1. content overview
Paul Kochakin, born in a poor railway worker's family, lost his father in his early years and made a living entirely by his mother washing and cooking for others. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, his mother sent him to the station canteen to do odd jobs, where he suffered a lot.
How the Steel Was Tempered
Insult. He hates bullying shopkeepers. He hates rich people who spend their time drinking.
After the "October Revolution" broke out, imperialists and reactionaries attempted to strangle the nascent Soviet regime. Paul's hometown, Shebetoka, Ukraine, has also experienced years of foreign armed intervention and civil war. The Red Army liberated the town of Shebetovka, but it quickly retreated, leaving only the old Bush Viktojuk to do underground work in the town. He stayed at Paul's house for a few days and told him a lot about the revolution, the working class and class struggle. Zhu was the initial leader of Paolo on the revolutionary road. On a fishing trip, Paul met tonya, the daughter of a forestry official. One day, Zhu was captured by the white bandit troops. Paul inquired about his whereabouts everywhere. On the way of the bandit troops escorting Zhu, Paul swooped down, knocked the bandit troops down in the trench and escaped with Zhu. Paul was sent to prison because of the snitch of Victor, the son of Polish aristocrat Lizensky. In prison, Paul endured torture and was strong and unyielding. In order to welcome Bai Fei leader Petriu to visit the town, a second-class officer mistakenly released Paul as an ordinary prisoner. Afraid of falling into the clutches again, he didn't dare to go home, so he involuntarily came to the front of tonya's garden and jumped into it. Because Paul saved Niya on his last fishing trip, and she liked his "passionate and stubborn" personality, so her arrival made her very happy. Paul also thinks that tonya is different from other rich girls. They all feel hazy love. In order to take refuge, he agreed to tonya's request and stayed. A few days later, tonya found Paul's brother Arqing, and he sent his brother to Khartoum to join the Red Army. Paul worked as a scout after joining the army and later became a cavalry. He is an able man who dares to charge on the battlefield and an excellent political propagandist. He especially likes reading Gadfly, Spartacus and other works, and often reads aloud or tells stories to his comrades. In a fierce battle, his head was badly injured, but he overcame his death with tenacious perseverance. His physical condition prevented him from returning to the front, so he immediately devoted himself to restoring and building the country. He worked in the league, eliminated counter-revolutionaries and devoted himself to hard manual labor. In particular, the work of building railways is particularly difficult.
How the Steel Was Tempered
Bitter; Autumn rain, mud, heavy snow, frozen soil, lack of clothes and food, open-air accommodation, but also attacked by armed bandits and threatened by disease. During this period, his love with tonya was in crisis, and tonya's vulgar individualism disgusted him. When I saw her again when I was building the railway, she had married a rich engineer. When Paul was the secretary of the Youth League Committee in the railway factory, he had frequent contact with Lida, a member of the Youth League Committee, and they gradually developed feelings. But he mistook Rita's brother for her lover and lost the chance to fall in love with her.
At the end of the road construction work, Paul got typhoid fever and caused pneumonia, so the organization had to send Paul back to his hometown to recuperate. On the way, he falsely reported that Paul was dead, but Paul defeated death for the fourth time and returned to the world. After his illness, he returned to work and joined the party. Due to various injuries and selfless work, Paul's physique is getting worse and worse, and he has lost his ability to work. The party organization had to terminate his work and let him stay in hospital for a long time. While recuperating at the seaside, he met Daya and fell in love. While constantly helping Daya to make progress, Paul began to study tenaciously and improve his writing ability. 1927, Paul was completely paralyzed and then became blind. The raging disease finally bound the soldier full of fighting passion to the hospital bed. Paul once had suicidal thoughts, but he soon got out of the trough. This paralyzed, blind man with no writing experience began his heroic career-literary creation. Paul endured great physical and mental pain. First he wrote in a cardboard box, then he dictated it himself and asked someone to record it for him. With the help of his mother and wife, the novel Born in the Storm written with life was finally published! Paul took up new weapons and started a new life.
2. Introduction by the author
Nikolai ostrovsky (1904_ 1936) is a famous Bolshevik writer in the Soviet Union. Since the publication of his novel How Steel was Tempered, he and Paul Kochagin in the book have become friends and role models of millions of aspiring young people in the world.
