1. Suitable for people and children who lack vitamin A;
2. Patients with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and arteriosclerosis should not eat it; Pregnant women and obese people try to eat less or not. Different ghee has different effects. Yak butter can regulate the body, yak butter and goat butter can cool the wind and heat it, while yak butter and sheep butter are hot and can dispel the cold.
Second, what is the butter sculpture? A historical introduction to butter sculpture. Butter sculpture is a special form of sculpture.
It originated from Bonism. In 64 1 a.d., Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, and when she married Songzan Gambu, the king of Tibet, she brought a statue to Siddhartha Gautama and enshrined it in Jokhang Temple.
This Buddha statue originally had no crown. After learning Buddhism successfully, Zong Kaba presented a lotus-shaped "Dharma Protection Sign" on the head of the Buddha statue, put on a shawl and presented a string of "Butter Sculptures". This is the origin of butter sculpture. Ta 'er Temple is the birthplace of Zong Kaba, which soon spread to ghee sculptures and was popularized and developed in Ta 'er Temple. After this oil-plastic technique was spread to Ta 'er Temple in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, it was carefully developed by local artists' parents and achieved high artistic attainments.
Tibetan religious believers have the custom of offering ghee to temples, which is generally only for burning Buddha lanterns and monks to eat. Before the fifteenth day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar, they sent pure white ghee to Ta 'er Temple, where monks and artists kneaded various mineral dyes into embryonic materials for molding, and then set up shelves in a cold room for molding.
In order to prevent the shape of butter from being affected by the melting of body temperature, they sometimes put their hands into the biting snow to cool down. With the marriage of Tang and Fan, Princess Wencheng married Songzan Gambu, and the Buddha statue Sakyamuni was brought from the capital of Tang Dynasty to Jokhang Temple.
When her clothes were wet with tears and she couldn't restrain the pain of missing her loved ones, she came to the Buddha statue, burned incense, bowed down and sent her thoughts from afar. Later, after Princess Jincheng entered Tibet, she moved the Buddha statue to the splendid Jokhang Temple for worship.
On the fifteenth day of the first month of this year, when the believers offered offerings to the Buddha, there was a long queue, but only flowers were missing in the six-color offerings. So I decided to use ghee, which is available in every household, as raw material to make cream flowers that are no different from flowers.
In 64 1 year, the Tang Dynasty married Tubo. Welcome Princess Wencheng to * * *, she brought a 12-year-old Muny statue. Later, the Buddha statue was enshrined in Jokhang Temple. People in Xizang pays tribute to the Buddha statue. According to traditional Indian Buddhist customs.
There are six colors to support buddhas and bodhisattvas, namely flowers, incense, holy water, tile incense, fruit and Buddha lanterns. But at that time, it was too late to pick flowers, so I had to throw butter and shape a bunch of flowers for the Buddha.
Butter sculpture is a kind of oil-plastic handicraft, with butter as the main raw material. Butter is a creamy food for Tibetans and other herders on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is a yellow-white oil made of milk after repeated stirring.
This oil is solidified, soft and delicate, pure and fragrant, and highly plastic. The handicrafts it shapes are vivid, colorful and delicate.
According to legend, Master Zong Kaba made a Qimxy one night, dreaming that thorns turned into light, weeds into flowers, and countless treasures were colorful and dazzling. After waking up, in order to reproduce the beauty of dreams, artists and monks were immediately organized to shape various flowers, trees and treasures with ghee.
Together with countless butter lamps, dedicated to the Buddha. Pastry art and Lantern Festival have spread to Ta 'er Temple, the birthplace of Gelug Sect, for hundreds of years.
At first, the content of butter sculpture was monotonous and crude. Later, two butter sculpture institutes were established one after another to train butter monks. Monks in Shangxia Garden learn from each other's strong points in oil painting and plastic arts by virtue of their sincere devotion to Buddhism and persistent pursuit of art. The pattern is updated every year, and the content and theme are constantly changing.
Third, how to eat ghee There are many ways to eat ghee, mainly to drink butter tea or mix it.
Butter is the essence of Tibetan food, and plateau people can't live without it. Butter is a dairy product like butter, which is a fat extracted from milk and goat milk. People in Tibetan areas like yak butter best.
