Zhang Zai was a famous philosopher and thinker in Song Dynasty, the founder and leader of Guan Xue, and also a famous educator in Northern Song Dynasty. Thirty-eight years old, admitted to Jinshi. Although he was an official three times and was called into the gold twice, his main activities were giving lectures and writing books. When Zhang Zai was fifteen, his father died in Fuzhou, and the whole family escorted the coffin back to Kaifeng and went to Wuhou Temple in Mianxian County. After paying their respects, Zhang Zai wrote an inscription: "Words are taught, deeds are enforced, appointments are made every day, income is earned at night, and interest is raised, that is, something is saved." "Teaching by example, combining law with practice" means that everything you say and do should be educational and actions should be disciplined. "What you can do during the day is what you can do at night", which means that you should practice every day and meditate on your achievements at night. "Rest support, instant existence" means that you must keep your body and temperament at rest, and you can't rest assured that you will not be adversely affected in an instant. Zhang Zai's "six lines" later became his criterion for educating students. At the age of twenty-one, he wrote "Nine Articles for Protecting the Country", rushed to Yan 'an to meet Fan Zhongyan, and put forward his own idea of dealing with Xixia to recover lost land. At the age of thirty-eight, when he was admitted to the Jinshi Examination in Beijing, he set up a tiger skin to talk about the Yijing in Suoguo Temple in Beijing, which was appreciated by Wen Yanbo, the prime minister. At the age of forty-six, Wen Yanbo was dismissed, transferred to Chang 'an to rectify the northwest defense, and invited Zhang Zai to Chang 'an "Temple School" (the highest institution in northwest China). At the age of forty-seven, Wang Ledao (the highest education official in the northwest, namely "Beijing") invited him to give lectures again, because all the people who listened to his lectures were from prefectures and counties. He proposed to these scholars that they should learn more practical knowledge and leave fewer messages (items) in the imperial examination, advocated that scholars study practical social problems, and put forward the slogan of "making a living for the world, the people, and the people". Later, these four sentences became the tenet of Guan Xue School. At the age of 49, at the invitation of Zhang Sanfu, a martial arts masterpiece, he gave a lecture in Wugong Lvye Pavilion. At the age of 50, Zong Shen summoned him and asked about the way to govern the country. He took "three generations gradually" (restoring Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties) as the way to govern the country. The core is to govern the country by virtue and take teaching as the foundation, and it is named Chongwen Academy Book. Later, due to the fierce conflict between his brother Zhang Jian and Wang Anshi on political reform, he resigned and returned to his hometown. Fifty-one-year-old Zhang Zai returned to Hengqu and founded Hengqu Academy. While giving lectures, he wrote a book and said, "Think back and read on". At that time, scholars from Guanzhong and Northwest China gathered at the gate of Zhangzai in Hengqu, which was the mature period of Zhangzai's thought (including educational thought). True Dream, A Theory of Hengqu and Xue Jing Li Dong were all finished in this period. From Zhang Zai's important lecture activities and book writing, we can see that his teacher-student relationship and scope of activities, especially his resignation to give lectures and write books in Hengqu, have formed a complete set of educational thoughts. Now I will introduce his educational thought from the following three aspects. First, the purpose and function of education. Confucianism before the Northern Song Dynasty emphasized the use of "theory of human nature" to clarify its educational tasks and purposes, so it paid special attention to the study of human nature. Confucius put forward that "sex is similar, learning is far away"; Mencius founded the "theory of good nature"; Gou Zi founded the "theory of evil nature"; Dong Zhongshu divides human nature into three categories: one is the nature of saints (people with super wisdom "self-note"), the other is the nature of struggle (people with super wisdom "self-note"), and the third is the nature of ordinary people (self-note). In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhang Zai's view of human nature was not only related to the above Confucianism, but also developed greatly. His greatest contribution is to divide human nature into "nature of heaven and earth" and "nature of temperament". He believes that the nature of heaven and earth is good, and the key lies in the transformation of "temperament" He said: "Shape follows temperament, and goodness is contrary to the nature of heaven and earth. People are rigid, talented, and biased. " It means that when a person was born, his parents gave him good flesh and blood, but after birth, due to the influence of social environment, he turned to "temperament". Some people are quick-tempered, some are gentle, some are talented, and some are shallow or stupid. These are temperament deviations formed by different levels of social environment and education, which requires "doing the opposite", that is, correcting the changing temperament through education. The "temperament change" that needs to be pointed out here is the quality education that we advocate today. Zhang Zai believes that through quality education, we can reach the highest level of a gentleman (a man of faith), a saint (a man of great wisdom) and a saint (a man of great wisdom). So how does "temperament" change? Zhang Zai has two propositions: First, there must be a good environment. He wrote, "There is a loving heart, a natural heart and a healthy body." . Learning must be like a saint, thinking that knowing people doesn't know the sky, and seeking sages instead of saints is also a major shortcoming of literati since Qin and Han Dynasties. It means that in a good environment, people can always be taught by teachers and good friends and will inevitably become sages. If they often develop this style, they will be able to achieve super powers and super wisdom. The style of study since Qin and Han dynasties only requires the attainments of sages, which is the biggest drawback. Zhang Zai's "changing temperament" still has realistic positive significance for educating young students. Second, "Be polite." He pointed out in "The Scholars" that "write off what you have done in the past, make your behavior polite, and your temperament will be all right." He means that as a student, we should first get rid of the unrestrained and careless habits in the past, and take learning manners and manners as the main way to improve our own quality, so as to be knowledgeable and polite. At the same time, Zhang Zai also took the lead in implementing etiquette norms, which greatly shocked the students. Unmarried girls are even required to participate in social activities such as sacrifices and funerals, so that they can understand the procedures of etiquette norms and achieve the purpose of "improving morality" and changing social atmosphere. His slogan of "being polite and natural" had a great influence in Guanzhong area, which greatly improved the customs of Guanzhong at that time. Second, pay attention to practical teaching experience and methods Zhang Zai's teaching method theory and practice are mostly based on the teaching principles of Confucianism after Confucius and Mencius mentioned in the Book of Rites, and on this basis, combined with his own teaching practice experience, he has made creative development. To sum up, there are the following points: (1) Encourage students to establish their own wishes and stimulate their interest in learning. He put forward that "ambition can make people angry." ("temperament") "I am interested in literati, regardless of the beauty and evil of Qi, just look at my ambition! People can't win, and patients can't be brave. " ("The Cave of Confucian Classics") "If you are determined not to be big or small, you will be easy, and if you are easy, you will not be able to enter. If you are not interested, you will be absent-minded. " The meaning of these paragraphs is: teachers are required to teach students to set up their ambitions first. With lofty aspirations, they can stimulate the spirit of active learning. At the same time, teachers should understand the actual temperament of students and conduct appropriate teaching at the right age and time. As long as students are ambitious and interested in learning, they will eventually become saints. (Note) He is against students' lack of volunteers, and even more against the style of study since the Qin and Han Dynasties. He only requires scholars to reach the highest level, which is a major drawback of delaying students. He compared students to climbing a mountain. He said: "Today, if people are studying, they can only get married if they climb the foothills. When they reach the steep mountains, they must stride forward firmly. " Learning is like climbing a mountain. When you are about to reach the top of the mountain, you must have the determination, perseverance and courage to climb the most difficult and steep mountain, and you will eventually reach the top (today's interpretation). (2) It is advocated that the teaching method should have a certain procedure, and in the teaching content, there should be an order from easy to difficult and easy to difficult. Teachers should implement the principle of step by step in teaching. On the other hand, they should teach according to the individual needs of students. He wrote: "Teach them not to be accused, but not to be stolen. If you throw stones at them with water, they won't accept it. " This means that if you don't teach students in accordance with their aptitude, like a field covered with water, stones will not accept them, but will flow elsewhere. This requires teachers to pay great attention to cultivating students' "heart to be taught". Through his own teaching experience, Zhang Zai summed up the beneficial experience of unifying the difficulty of teaching content with students' "temperament beauty and evil (quality difference)" and arranging the teaching process, which is worth learning from today's people's teachers. (3) Encourage students to use inquiry methods. He pointed out in "The True Story": "Teachers like Hong Zhong and Hong Zhong have never heard a sound, but they knock at the door with a sound. "This means that teachers who are good at dealing with students' problems must give satisfactory answers according to the size of students' problems, and they must take their time. He also said that "saints know nothing, but ask and know." What he means is that even a saint is empty-headed before asking questions, and he has no prejudice. He had to wait until he asked the question before he knew the truth. This requires teachers to use their attitudes and methods flexibly to treat students' questions. Isn't this way of asking questions exactly what we need to strengthen today? (4) Emphasize that "learning is good for being an official, but learning is useless." He