(1) the resistance movement in the opium war.

The first person in China to look at the world was Lin Zexu; Wei Yuan put forward "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" in the "Atlas of the Sea Country"

② Westernization School: Representative figures: Yi, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Zhang Zhidong, etc.

Zhang: Self-improvement by learning from foreigners: function: objectively stimulated the emergence of Chinese national capitalism.

Health has played a certain role in resisting the expansion of foreign economic forces.

(2) Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and Boxer Movement (peasant class)

(1) Hong Xiuquan: He founded the worship of gods and promulgated the Land System of China, hoping to use "gods" and make them absolute.

The egalitarian thought of saving China society.

② The Boxer Movement: The slogan of "Help the Qing Dynasty to Destroy the Foreign Countries" was used to save the crisis of the Chinese nation, and the result could only be in China.

The foreign reactionary forces failed under the joint strangulation.

(3) Reform (bourgeois reformists)

Background: With the initial development of state capitalism, the bourgeoisie, as a new political force, has stepped onto the historical stage.

Taiwan Province; The intensification of the national crisis.

Representative figures: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong.

Advocacy: learn from the west, implement constitutional monarchy, and carry out bourgeois reform movement from top to bottom.

Save the national crisis.

Process: writing letters on the bus (the prelude to the Reform Movement), establishing a powerful society (marking the formation of the political group of the Reform Movement), promulgating "making the country the imperial edict" (the beginning of the Reform Movement), and 1898 coup (the failure of the Reform Movement).

Function: It has played an enlightening role in society and is conducive to the spread of bourgeois ideology and culture.

It is patriotic and progressive, but the bourgeois constitutional monarchy is not feasible in China.

The exploration history of modern China people.

The modern history of China is not only a humiliating history of capitalist powers invading China and colluding with China feudal rulers to turn China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; It is also the history of China people's constant resistance to foreign capitalist aggression and their own feudal rule. At the same time, it is also the exploration history of all classes, strata and political factions in China to explore the way out for the country. This kind of struggle and exploration is under the banner of opposing aggression and defending national independence; Internally, anti-autocracy and striving for social progress are the core, and struggle and exploration are intertwined to promote the continuous development of China society.

1. Landlord class resistance (reformist)

Background and Proposition: The failure of the Opium War awakened some patriotic intellectuals of the landlord class from their dream of "going to heaven and going to the country" and began to pay attention to the world and the current situation, seeking ways to strengthen the country and resist aggression. Their proposition is "learning from foreigners to control foreigners."

Results: Due to the corruption of the Qing government, the policy of closing the country to the outside world and the limitations of the landlord class, the effect was not obvious.

Evaluation: The proposal of the landlord class resistance group made China germinate a new trend of thought to learn from the West, and encouraged China to actively explore the road of strengthening the country and resist aggression, so as to save the nation from peril. Due to the limited practice, it has not produced practical results.

2. Westernization of the landlord class

Background and Proposition: Under the double blow of the two Opium Wars and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, faced with internal troubles and foreign invasion, the ruling group of the Qing government disagreed on how to solve many crises in internal affairs and diplomacy, forming westernization and die-hards. The Westernization School advocated maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty with the advanced technology of the West, that is, "learning from foreigners to control foreigners".

Results: The Westernization Movement went bankrupt because of foreign obstruction, the destruction of feudal stubborn forces and the dispersion of forces.

Evaluation: The Westernization Movement, which aimed at maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, did not learn from the West in political system, which determined that it could not make China embark on the road of prosperity, and it was a self-help movement of the landlord class. However, the Westernization Movement was the first time in China's history that the idea of learning from the West was put into practice. It introduced modern western science and production technology, which was the beginning of China's modernization and induced the emergence of national capitalism. Modern education in China began with the establishment of new schools. Promoted the spread of western political theory and democratic thought; The establishment of private enterprises has played a certain role in resisting foreign economic aggression.

3. The peasant class

Background and Proposition: After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Tianjing its capital, in order to arouse the enthusiasm of the peasant revolution and promote the deepening of the revolution, the "Celestial Tianmu System" was promulgated. Through this plan, we will build an ideal society in which "the tiller has land, the eater has food, the wearer has clothes, and the money is used to earn money, which is uneven everywhere and no one goes hungry".

Results: Due to the limitations of the peasant class, the tension of the war environment, the unified distribution of land and the unified entry of production and living materials into the sacred library, this plan could not be really implemented because it violated the law of social development.

Evaluation: Abolishing the land ownership of the feudal landlord class is an anti-feudal revolution; It is backward to advocate small private ownership and abolish commodity economy, which goes against the law of social development; It is impossible to distribute land evenly and unify the means of production and living into the holy library. This is utopia.

4. Bourgeois reformists (reformists)

Background and proposition: the early reform thought provided the theoretical basis; The initial development of national capitalism and the growth of national bourgeoisie provide economic and class foundation; The deepening of the national crisis stimulated the emergence of this idea. Advocating constitutional monarchy to save the country, specifically: demanding resistance to imperialist aggression and getting rid of national crisis; Oppose feudal autocratic rule, advocate civil rights and implement constitutional monarchy; Develop capitalist economy; Learn and spread western science and culture.

Actual effect: From "Writing on the Bus" to the social and political movement and then to the failure of the Hundred-Day Reform, it shows that the capitalist reform road is not feasible in China. Its greatest achievement is that it has played an enlightening role in bourgeois ideology and made more intellectuals accept bourgeois political theories and ideas.

Evaluation: the thought of reform and political reform was the most progressive thought in China society at that time, because it wanted to develop capitalism in China; It is also patriotic, because it combines the reform idea with saving the nation from extinction. However, there is no content to abolish feudal land ownership, and there is no clear anti-imperialist program, which will inevitably lead to no broad mass base. The class foundation of reform and political reform is bourgeois intellectuals and enlightened gentlemen, and failure is inevitable.

5. Bourgeois revolutionaries (Democrats)

Background: At the end of 65438+2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, in order to intensify its economic aggression against China, imperialism launched fierce struggles and competitions, and the national crisis became more serious. The signing of the Xin Chou Treaty made the Qing government a "foreigner's court". At this time, national capitalism developed again, but it was restricted and hindered by imperialist and feudal forces.

Proposition: Bourgeois revolutionists put forward the theoretical program of the Three People's Principles with the western bourgeois' natural human rights, freedom and equality theory as revolutionary ideological weapons and the national conditions of China. Its basic proposition is to overthrow the Qing government by violence and establish bourgeois democracy.

Results: Because of the weak compromise of the national bourgeoisie and the collusion of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and the feudal monarchy, but the fruit was finally usurped by Yuan Shikai.

Evaluation: The Three People's Principles is a relatively complete program of bourgeois democratic revolution. It expresses the political and economic interests and demands of the bourgeoisie and reflects the common aspiration of the people of China for national independence and democratic rights. However, the Three People's Principles did not explicitly put forward the requirements of opposing imperialism, nor did they have a thorough land program. The final failure of the Revolution of 1911 shows that the bourgeois peace plan is not feasible in China.

6. Bourgeois radicals

Background: Before the Revolution of 1911, the reformists and revolutionaries criticized feudal thoughts incompletely. Beiyang warlord government carried out the counter-current of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways in the ideological field; During the First World War, with the development of capitalist economy, the bourgeoisie demanded democratic politics. Advocating the program as "democracy" and "science". Specifically, under the guidance of western civil rights, equality and Darwin's theory of evolution, radical bourgeois Democrats vigorously promoted the new bourgeois culture, including advocating democracy and science.