Time (about 2070 BC-about 65438 BC+0600 BC)

Character: Xia Qi

Process: Around 2070 BC, the Xia Dynasty was established, which was the first slavery dynasty in the history of China.

Background: the progress of productivity! Yu is the leader of the Xia tribe alliance in the Central Plains. After he became the "* * * Lord" of the tribal alliance, he tried to form an army, levy three Miao people in the south, build a city and formulate a criminal law, which provided a foundation for the establishment of the first dynasty in China history-Xia. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Yi (Boyi) was elected as the heir to the throne. After Yu's death, according to the tradition of tribal alliance, Yi held a funeral for Yu and mourned for three years. After three years of funeral, Yi failed to inherit the throne. "Yi Yu, the shallow, not contacts. Therefore, the princes all went to benefit and opened the court. " After three years of mourning, Yu, the son of the emperor, benefited from living in the sun of Jishan (Historical Records Xia Benji); Therefore, the history of China has entered the slave society of "home is the world" from "the world is the world for all".

Influence: from clan commune to slavery dynasty!

2. The establishment of Shang Dynasty

Time (about 1600 BC-about 1046 BC)

Character: Tang Tang

Process: About 1600 BC, the Shang royal family was a descendant of Qi, the son of the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and was named Shang Hou by Shun for his meritorious service in helping Yu control water. In the Tang Dynasty, with the help of Yi Yin, Xia Jie was defeated and the Shang Dynasty was established, which was considered to be a move of "relying on people in harmony with heaven". 、

Background: Xia Jie is cruel and heartless. People live in poverty! Shang Tang is cutting summer in the sky!

Influence: The dynasty changed, and a great Shang culture appeared.

3. Pan Geng moved to Yin.

Time: BC14th century,

Character: Pan Geng

Venue: Yin (Anyang)

Process: Twenty kings were passed from Shang Tang, and the throne was passed to Pan Geng. Pan Geng is a capable monarch. In order to change the social unrest at that time, he decided to move the capital again. However, most nobles crave comfort and are unwilling to move. Some powerful aristocrats also incited civilians to rise up against it, causing a great uproar. Faced with strong opposition, Pan Geng did not waver in his determination to move the capital. He called the nobles who opposed the move and patiently persuaded: "I want you to move the capital because you want to stabilize our country. Not only did you not understand my painstaking efforts, but you appeared unnecessary panic. It is impossible for you to change my mind. " Because Pan Geng insisted on moving the capital and defeated the opposition, he finally crossed the Yellow River with civilians and slaves and moved to Yin (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan). There, the politics of the Shang Dynasty was reorganized, which led to the revival of the declining Shang Dynasty. For more than 200 years, the capital has never moved. So Shang Dynasty is also called Yin Shang, or Yin Dynasty. King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Yin, and Shang Dynasty was called Yin or Yin Shang from now on.

Background: Maintain rules and find suitable capital points.

Influence: expanded the ruling foundation of Shang Dynasty!

4. The establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty

Time: (about BC 1046-BC 77 1 year)

People: Zhou Wuwang, Jiang Ziya

Process: Zhou's ancestor was Huangdi, Xia Dynasty was the leader of Zhou people, and was abandoned by Jiang Yuan's son "Hou Ji", and Hou Ji was in charge of farming. His clan is a tribe that is good at farming, which greatly promotes the economic development of the clan. In the early years of Shang Dynasty, Gong Liu, who abandoned his son, led his people to move from Taitai to Magnetism. After Gu Gong lost his father, he moved to the south of Qishan, calling himself Zhou. Zhou Wuwang and Konoha defeated the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in World War I and established the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of ancient China society. About 1046 BC, Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty, known as the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

Background: Shang Zhouwang is extremely cruel. The king of Wu attacked him in the sky!

Influence: The Zhou Dynasty entered the heyday of bronzes.