1904, ostrovsky was born in a Ukrainian worker's family. His father is a seasonal worker in a brewery, and his mother is a cook in a big family. His family is very poor. So he only studied for three years, and at the age of ten he began to work to make a living. Ostrovsky has been engaged in various occupations, such as helping others release horses, working as a waiter in the station canteen, and working as an assistant fireman in a power plant. His poor and humiliating life cultivated his hatred and rebellious character towards the old world. 13 years old
How the Steel Was Tempered
At that time, he began to take an active part in revolutionary activities. 19 18, ostrovsky's hometown was occupied by the Germans. He risked his life to complete the task of collecting enemy information and posting revolutionary notices on castle wolfenstein sentry box, showing his wit, courage and fear of sacrifice, and winning the praise of his comrades. 19 19 In July, ostrovsky's hometown established the * * * * Youth League. He became the first generation member of the * * * Youth League and took part in the Red Army's fight against the White Bandit Army. The following year, in a fierce battle, his head and abdomen were injured in many places, and his right eye lost 80% of his vision because of the injury. Serious injuries forced Ostroff to leave the team. But as soon as the injury improved, he turned to labor construction with a high degree of revolutionary consciousness. First, I worked as an assistant electrician in a railway factory, and then I volunteered to join the commando team and put myself into the hard work of building railways. On the construction site, he contracted typhoid fever and rheumatism and was often in a coma. Not yet recovered from his serious illness, he actively participated in the intense labor of grabbing firewood on the Dnieper River. Because of soaking in waist-deep ice water for a long time, rheumatism became more serious, and soon she suffered from polyarthritis and pneumonia. Since then, he has lost his minimum health, and it is getting worse and worse. At 1929, he was paralyzed, blind and completely unable to move, but he was not pessimistic at all. "As long as his heart has not stopped beating, he must make himself useful to the Party." Learning literary creation is lying in a hospital bed.
How the Steel Was Tempered
Ostrovsky found the ticket of life.
At the end of 1927, ostrovsky wrote a novella about the growth and heroic battle of kotov cavalry brigade in the struggle against the disease. Two months later, when the novel was finished, he sealed it up and asked his wife to send it to the comrades of kotov Cavalry Brigade in Odessa for advice. Comrades enthusiastically evaluated the novel, but never expected that the manuscript was lost by the post office on the way back. This unexpected blow was too cruel for him, but it didn't dampen his strong will. At the same time, when he was studying at Sverdlov Correspondence University, he began to conceive a larger novel, How Steel was Tempered. The novel published by 1934 was a great success, and he was also accepted as a member of the Soviet Writers Association. Later, ostrovsky began to write another trilogy novel, Born in the Storm, in recognition of his creative work and outstanding contributions in literature. 1936 65438+In February, ostrovsky died in Moscow because of a serious illness.
3. The characters in the book
Pavel Colta King (nickname: Paul Fu Lusha Paovka)
Celessa Bruzak-Paul's childhood friend, a Red Army soldier and secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee.
Valeria Ruzsak-Xie brought her sister, a Communist Youth League member.
Lida Ustinovich, a staff member of the Political Department of the Red Army Division, is a member of the Standing Committee of the Youth League Committee.
Ivan Zarki, Red Army soldier and secretary of the Youth League Committee.
IGAD pankratov-Docker, Communist Youth League Secretary of the Freight Station.
Nikolai okunev-Secretary of the Youth League Committee of the Machine Repair Factory, Secretary of the Youth League Committee of * * *
Fyodor Zhu Laihe-sailor, underground worker of the Party, chairman of the provincial committee for eliminating counter-revolutionaries, and deputy director of the secret service department of the military region.
Dorynnik Carpenter, the underground worker of the Party, and the chairman of the Municipal Revolutionary Committee.
How the Steel Was Tempered
Achim-* * Secretary of the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of Ukraine.
Tokarev, an old locksmith, captain of the road construction team and secretary of the district party committee.
Alexander Puzyrevski-Leader of the Red Army
Old Bolshevik
Aerjiaom Kochakin-Paul's brother, fitter, chairman of the city Soviet.
Politowski-Train Driver
Zahar Ruzsak-Xie took his father, the co-driver of the train.
Maria Yakovlev —— Paul's mother
Daya Kochakina (nickname: Dayusha)-female worker, Paul's wife.