Yak butter produced in summer and autumn is bright yellow in color, sweet in taste and excellent in taste, but pale yellow in winter. Sheep butter is white, its luster and nutritional value are not as good as beef butter, and its taste is not as good as beef butter. Butter moistens the stomach and strengthens the spleen. It contains many vitamins and has high nutritional value.
In Tibetan areas with simple food structure, it can supplement the needs of the human body in many aspects. Butter has a wide range of uses and functions in Tibetan areas, which is unbelievable if it is not witnessed by yourself.
Extended data:
The legend of butter tea
Tibetans love butter tea, and a love story tells the origin of butter tea. Legend has it that there are two tribes in Tibetan areas, who once became enemies because of fighting.
Mei Meicuo, the daughter of the chief in charge of the tribe, fell in love with Wintunba, the son of the Nu chief, at work. However, due to the historical feud between the two tribes, the chief in charge of the tribe sent someone to kill Wintunba. During the cremation ceremony for Wintonba, Mei Meicuo jumped into the sea of fire to double suicide.
After the death of both sides, Meimeicuo went to the mainland to become tea on the tea tree, and Wentongba went to Qiangtang to become salt in the salt lake. Only when Tibetans play butter tea can tea and salt meet again.
Baidu encyclopedia-ghee
4. Why use ghee to offer Buddha? Of all the lamps, butter lamps can shock the hearts of believers the most. In the heavy chanting of the temple, butter lamps convey the infinite piety and prayers of believers, allowing the souls of the living and the dead to communicate and exchange.
Many outsiders came to Buddhist temples. In addition to all kinds of Buddha statues and dharma statues, what attracts and shocks them most is the enduring butter lamp.
Why do butter lamps light up day and night like this, and the quantity needs so much?
It turns out that butter lamps play an important role in the lives of Tibetan believers. In addition to temples, you can also see the spectacular sight of thousands of butter lamps flashing, and in Tibetan homes, you can also see long-lasting butter lamps.
Whether it is a prayer ceremony at home or a sacrifice for the dead, a few or hundreds of butter lamps should be lit to show piety to the Buddha.
Because people have too many wishes for butter lamps, they pay great attention to the cleanliness and purity of butter lamps and burning lamps. They must wash their hands before lighting the ever-burning lamps, and some people cover their mouths with towels and the like to avoid contaminating the gods.
Then let hope light up with the light of prayer.
What is the purpose of lighting butter lamps?
[The Book of Giving] records that those who give alms and burn lamps are wise and clear-sighted.
【 Bad karma 】 Ten kinds of blessings can be obtained by respectfully offering lanterns and using crispy incense treasures to worship Buddha in Buddhist temples:
1 Light up the world like a bright lamp. There is no disease in the eyes.
It is easy to prove that the eyes know everything. It has the wisdom to distinguish good from evil.
5. Nothing confusing or vague will happen. 6. It is not easy to be confused by foreign objects.
7. I will not be born in a dark and fatuous place. 8. There are great blessings.
9. Life is a lifetime (especially the past) 10. Nirvana quickly.
The butter lamps in Suxiang Baojing Temple are still good.
Due to the differences in regional environmental and technical conditions, the burning of Buddha lanterns used to worship Buddha statues produced oil smoke, blackened the surrounding space and polluted the sacred places of Buddha statues. In addition, special personnel are needed to look after the lights, adjust the wick and constantly add fuel.
Buddha said: burning butter lamps for Buddha can not only gain the extraordinary merit of supplying lamps, but also gain the merit of supporting food, so that the lamp-givers can enjoy the rapid growth of food.
Therefore, in order to protect the purity of Buddhist holy places and protect Buddhist historical relics and the environment; In order to show respect for the Buddha and provide quiet and pious service, most laity people use butter lamps to provide their services.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) How to eat ghee is the essence of Tibetan food, and plateau people can't live without it.
Butter is a kind of dairy product similar to butter, which is fat extracted from cattle and goat milk. People in Tibetan areas like yak butter best.
Yak butter produced in summer and autumn is bright yellow in color, sweet in taste and excellent in taste, but pale yellow in winter. Sheep butter is white, its luster and nutritional value are not as good as beef butter, and its taste is not as good as beef butter.