5. China riots

Time: 84 BC1

Character: Zhou Liwang. Zhou Gong, Zhao Gong,

Process: In 84 1 BC, because of dissatisfaction with the tyranny of Zhou Liwang, the "fellow villagers" of Haojing gathered together, armed with sticks and farm tools, besieged the palace and tried to kill Zhou Liwang. Zhou Liwang ordered the dispatch of troops. The minister replied, "We had soldiers in the Zhou Dynasty, and the people were soldiers and the soldiers were people. The people of China are rioting. Who else can they mobilize? " He led his cronies to escape from Haojiang River, along the banks of Weishui River, and fled to Bi (now huozhou city, Shanxi Province), where he died in 828 BC (Zhou * * * and fourteen years). China invaded the palace, but they couldn't find Zhou Liwang, so they turned to look for Prince Ji Jing. Zhao Mugong hid Ji Jing, and the people of China surrounded Zhao Mugong's home and called Zhao Mugong out of the prince by car. Zhao Mugong "took his son as the Crown Prince", and the Annals of Bamboo Records recorded that "(Chinese people) called Mu Gong's son to kill him". Persuaded by Zhou, Zhao Mugong and other ministers, China people calmed down some grievances and left one after another. At this time, there was no owner, and Zhou Gonghe, on the recommendation of the nobles, temporarily acted as an agent for political affairs, and important government affairs were collegiate. This regime is called * * * and (it is said that Hebo, the monarch of the * * * country, acted as the son of heaven). Historically, it was called "Zhao Zhou * * and" or "* * and administration". 【 Zhou Liwang was driven away by the China People's Uprising and ruled by the Duke of Zhou and * * *, which is well known in history.

* * * and administration. This year is called the first year of * * *, which is the beginning of the exact chronology of China's history.

Background: Zhou Liwang's brutal rule, people dare not speak!

Influence: It continued the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC)

6. The establishment of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Spring and Autumn Period)

Time: 770 BC

Character: Zhou Pingwang,

Process: At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Youwang adopted his son's uncle as the heir, and after the abolition, he married the prince. In the 11th year of Zhou Youwang (before 77 1), he fled to Shen's mother's uncle's house in September, and Shen Hou, together with Gui Guo and Quan Rong, attacked Zhou, killing You Wang and Yu Wang at the foot of Mount Li, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. The princes of Shen Hou, Lu Hou, Xu Wengong, etc. made Iraq a long-term king for the sake of Wang Ping. The following year (in 770, the first year), due to the destruction of Haojiang River and the war, with the help of Jin, Zheng, Qin and other governors, they moved eastward to Luoyi (now Luoyang) to avoid Rongkou. Rebuilding the Zhou Dynasty was the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: the strength of the Emperor of Zhou was reduced and the princes were out of control!

Influence: The history of China entered the Spring and Autumn Period.

Warring States period (475 BC-2265438 BC +0 years)

7. Shang Yang's political reform: 1 Reasons and background: (1) Developing the feudal economy and establishing the rule of the landlord class (the main reason); The desire of the country to be rich and strong. (2) The Warring States Period. 2 Start time: 3 reigning monarch in 356 BC: Qin Xiaogong 4 Reform contents: (1) Prepare household registration, strengthen punishment (conducive to strengthening centralization) (2) Encourage the development of agriculture, reward production (conducive to the economic development of Qin State) (3) Reward the army, and cancel the "clear record" system (conducive to improving the combat effectiveness of the army and infringing on the interests of the old slave owners and nobles). Recognize the private ownership of land (the most crucial item in establishing the rule of the landlord class) (5) Implement the county system (6) Unify unified measurement, currency and train tracks (7) Rectify the social customs of Qin State, implement the monogamous family system, and stipulate that father and son and adult brothers shall not share the same room, and shall not branch when they are adults. Double the household registration tax (8) implement the 20 th rank system (5) Impact: (1) abolish the hereditary privilege of the slave owners and nobles, promote the development of feudal economy, and strengthen the centralization of the emerging landlord class. (2) It laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries. (3) However, Shang Yang's severe punishment policy and cultural coercion also had a negative impact on the later Qin Dynasty. Message: "If you don't rule the world together, it's illegal to change the country." -Shang Yang 6 Nature: It is a relatively thorough reform of the landlord class.

