Central Plains is narrowing day by day. Counties, including Tuzhou Tuxian, have set up schools with abundant talents, and a number of famous scholars, educators, military strategists and politicians have emerged, such as "Shangshu Brothers" Jiang Mian, and military strategist Yuan Chonghuan. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, local officials fought against the imperial court and local officials fought constantly, and land salt became a serious social problem, with heavy taxes, which led to the intensification of class contradictions and ethnic contradictions. Large-scale peasant uprisings of all ethnic groups include Datengxia Yao Uprising, Bazhai Uprising and Gutian Uprising, among which Datengxia Uprising lasted for 200 years. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Guangxi suffered successive military disasters. At first, Guilin became the residence of Li Yong regime in Nanming, and it was also the center of Qu Shizhen and Li Dingguo's anti-Qing struggle. Soon, the uprising of Wu Sangui, the king of the day, broke out, and Sun Yanling, who was in charge of military affairs in Guangxi, rose from the chaos. It was not until the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679) that Guangxi was truly incorporated into the territory of the Qing Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the irrigation technology of farmland water conservancy in Guangxi was becoming more and more mature, and various dams, weirs, ponds and canals were widely used. Many mountainous areas also opened terraces and washed fields, such as the amazing Longsheng Longji terraced fields, which was built in the Yuan Dynasty and was not completed until the Qing Dynasty. Rural markets are dotted, and Wuzhou is the crown of urban commercial prosperity. There are academies and voluntary schools all over the province; The compilation of local chronicles has made great achievements, such as Xie Qikun's professional Jiaqing's Guangxi Tongzhi, which is known as the "model of local chronicles"; Folk dramas with local and national characteristics, such as Guangxi opera and color flirting, have become very popular. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, the forces of Heaven and Earth Societies developed rapidly in Guangxi, with frequent uprisings, which marked the coming of a big storm.
Before the pre-Qin period, Guangxi was the place where Baiyue people lived. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Han nationality, Miao, Yao, Hui and other ethnic minorities have moved to Guangxi for military, economic, anti-chaos, official and exile reasons. Immigration is not only an effective way for the ancient Central Plains culture to spread to Lingnan, but also constitutes the social foundation for the central government to rule Guangxi after Qin and Han Dynasties. Immigrants bring advanced production technology and experience, new crop varieties and so on. And spread the feudal political culture of the Han nationality to Guangxi. For example, Ling Huxi, the general manager of Sui and Guizhou, Liu Zongyuan, the secretariat of Liuzhou in Tang Dynasty, Dan Wei, the secretariat of Rongzhou, and Chen Yaosou, the secretariat of Guangxi in Song Dynasty came to work in Guangxi. They implemented many reform measures to develop production and ease ethnic conflicts, and made special contributions to the economic, cultural and social development of Guangxi.
In the Tang Dynasty, Jimi Prefecture was established in Guangxi minority areas, and local ethnic leaders were appointed for hereditary management. Song dynasty followed closely; Yuan was later called Tuzhou Tuxian; By the Ming Dynasty, the toast system in Guangxi reached its peak, and more than half of the areas implemented the toast system. Local officials had the power to rule the people in their jurisdiction, just like local emperors. The chieftain system in Guangxi was decadent in the Qing Dynasty, and it was even more drastic during the Yongzheng period. The toast system finally ended in Guangxi in 17 (1928).
After the Opium War, China became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. Guangdong and Guangxi are the areas where opium smuggling is the most harmful. At the same time, with the decline of feudal rule and the intensification of class contradictions and ethnic contradictions, the people of Guangxi have been pushed to the forefront of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. 1840 to 1842, the Sino-British Opium War broke out, and the garrison in Wuzhou, Guangxi was sent to Guangzhou for support at the first time. Thousands of troops were mobilized around Guangxi, and cannons, artillery and artillery casting craftsmen were also mobilized to Guangdong for reinforcements. The towering trees used in the "chain arrangement" of the coastal fortifications of the Pearl River Estuary were also selected from Guangxi. Guangxi became the birthplace of the Taiping Rebellion: 185 1 year 1 month1day. More than 20,000 sons and daughters of Guangxi, led by Hong Xiuquan and Yang, gathered in Jintian, Guiping, pledging allegiance to the uprising, which opened the prelude to the Taiping Rebellion that shocked China and foreign countries. In September, the Taiping Army occupied Yong 'an, sealed Wang Jian Zheng and promulgated various systems; Then it went north, east to the south of the Yangtze River, with its capital in Tianjin (now Nanjing), which quickly formed the first revolutionary climax of anti-imperialism and feudalism in modern China. At the same time, the people's anti-Qing uprising with the organization of heaven and earth society as the core also rose in Guangxi; Among them, Shengping State was established in Guanyang in 1854, Dacheng State was established in Zhou Xun (now Guiping) in 1855, and Yanling State was established in Xinning State (now Fusui) in 1860. With the development