Butter moistens the stomach and strengthens the spleen. It contains many vitamins and has high nutritional value. In Tibetan areas with simple food structure, it can supplement the needs of the human body in many aspects.
Butter has a wide range of uses and functions in Tibetan areas, which is unbelievable if it is not witnessed by yourself. So, how is the ghee favored by * * * made? Every year in July, August and September, * * * plateau grass is plump and the climate is pleasant. Now is the peak season for fat female animals to produce milk, and it is an excellent opportunity to extract more and better ghee.
On the vast and boundless grassland, the bright sunshine is all over the pasture, and the fat cattle and sheep are leisurely eating grass. From a distance, like pearls and agates, they are dotted around; Like a cloud, floating around. How peaceful and peaceful the plateau scenery is, it makes people feel relaxed and happy.
At this time, women are at home, around tents, engaged in refining ghee and other dairy products. Refining ghee is commonly known as "beating ghee", and the tools are relatively simple: a ghee bucket and a large basin filled with appropriate amount of water.
The yellow oil barrel is made of wood and consists of three parts: (1) barrel, which is as high as a human chest, and nearly one-fifth of it sits in a pit with almost the same outer diameter as the barrel. The top, bottom and other parts of the barrel are equally thick, and the upper, middle and lower parts of the periphery are fastened with metal hoops or bamboo, rattan hoops and cowhide hoops respectively.
(2) Gallo, a thick wooden board slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the barrel, has five triangular or square holes on it, four of which are evenly distributed in all symmetrical parts of the board, and a wooden stick with a thick grip and a height of about 1 ft higher than the barrel is fixed on the square hole in the middle. Under normal circumstances, "Gallo" is always inserted in a bucket.
(3) For the wooden cover with the same outer diameter as the barrel, the "Gallo" handle extends from the central circular hole. Several wooden strips are fixed on the reverse side of the wooden cover, so that it can be more firmly covered on the bucket and keep the bucket clean. Although yellow oil drums vary in size, they can generally hold 60-80 kg of milk.
Every morning and evening, women pour the filtered fresh milk into ghee barrels to make it slightly fermented. If the fermentation is not good, add some warm water. Buttering is generally undertaken by a woman, and in case of infirmity or old age, it is also operated by two people at the same time.
When buttering, hold the wooden handle with both hands, and press "Jia Luo" to sink and touch the bottom of the bucket with the strength of the waist, arms and even the whole body; Let go and let the buoyancy lift it slowly. This cycle is repeated for nearly a thousand times, and the ghee is separated from the milk and floats on the surface.
At this time, the operator carefully scooped up ghee, stuck the oil stain on the barrel wall and put it in a big basin filled with cold water. Knead repeatedly in cold water with both hands until the impurities in ghee skim milk are removed.
People are used to patting ghee into flat or square blocks. In summer, a barrel of milk can produce 3-5 Jin of ghee.
When the butter blocks accumulate for a long time, men put them into soft calves or cattle and sheep bellies and sew them up for storage and transportation. Although the shortened work is monotonous, it requires skill and energy.
Think about it, how much pressure it takes to squeeze 80 kg of milk out of the gap between the barrel wall and the board and the four holes in the board! The author personally experienced, holding the handle, exhausted all his strength, "Gallo" swayed to the bottom of the bucket, and touched it for the second time, but spilled a lot of milk. It is really not easy to grasp this "degree"! The lively "Agala" (Tibetan name for women) makes people feel so relaxed when they butter.
They added singing and dancing wings to this work, adding artistic color to it: when their hands pressed "Jia Luo" to the bottom of the bucket, they sang "There's someone over there" with the sound of milk rushing in the bucket ("Ji" means one), then released one hand and reached to the side, bending down and leaning forward at the same time. When the loosened hand is retracted again, when "Jia Luo" is pressed to the bottom of the bucket again, the song of "Ni, Ni, holding two horses" ("Ni" means two horses) rings again, and then the loosened hand reaches to the same side, bends down and bends over ... so it "hits" ghee again and again, relaxing the muscles of the arms and waist. Their movements stretch, their rhythm is slow, and their songs are euphemistic.