Tonia Tu Mannova-Paul's boyhood girlfriend, the daughter of a forestry official.
Dmitry Dubawa-* * * Secretary of the Communist Youth League District Committee, Trotskyite
Volodya Tufta-* * Minister of Registration and Distribution Department of the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee, Trotskyite.
Cvita's-Trotskyite, Secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of the Railway Factory.
Father Vasily, member of Ukrainian Social Revolutionary Party, counter-revolutionary.
Victor Lescinsky-Polish hereditary aristocrat, middle school student and informer.
Petriura-bandit leader
4. Theme idea
How Steel was Tempered is an excellent novel that describes the growth process of new people and reveals their excellent qualities. When a British reporter asked the author why
How the Steel Was Tempered
Ostrovsky, entitled "How Steel was Tempered", replied: "Steel was cast in fire and quenching. Only in this way can we become hard and not afraid of anything. Our generation was also tempered in such struggles and arduous tests, and learned not to be decadent in front of life. " This title vividly summarizes the ideological content he wants to express; The growth path and ideological character of my generation.
The novel tells people through Paul Kochakin's growth path that only by defeating the enemy in the hardships of the revolution can we defeat ourselves, and only by linking our pursuit with the interests of the motherland and the people can we create miracles and grow into an iron warrior. Revolutionaries are tempered into steel in struggle, which is an important theme of the novel. By revealing Paul's resolute character of daring to overcome any difficulties and hardships for the cause of the party and the people, the novel vividly tells the younger generation what is the ideal of productism and how to work hard for its understanding. What kind of life revolutionary soldiers should lead is another theme of the novel. What Paul said when he visited the cemetery of his female comrade-in-arms, Valen, is a confession of his materialistic outlook on life and also an exposition of the theme of the novel: "Life is the most precious thing for a person, and life belongs to him only once. This is how people should spend their lives; When he looks back on the past, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of being mediocre; In this way, when he dies, he can say,' My life and all my energy have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind.' The theme of the novel can be summarized as follows: one's life should be spent like Paul Kochakin.
5. Artistic features
How the Steel Was Tempered
How Steel was Tempered is an autobiographical novel. Many stories in the novel come from the author's personal experience, so it is more real and touching to read. However, the author does not stick to the facts of life, and does a lot of typical treatment of characters and plots. How the Steel was Tempered, like Gorky's autobiographical trilogy, has made an important contribution to the innovation of autobiographical novels.
The whole description of the novel revolves around the growth of the protagonist, with a compact and natural structure. When portraying the hero's character, people show his excellent qualities from different aspects. By describing how Paul views prison, war, work, friendship, love, illness and setbacks, that is, how to view revolution and personal, public and private, life and death and other major issues, the image of Paul as a steel soldier is particularly full, vivid and radiant.
6. Wonderful quotations
Life is the most precious thing for people, and life belongs to people only once. A person's life should be spent like this: looking back, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of doing nothing; In this way, when he dies, he can say, "My life and all my energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind."
7. Character image
The greatest achievement of the novel How Steel was Tempered is to successfully create a typical image of Paul Kochakin, a new industrialist who was trained by the Bollvik Party and tempered in the bonfire of revolution and hard environment. He wrote a magnificent poem for the party and the people with his class stand of distinguishing love from hatred, lofty moral outlook, high revolutionary passion, magical vitality and iron will.
Paul is a self-conscious and selfless revolutionary fighter. He always puts the interests of the party and the motherland first. In the war years of blood and fire, Paul and his brothers galloped on the battlefield together, fighting bloody battles with foreign armed meddlers and white bandit troops to defend the Soviet regime, showing their dedication to the revolutionary cause and not being afraid of sacrifice. In those difficult years of healing the wounds of war and restoring the national economy, he devoted himself to peaceful labor with all his enthusiasm. Although he used to be an iron horse with blood, he didn't take credit and didn't consider personal fame and fortune. He just wants to do more for the party and the people. The party asked him to build the railway, and he went; The party wanted him to be a league cadre, but he went and was killed. He can even sacrifice love for the revolution. He loved Ada, but influenced by the gadfly, he wanted to "devote himself completely to the revolutionary cause", so he left without saying goodbye in the form of gadfly. After paralysis and blindness, all he needs in life is to continue working for the party. As he said, "all my life and energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind."