of foreign religious forces in Guangxi, there was a conflict between people and religions in modern Guangxi, in which the "Xilin religious case" of 1856 triggered diplomatic negotiations between China and France, and France used it as an excuse to jointly launch the Second Opium War with Britain. /kloc-in the 1970s of 0/9, the border crisis in China deepened day by day, and the sons and daughters of all ethnic groups in Guangxi rose up against French covetousness and aggression. Liu Yongfu, a national hero, led the Black Flag Army composed of sons and daughters of Guangxi. He made great achievements in the French army in Vietnam and won great victories such as the famous paper bridge. On the land battlefield of the Sino-French War in 1885, the invading French army led by veteran Feng Zicai won a total victory in Zhennan, which was known as the "first victory of the Sino-Western War" in modern China. The news of the fiasco of the French army reached Paris, which directly led to the collapse of the cabinet of Ruferri in France. A series of unequal treaties in modern China made Beihai, Longzhou and Wuzhou become forced trading ports. The imperialist powers dumped goods into Guangxi, plundered raw materials, seized privileges such as mining, shipping and railway construction, controlled customs and manipulated finance. With the destruction of natural economy, Guangxi's modernization has grown in blood and fire with the process of semi-colonization. In the call for reform and political reform at the end of the century, Kang Youwei went to Guangxi twice to publicize the reform and political reform, and founded Shengshe and Ren Guang Daily to start the atmosphere. 1895, Kang Youwei led a "letter on the bus", opposing the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, which paid reparations for Japanese cession. A total of 99 people in Guangxi participated in the political petition of intellectuals in modern China when they were patriotic and worried about the people. From the establishment of 1905 League to the Revolution of 1911, the revolutionaries launched three armed uprisings in the southwest border region of Guangxi, namely, the Qinlian Fangcheng Uprising, the Zhennanguan Uprising and the Qinlian Shangsi Uprising. Many members of Guangxi League took part in the Hekou Uprising in Yunnan and the Huanghuagang Campaign in Guangzhou in191/,and the Guangxi revolutionaries advanced one after another, which played an important role in promoting the Wuchang Uprising in191/. 19 1 1 year revolution broke out. At that time,1more than 60 students from Guangxi, who were studying in the Third Middle School of Wuchang Army, directly participated in Shouyi. Guangxi revolutionaries organized uprisings in Liuzhou and Zhou Xun (now Guiping), and Guangxi declared its independence. However, the military and political power in Guangxi was usurped by Lu Rongting, forming an old Guangxi military group that fought alone. Old Guangxi was greedy and cruel, massacred revolutionaries, suppressed the "Second Revolution", colluded with Beiyang warlords, and undermined the "national protection movement". Finally, it was destroyed in the war of "aiding Guangxi and seeking land" initiated by Sun Yat-sen. After Guangxi was pacified, Sun Yat-sen toured Guangxi, supervised the whole army, and planned to start the northern expedition through Guilin, but died because of Chen Jiongming's constraints.
1998 When the May 4th Movement broke out, students, workers and people from all walks of life in Guangxi actively supported the patriotic struggle of Beijing students, and the revolutionary movement in Guangxi entered a new historical period. With the spread of Marxism in Guangxi, it has promoted the new awakening of Guangxi people. 1925+00 June, the earliest local organization of China * * * production party in Guangxi was first established in Wuzhou. At the same time, Li Zongren, Huang and Bai Chongxi, former junior officers in old Guangxi, unified Guangxi and established the rule of new Guangxi with the help of Guangdong revolutionary camp. Subsequently, the new Guangxi Department and the National Government reached a unified plan for Guangdong and Guangxi, and Guangxi was under the leadership of the National Government. In the storm of struggle to support the May 30th Movement and the Guangdong-Hong Kong general strike, the situation of cooperation between China and Guangxi was formally formed, and the workers' movement, farmers' movement, youth movement and women's movement in the province flourished. The army of the New Guangxi Department was also reorganized into the Seventh Army of the National Revolutionary Army to participate in the Northern Expedition, and repeatedly defeated the powerful enemy and became one of the most effective troops in the Northern Expedition. However, in the "April 12th" coup, the new Guangxi clique followed Chiang Kai-shek in "cleaning up the Party", which caused the vigorous Great Revolution and the workers and peasants movement in Guangxi to fall into a low tide.
Due to the rapid expansion of the forces of the New Guangxi in the Northern Expedition, there was a sharp contradiction with Chiang Kai-shek's clique. 1929 ~ 1930, Chiang Kai-shek fought for years, which brought great damage to the social economy and people's lives, but objectively created a favorable opportunity for the Guangxi revolution. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent Deng Xiaoping to Guangxi. Through the fruitful United front work of Yu Zuobai and Li Mingrui, who were in charge of Guangxi at that time, he successfully launched and led the the baise uprising and Longzhou Uprising, and founded He Qijun, Gongba Army and Zuojiang Revolutionary Base. The Zuoyoujiang Revolutionary Base Area is a glorious practice of China * * * Production Party in minority areas during the Agrarian Revolution.