Most of the lyrics are impromptu, such as "Jiuni, Jiuni, the wolf came at night, Jiusong Jiusong, everyone beat the wolf until dawn;" ..... Nixiu, Nixiu, the radio said that the satellite is in the sky, Zaki, Zaki, what is the satellite like? Wash, wash, the stars are shining that night, wash, wash, how can I meet my lover? ..... Ruisong, Ruisong, just now, the child fell, Rui Xi, Rui Xi, a two-year-old child wants to run, Rui A, Rui A, which is better than a calf and a lamb, Rui De, Rui De, just three days ago, jumping around his mother; ..... Dunjie, Dunjie, implore the Bodhisattva to bless me, Zhi Dun, Zhi Dun, bless my cream, sister research, sister research, Huang Chengcheng, delicious like a hill ... "In this way, butter was" beaten "out in the song with Agala's efforts. Butter, pronounced "horse" in Tibetan.
Isn't ghee just raising plateau people like a mother raising a child? * * * gens' attachment to "horse" is just like a child's attachment to his mother.
"Jiuni, Jiuni" means "twelve, twelve" in Tibetan. The first two syllables below are all pronounced in Tibetan, which is used to calculate the movement times of "Jia Luo".
6. Seek some stories and historical legends of the * * * area. Gadamer (1892-1931April 5), whose real name is Moletetu, whose real name is Nadamud, also known as Xiye, whose Chinese name is Meng Qingshan, Mongolian, is from Dalhan Banner (now Horqin Left Wing) in Zhelimu League (now Tongliao City) in Inner Mongolia.
"Gada" (the northeast dialect is the same as "Laogada") means the youngest brother in the family in Mongolian, and "Meilin" is his official position, that is, the commander-in-chief of Namdzhil Selenger, Prince Zasak Dahan. Gadamer studied in a private school for several years and is fluent in Mongolian and Chinese.
He has served as a flag guard for Zhang Jing, Kundu, Zhalan and Meilin. From the end of the Qing Dynasty, in order to consolidate the frontier defense and resist further aggression by Russia, the central government began to gradually reclaim land in Meng Qi, and the Han people were moved to become tenant farmers.
After the founding of the Republic of China, in February of 19 14, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Commerce, and Finance of the Republic of China and the Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs jointly formulated the General Principles for Prohibiting Private Release of Wasteland and the Incentive Measures for Reclaiming Wasteland, in order to prepare for vigorously reclaiming wasteland. From 19 16, warlord Zhang began to reclaim land on a large scale.
Opening up wasteland and guarding the border has strengthened the border defense, promoted the local economic development, but also harmed the interests of Mongolian herders. Since 1904 Baiyin Osaka Uprising, anti-reclamation uprisings have broken out one after another.
Zhang and Fengtian Prince Nangele Seleng agreed to reclaim a large grassland in the banner as agricultural land. By 1928, three-quarters of the land in Dalhan Banner had been reclaimed, and the grassland was reduced, forcing herders to leave their homes and causing dissatisfaction among local herders. Gadamerlin repeatedly went to the Bureau of Reclamation to oppose reclamation and was rejected.
1929 At the beginning of this year, shortly after the "flag change in Northeast China", Zhang Xueliang continued his plan to reclaim land in Meng Qi. Gadamerlin and others launched the "Dragon-only" movement, that is, all willing people signed a circle around the paper, hid the leader, and went to Shenyang to ask Namu Gilles.
On July 26th, * * * was arrested on behalf of Selenima, Zhao, Sangarubu and Gadamer, and was taken back to the flag and put in prison. 1 13 year 10 month 13 night, Gadamer's wife Peony Qiqige and others robbed the prison and rescued Gadamer.
So Gadamer organized an uprising, led an anti-reclamation army of more than 700 people, put forward the slogan of "Down with the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, and no looting of people's wealth", attacked the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army of Reclamation, expelled the survey team, and moved to Zhaowuda League (now Chifeng City) and Zhelimu League. Zhang Xueliang ordered Tang Yulin's Northeast Cavalry 17 Brigade, the 1st Cavalry Corps of Zhang Haipeng Department and the Li Shouxin Corps to send troops for encirclement and suppression.