Paul is a staunch revolutionary fighter who has withstood severe tests in all aspects of his life. In the face of the enemy's torture, he is firm and indomitable; On the battlefield of bullets, he went forward bravely; In the struggle against diseases that devoured life, he discouraged death many times and created a miracle of "coming back to life". In particular, he struggled to climb the palace of art from the time of his death, showing the highest realm that a revolutionary soldier's iron will can reach.
Paul is also a hero who sees greatness from the ordinary. There is nothing earth-shattering in his resume. He always starts with the most common things. Faced with the heavy blow of the disease, he also had the idea of suicide. It was in his heroic passion to fight the disease that he contained the danger of "Left" infantilism. Paul finally realized that his behavior of not caring for his body could not be called heroic behavior, but willfulness and irresponsibility. Therefore, Paul is great and ordinary. He is an iron warrior who gradually matured in the fire of revolution, and he is a true and affectionate example.
Paul is also a typical autobiographical image based on the author himself. The author describes Paul according to his own life experience and real feelings. So Paul's touching story is not an artistic fiction, but basically a true story, which is more touching because it is true. However, the author opposes to regard this novel as the author's autobiography completely, because "this is a novel, not a biography". He concentrated the thoughts and personality characteristics of many similar figures in his contemporaries on Paul in a typical way. He said: "In this book, I am not writing about Paul Kochakin alone, but about millions of men and women who are searching for gold and fighting for their own happiness!" Paul's image is both autobiographical and sketchy. He is the most outstanding and typical representative of the socialist young generation.
8. Three relationships
His three relationships with Tonya (daughter of a forestry official), Lida (female political commissar) and Daya (worker) imply the spiritual process of a red Russian gradually moving away from the flesh and luxury and moving closer to the spirit, principles and ideas. The love for tonia comes from the initial heart of an ignorant teenager and is a natural yearning for anyone's beautiful and comfortable life; The love with Lida's political commissar was born in the revolutionary life of * * *, and the slogan "Revolution is above everything else" stifled Paul's remaining love for Lida. The marriage with Daya, a worker's daughter, comes from salvation rather than love. At this time, Paul was physically disabled and mentally outstanding. Paul saved himself with "spirit" and "will", and also lit up the eyes of elegance. His spirit has always been regarded as "a beacon of capitalism".
To tell the truth, the reason why this book has been favored by young readers in China is really because it is full of growing pains and youthful true love in the first half. In the era when literature has no love, the word "tonia" warms many hearts longing for love with its unique exotic flavor and mysterious image collocation. It can be said that "tonia" at that time was synonymous with "love", and "love" grew and flourished in readers' hearts with the appearance of tonia, like a hot and claustrophobic one in winter. Just as tonia, who broke up with Paul as an adult, made a hopeless ripple in the readers' hearts in that year with a different mode of criticism and propaganda-it was that era that coincided with a more tragic love in the aesthetic sense, giving young people in that particular era a spiritual baptism of "wanting to love but not being able to", thus deeply appreciating the sublimity and rarity of love. Although this ending is dignified, the first generation of young readers who read How Steel was Tempered are extremely lucky to find a romantic blueprint that they can learn and use now. Of course, they can't forget such a good book that has brought great enlightenment to their life development. ...
A new journey has begun, and the rebellious side is a new child. Don't you see the joy on their faces? It is a knowing pleasure to find something unexpected from the texts that are allowed to read, because they are young and have enough enthusiasm to celebrate themselves. Of course, you may say with a sophisticated smile, "One day …" Yes, it is the end of time, only the mainstream and rebellion, but you have been traveling so peacefully.