After the "September 18th Incident", with the rise of ethnic contradictions between China and Japan, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China * * * noticed the differences in attitudes towards Japan between the Xingui Department and the Chiang Kai-shek Department, and began to carry out United front work on its upper level from 1934. Local organizations in Guangxi also mobilized urban and rural people and launched a general anti-Japanese national salvation movement. On June 1936 and 1, the Guangxi-Guangxi clique jointly launched the Guangdong-Guangxi Incident to resist Japan and Chiang Kai-shek. While supporting and affirming the incident, the Central Committee made it clear to Li Zongren and others that the policy of "stopping the civil war and forcing Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan" promoted the peaceful settlement of the incident. After the outbreak of all-round War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, there was an upsurge of resisting Japan and saving the nation all over Guangxi, and young people of all ethnic groups were enlisted in the army. Within two months, the Guangxi authorities equipped 4 troops and 48 regiments to go to the front, and the rapid mobilization was rare in the whole country. Battle of Songhu, Battle of Xuzhou, Battle of Wuhan, Battle of Guinan, Battle of Kunlunguan, Battle of Guiliu, Battle of Defending Guilin, there are bloody battlefields of soldiers of the Gui clan everywhere. 1938 10 months later, Guangzhou and Wuhan fell one after another, and a large number of cultural groups and cultural workers from the occupied areas gathered in Guilin, becoming the cultural center in the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War, known as the "cultural city" and famous at home and abroad; At the same time, the Guilin office of the Eighth Route Army was established, and the "Eight Places" were also the public organs of the Central Committee in Guangxi and the offices of the Southern Bureau in Guilin. Its establishment has played an important role in striving for the openness and democracy of Guangxi authorities, publicizing and mobilizing people in Kuomintang-controlled areas to persist in the protracted war of resistance, consolidating and developing the anti-Japanese national United front in southwest and southeast Asia, and raising anti-Japanese materials. Zhou Enlai, secretary of Nanfang Bureau, went to Guangxi three times to carry out anti-Japanese propaganda and United front work. 1939 and 1944, Guangxi fell twice. Wherever the Japanese army went, it burned, killed and looted, and the people of Guangxi suffered unprecedented disasters. During the first occupation, the Guangxi Student Army and wartime working groups with party member as the backbone went deep into counties in southern Guangxi to mobilize the masses, which set off a wave of people participating in the war. During the second occupation, local organizations in Guangxi mobilized and organized the masses to establish anti-Japanese armed forces, launched anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines, and defended their hometown. The people of Guangxi have made great contributions to the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
Practically speaking, during the reign of Guangxi by Xingui system, great achievements were made in promoting the development of modern industry, mining, economy, culture and education in Guangxi. However, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Xingui Department actively followed Chiang Kai-shek, turned to the anti-* * civil war in an all-round way, and practiced the tyranny of "three levies" (conscription, grain requisition and taxation) in Guangxi, suppressing the * * * production party, democratic progressive forces and people's democratic movement in China. With the development of the civil war, the Kuomintang regime fell into a comprehensive crisis of military, political and economic. With the slogan of opposing the "Three Signs", local organizations in Guangxi launched and led a series of armed uprisings in rural areas such as eastern Guangxi, northern Guangxi, Zuojiang, western Guangxi, central Guangxi and central and southern Guangxi. In cities, the struggle against civil war, hunger, persecution and the US policy of aggression against China was launched. 1949, Chiang Kai-shek once abdicated. In order to save the defeat of the Kuomintang, Li Zongren, the vice president supported by the United States, became acting president and negotiated with China in an attempt to "rule the river"; However, with the People's Liberation Army crossing the river in April, the illusion of "governing the river" in New Guangxi was shattered. Guerrillas from all over Guangxi, under the leadership of local organizations in Guangxi, began to attack the Kuomintang troops occupying towns, traffic arteries and strongholds, liberated the vast rural areas and cooperated with the Southern People's Liberation Army. Organizations in Guangxi, Liuzhou, Yong, Wu and other places skillfully carried out the United front counter-offensive work under the white terror, and led people from all walks of life to carry out the struggle to protect factories, schools and roads to meet liberation. On June+10, 5438, the Bai Chongxi Group of the New Guangxi Department was defeated by the People's Liberation Army in Hengyang, Hunan Province, and more than 70,000 people from five regiments/KLOC-0 fled back to Guangxi in a hurry in an attempt to run the old lair of Guangxi for a long time. 165438+1On October 7, the People's Liberation Army concentrated 450,000 troops of the second and fourth field armies and divided them into three groups. With the cooperation of the people of Guangxi and guerrillas from all walks of life, it launched a campaign to liberate Guangxi. 65438+February 1 1, the People's Liberation Army planted a red flag in Nanguan (now Friendship Pass), a fortress town on the Sino-Vietnamese border, announcing the liberation of Guangxi, and the history of Guangxi has since turned a new page.