8. Battle of Changping

Zhao, the place where the battle of Changping took place, became king for four years (262 BC) and conquered the king of Hanye. The wild king surrendered to Qin, and the party could never do it. South Korea was greatly frightened and proposed that Qin Jun be stopped by the donor. The county magistrate refused to enter Qin, so he sent someone to ask Zhao to surrender, and he readily agreed. Qin Jun was furious, so that Wang Bi, the commander-in-chief, led the troops to attack again. Zhao Sui made Lian Po lead an army to confront Qin Jun in Changping. In the third year, the Qin dynasty turned her daughter's line to the line against Zhao. In July, Zhao changed generals, and Zhao Kuo replaced Lian Po. The defeat was heavy, and Zhao died in the pit of 400 thousand. This war is regarded as a turning point in the Warring States period. From then on, countries no longer have the strength to confront each other, so it is only a matter of time before Qin reunites China. Mencius and Li Lou described the war scenes in the Warring States Period like this: "Fighting for land, killing people for profit; Fight for the city, fight for the city. "Looking at the 270-year history of the Warring States, we can see that this statement is no exaggeration. Of course, as far as the scale of the war and the intensity of destruction are concerned, among the many wars at that time, nothing is more thrilling than the battle between Qin and Zhao Changping. In 260 BC, Qin won the battle of Changping, and the general of Qin killed 400,000 troops of Zhao in vain. This war laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries.

9. The establishment of the Qin Dynasty

Time of Qin Empire: (22 BC1year-206 BC)

Venue: Xianyang

Character: Qin Shihuang

Process: Through the efforts of several generations, Qin finally became very powerful! When Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, was finally destroyed, Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei and Chu established the Qin Dynasty!

Background, people long for peace. Together, the world will be strong. The rapid development of productive forces laid the economic foundation for feudalism!

Influence is an extremely important dynasty in the history of China, which was developed in the late Warring States Period. It ended the 500-year separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and became the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China. From Qin Shihuang to Zi Ying, King of Qin, * * * spread san huang and enjoyed the country for fifteen years.

In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the first unified empire in the history of China.

10。 Chen Guang Uprising

Venue: osawa Town

Time: In 209 BC, an uprising broke out in Chen Sheng and Guangwu.

Process: The uprising broke out.

In 209 BC, Qin Ershi ordered the recruitment of 900 poor farmers in the Huaihe River basin to defend Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing). Chen Sheng from a peasant family and Guangwu from a poor peasant family were appointed as captains. When they arrived in osawa Township, Qixian County (southwest of Suxian County, Anhui Province), the continuous rain stopped them here, and they could not reach Yuyang garrison as scheduled. According to the provisions of the Qin law, anyone who misses the deadline will be put to death. The two military commanders who escorted them were very violent, so Chen Sheng and Guangwu took the opportunity to kill them, and then said to everyone: You are late for the heavy rain, and you will be beheaded if you are late. Even if they don't kill us, 67 people in 10 will die defending the frontier. What's more, the strong man's broken wrist is not dead yet. Since you are going to die, do something vigorous! Their words inspired the soldiers to fight. Everyone elected Chen Sheng as a general and Guangwu as a surname, and put forward the slogan of "No way to attack Qin" to form a peasant uprising army. The first peasant uprising broke out in the history of China.

Xingbing Ozawa

In order to expand their influence, they lit a bonfire in the shrine near their residence at night, made foxes, and made the sound of "Great Chu Xing, King of Chen Sheng", which was passed down as a myth by the people. Chen Sheng, led the peasant uprising army, occupied osawa Township, captured Qixian County, and soon captured five or six counties. Wherever the rebels went, poor farmers responded in succession. After Chen Sheng and the rebels led by him captured Chen County, the "Zhang Chu" regime was established, with Chen Sheng as king. This is the first peasant revolutionary regime in the history of China. The rebel army advanced with victory and attacked the state of Qin in three ways. At this time, the insurgents have grown to hundreds of thousands of people and have thousands of personnel carriers.