said: "People who don't know doubts will only be inconvenient to implement, so there must be doubts and unreasonable doubts about implementation. If you doubt but don't doubt, you won't learn, and if you doubt, you will be old-fashioned. " It means: "There must be problems in reading. It is a good thing to have problems, which can force you to study hard. When these problems are solved, you will feel fruitful and progress. The more difficult problems, the more knowledge you gain and the faster progress you make. So how to solve these problems? He said, "If you have doubts about righteousness, you will get rid of old ideas in order to get new ones. If you have heard it in your heart, you will name your reading notes, but if you don't think about it, you will still forget it. "It is more necessary to help with friends." "Learning from the Great Plains" means that "a scholar should read more books, think independently, be open-minded, get rid of subjectivism and get help from others, so as to gain experience and gain something". At the same time, Zhang Zai has always advocated the practical learning style of "being useful is not as valuable as being valuable", and encouraged students to go out of high-walled schools and exercise in practice. He first advocated "practice" against "empty talk" and "imperial examination guest book", and supported students to attach importance to natural sciences, such as astronomy, geography, biology, I ching, medicine, art of war, mining fields and other fields. He himself has also made outstanding achievements in this respect. This is enough to show the advanced nature of Zhang Zai's educational thought and academic viewpoint under the historical conditions at that time. (5) He advocated "combining teaching with morality". He believes that teachers should not only preach, teach and dispel doubts, but also complement each other in the teaching process. One is: in the process of teaching people repeatedly, it is also a process of further improving yourself and deeply understanding the meaning of the text; Second, because people are often worried about their wrong behavior, they will be more strict with themselves and make teachers more rigorous. For example, at the age of 38, standing in a tiger skin in Beijing to talk about "Yi" is very popular with many people. In the evening, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi came to see him, and Zhang Zai and Cheng discussed the problems in the Book of Changes. They found themselves inferior to Cheng Er in this respect. The next day, they said to the students who were listening, "Yi Dao is better than watching Cheng Er. I can learn from him." So he quit the poker table, which shows that he can absorb the strengths of others and make up for his own shortcomings. He can cultivate his nature with an open mind and has no opinion. Third, the rigorous practical style and harmonious teacher-student relationship Zhang Zai gave lectures at Hengqu Academy. Most of his disciples are scholars and juren who are about to enter Jinshi College, and some are middle and small officials, such as county magistrates, magistrates, judges and scholars. His students are very different in age, so he always demands himself with Confucian ethics, giving people a sense of fortitude and strict virtue, and living a simple and carefree life. Later, people called the place where Zhang Zai gave lectures "Erming Academy". These four sentences (quotations) became the purpose of Guan Xue and later became the motto of Hengqu Academy. Therefore, the students he trained can pay attention to reality. His disciple Lu Dajun likes to say that "Ming and the military system think that the right path is right, and it must be done, and it can be implemented when it is put into storage" ("Song and Yuan Learning Cases"). You Shixiong and Li Fu, both of whom emphasize teaching as a teacher, understand military affairs and are both excellent soldiers. You Shixiong once made great contributions to the Jin People's War. Li Fu once corrected a military fallacy of the imperial court and the superstition of "eclipse" in the society at that time, and also wrote an article on "Eclipse" to differentiate syndromes. His disciple Zhang Shunmin once mourned his teacher Zhang Zai and said, "There was a scholar in Guanzhong named Mr. Hengqu. As soon as he boarded his door, he knew everything he said and did. After he finished his studies, he traveled thousands of miles, and the criticism that he did not change for ten years often seemed to be around. " It can be seen that the relationship between Zhang Zai and his disciples is both serious and strict. "History of Song Dynasty Zhang Zaizhuan" recorded him: "Sitting in a room all day, simply editing and looking around, after reading, thinking back, knowing what you have, or sitting up in the middle of the night, holding candles and books." We have no worries about food and clothing, give lectures to students, and every time we tell them how to change their temperament, students will be like saints. His disciple Lu Dalin commented: "Mr. Wang is resolute, virtuous and strict, but he lives with others and is close for a long time." Zhu praised: "Few scholars study as hard as Hengqu." "It's great to see that the cross canal works most closely." "Cross canal teaches human nature, and sleeps at night, because no one meets each other. Everyone else is asleep and can't sleep. " Zhang Zai lived in harmony with his disciples, constantly exhorted him, set an example, and was strict with himself, which had a far-reaching influence on students and future generations, and he was worthy of being a master and a model of practical learning.