On April 5th, 193 1, the anti-reclamation team was surrounded and annihilated at the Honggeer Aobaotun Ferry near the Xinkai River (now Mu Ren River in Wuliji) near the north of Tongliao, preparing to cross Henan, and Gadamer died. Li Shouxin cut off Gadamer's head and sent it back to Kailu for Cui, who sent it to Tang Yulin in a wooden box.
Tang Yulin gave it to Prince Dahan and hung it on the national flag for public display. Later, the people of Wulijimulun built the Meilin Temple along the river.
Five months later, the September 18th Incident broke out, and Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army retreated to Shanhaiguan, and the plan of grazing and reclaiming grassland did not continue. Although Gadamer's uprising failed, Zhang Xueliang's plan to graze grasslands was delayed.
Gadamer uprising is to protect the interests of Mongolian herders, and the biggest harm of reclamation today is the destruction of the environment. Due to short-sightedness and ignorance, people's reclamation of grasslands did not stop because of Gadamer's uprising.
Only the Horqin grassland was "abandoned" eleven times. Nowadays, most of the grasslands have been desertified and become "Horqin Sandy Land", which is a part of the sand dune plain in the West Liaohe River. It belongs to the developing desertification land, mainly in the semi-fixed state of wind erosion desertification land.
At present, Horqin Sandy Land is developing at an annual rate of 65,438 0.9%, with a total area of 80 million mu, making it the largest sandy land in China. Gadamer died in Uliji, and the Mu Ren River has now become a sand ditch.
The river has long been cut off, surrounded by sandy farmland, sandbags and sand dunes. The relevant authorities are trying to reverse desertification, and there is no obvious effect yet.
According to Xinhua News Agency, the latest monitoring by China State Forestry Administration shows that the green area of Horqin sandy land is about 750,000 mu more than the desertification area every year. Gadamer chronology 1929 launched the "Dugui Dragon" campaign; 1July 26, 929, went to Shenyang * * *, was arrested, brought back to this flag, and put into prison; 1929, 165438+ 10 month,13; Organize an uprising after being released from prison; 193 1 was killed by Zhang Xueliang's department on April 5.
There are many theories about the origin of Hada. There is a saying that the Han Dynasty left Zhang Qian.
There is also a saying that the ancient French king Bathba brought it back to Yuan Shizu after meeting Kublai Khan. At that time, there were designs of the Great Wall of Wan Li and the words "good luck" on the silk. Later, people made some religious explanations about the origin of Hada, saying that it is a ribbon on the fairy, and white symbolizes holiness and supremacy.
Drink butter tea: In * *, every Tibetan family can see butter anytime and anywhere. Butter is an indispensable food for every Tibetan.
Butter is extracted from milk and goat milk. In the past, herders used a special method to refine ghee. First, they heated the milk meter, then poured it into a big wooden barrel called Dongxue (about 4 feet high, with a diameter of 1 foot), and whipped it up and down for hundreds of times until the oil and water separated, and a layer of lake yellow fatty substance floated on it, scooped it up, poured it into leather bags, and cooled it to become ghee.
Now many places gradually use cream separators to extract ghee. Generally speaking, a cow can produce four or five catties of milk every day, and every hundred catties of milk can squeeze out five or six catties of ghee.
Butter can be eaten in a variety of ways, mainly by beating butter tea and drinking L, or blending with a rake. Stir-fry fruit on holidays and use ghee.
Tibetans like to drink ghee sticks on weekdays. When making butter tea, tea or brick tea is boiled with water for a long time to make it thick paste, then the tea leaves are poured into the "end of winter" (butter tea barrel), then butter and salt are added, and Jia Luo is pumped up and down for dozens of times, and the oil tea is stirred until it is mixed, and then it is poured into the pot to be heated, thus making delicious butter tea.
Tibetans often entertain guests with butter tea. They drink butter tea and have a set of rules. When the guest is asked to sit at the Tibetan square table, the host puts a wooden bowl (or teacup) in front of the guest.
Then the host (or housewife) lifts the butter tea pot (which is usually replaced by a thermos bottle now), shakes it a few times and fills a bowl of butter tea for the guests. If the guest doesn't drink the freshly poured butter paste, tell the host first.
When the host once again mentioned that the butter tea pot stood in front of the guests, the guests could pick up the bowl.