9. Major achievements
The greatest achievement of the novel How Steel was Tempered is to successfully create a typical image of Paul Kochakin, a new industrialist who was trained by the Bollvik Party and tempered in the bonfire of revolution and hard environment. He took the class position of love and hate, lofty morality and lofty
How the Steel Was Tempered
Revolutionary passion, miraculous vitality and iron will compose magnificent poems dedicated to the party and the people. Paul is a self-conscious and selfless revolutionary fighter. He always puts the interests of the party and the motherland first. In the war years of blood and fire, Paul and his brothers galloped on the battlefield together, fighting bloody battles with foreign armed meddlers and white bandit troops to defend the Soviet regime, showing their dedication to the revolutionary cause and not being afraid of sacrifice. In those difficult years of healing the wounds of war and restoring the national economy, he devoted himself to peaceful labor with all his enthusiasm. Although he used to be an iron horse with blood, he didn't take credit and didn't consider personal fame and fortune. He just wants to do more for the party and the people. The party asked him to build the railway, and he went; The party wanted him to be a league cadre, but he went and was killed. He can even sacrifice love for the revolution. He loved Ada, but influenced by the gadfly, he wanted to "devote himself completely to the revolutionary cause", so he left without saying goodbye in the form of gadfly. After paralysis and blindness, all he needs in life is to continue working for the party. As he said, "all my life and energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind." Paul is a staunch revolutionary fighter who has withstood severe tests in all aspects of his life. In the face of the enemy's torture, he is strong and unyielding; On the battlefield of bullets, he went forward bravely; In the struggle against diseases that devoured life, he discouraged death many times and created a miracle of "coming back to life". In particular, he struggled to climb the palace of art from the time of his death, showing the highest realm that a revolutionary soldier's iron will can reach. Paul is also a hero who sees greatness from the ordinary. There is nothing earth-shattering in his resume. He always goes from the most common.
How the Steel Was Tempered
Start with small things. Faced with the heavy blow of the disease, he also had the idea of suicide. It was in his heroic passion to fight the disease that he contained the danger of "Left" infantilism. Paul finally realized that his behavior of not caring for his body could not be called heroic behavior, but willfulness and irresponsibility. Therefore, Paul is great and ordinary. He is an iron warrior who gradually matured in the fire of revolution. He is a true and affectionate role model. Paul is also a typical autobiographical image based on the author himself. The author describes Paul according to his own life experience and real feelings. So Paul's touching story is not an artistic fiction, but basically a true story, which is more touching because it is true. However, the author opposes to regard this novel as the author's autobiography completely, because "this is a novel, not a biography". He concentrated the thoughts and personality characteristics of many similar figures in his contemporaries on Paul in a typical way. He said: "In this book, I am not writing about Paul Kochakin alone, but about millions of men and women who are searching for gold and fighting for their own happiness!" Paul's image is both autobiographical and sketchy. He is the most outstanding and typical representative of the socialist young generation.
10. Movies and TV series
How the Steel Was Tempered
This novel has been made into movies and TV series many times.
1942, the Soviet Union filmed the film How Steel was Tempered on the basis of the first film How Steel was Tempered.
1957, the Soviet Union filmed Pavel Colta King according to the second part of How Steel was Tempered.
1999, Chinese mainland adapted a TV play of the same name based on the original book How Steel was Tempered, in which many Ukrainian actors were used and dubbed in Chinese. This is the first Soviet TV series adapted by China. The broadcast in 2000 was very popular. Screenwriters: Liang, etc. Chief Director: Han Gang. The play won 18 China TV Golden Eagle Award and the 20th China TV drama Flying Award.
Main content: The novel takes Paul's life experience as a clue, showing the vast historical picture of Soviet Russia and the people's hard struggle life from 19 15 to 1930.
1 1. Reading experience
How the Steel Was Tempered
This is a novel with lofty idealism; (2) successfully shaping Paul? Kochakin, a proletarian hero; (3) novels are mainly narrative and description, including inner monologues, letters and diaries, aphorisms and so on. Interspersed among them, the characters are lifelike. ④ The description of scenery, psychology and environment in the novel is also excellent, with concise and beautiful language and expressive force. Character image-typical plot-personality characteristics: Paul? Kochagin was a child laborer, and he was tortured and insulted at the lowest level of society since he was a child. Later, under the influence of Zhu, he gradually embarked on the revolutionary road. After that, he experienced a series of life challenges and made himself stronger and stronger. Even when the injury mercilessly took away his health and forced him to lie in the hospital bed, he still did not give in to fate, but wrote with tenacious perseverance and practiced his life oath in another way. Has the spirit of dedication to the ideal, the iron will and the noble quality of tenacious struggle.
12. Appreciation of wonderful chapters
How steel is made is divided into two parts. The first part describes the civil war, and the second part describes economic recovery and socialist construction. The second part is the all-round theme of the book, which shows the smelting of "steel" and "steel". The most important chapters are the second and ninth sections.
13. Related information
Author: Ni ostrovsky
Hero Paul
Burke party
The gadfly and Spartacus