Progress in Qin Ting

The peasant army led by Zhou Wen, a rebel army, soon reached the war zone in Guanzhong (now Lintong, Shaanxi) and approached Xianyang. Qin Ershi was very alarmed when he saw that the rebels had captured the capital. He quickly sent Shaofu Zhang Han to lead hundreds of thousands of torturers who built a tomb in Lishan Mountain to meet the rebels. At the same time, 300,000 troops were transferred from the frontier fortress to fight against the insurgents. Although the peasant army in Zhou Wen fought bravely, they fought alone and lacked operational experience. Suddenly attacked by Qin Jun, the defeat forced him to quit Hangu Pass and stay in Cao Yang (Lingbao East, Henan Province), waiting for reinforcements.

Miochen county

After the peasant army occupied Handan, the old capital of Zhao, the old aristocratic forces who joined the rebel army represented and encouraged them to become the king of Zhao. Chen Sheng reluctantly admitted it for the sake of the tail from wagging the dog, and ordered him to lead an army to the west to support Zhou Wen. Zhang Er and Chen Yu not only failed to rescue the peasant army in Zhou Wen, but stood on their own feet and did not listen to Chen Sheng's command. Then the old nobles of the six countries successively ceded land and became kings. In this way, the insurgents led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu were caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Zhou Wen led the army to fight in Cao Yang for three months and lost many times. Finally, Zhou Wen committed suicide because he was outnumbered and had no backup. Soon, Guangwu, who besieged Xingyang, was killed by the Ministry. After Guangwu's death, the morale of the army collapsed. Several other insurgents were carved up successively by Qin Jun. In 209 BC, in 65438+ February, Zhang Han led Qin Jun to Chen County, and Chen Sheng personally led the rebels to resist, but unfortunately they were defeated because of too few troops. Bobby Chen was assassinated by the driver Zhuang Jia.

Background: In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died of illness, and his youngest son, Hu Hai, succeeded to the throne. This is Qin Ershi. Qin Ershi was a fatuous and cruel emperor. Under his rule, the corvee tax burden of ordinary people became heavier and heavier, and the criminal law became more and more severe. Working people are struggling with hunger and death.

Influence: The Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng, like all peasant uprisings, was also caused by the sharp intensification between the peasant class and the feudal ruling class (that is, the monument level of the Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng, the feudal landlord class), but the factors that intensified this contradiction in different historical periods were different. The historical era of Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng is the intensification of this contradiction.

1 1. Battle of Julu:

Position mark

Character Xiang Yu

In 207 BC,

In the Battle of Julu, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun.

In 208 BC, Zhao Wangxie was besieged by 200,000 troops led by Qin Jun general Wang Li in Julu (now Pingxiang, Hebei). In desperation, he sent messengers to Chu Huaiwang for help. At that time, Qin Jun was so powerful that no one dared to fight. Xiang Yu volunteered to avenge Qin Jun's murder of his uncle Xiang Liang, so Chu Huaiwang took Yi Song as the general, Xiang Yu as the second, Fan Zeng as the last, and led more than 60,000 troops to solve the problem of Julu. After Zhao Dajun entered Anyang (now southeast of Cao Yang), Yi Song was intimidated by Qin Jun's arrogance and stayed here for 46 days. Xiang Yu condemned Yi Song's cowardice and killed him. Chu Huaiwang named Xiang Yu as the general, and made Ying Bu and Pu the viceroy. Xiang Yu first sent Ying Bu and General Pu to lead 20,000 people to cross the Yellow River and cut off the grain transportation channel in Qin Jun. Then Xiang Yu led all the main forces to cross the river and ordered all the soldiers to burn the bridge, each carrying only three days' dry food to show his determination to do or die. Xiang Yu said to the soldiers, "We will send troops to deer this time, but we will not retreat. We must defeat Qin Jun in three days. " Xiang Yu's determination and courage to cross the rubicon greatly inspired the morale of the soldiers. Chu Jun's morale was greatly boosted, and he died bravely. He defeated Qin Jun in nine wars and nine victories. At this point, Qi, Yan and other reinforcements also rushed out of the camp to help, and finally captured the commander Wang Li alive and killed his lieutenant, thus solving the dilemma of Julu.

Impact: accelerating the demise of the Qin Dynasty.

12。 The demise of the Qin dynasty

Venue: Xianyang

Characters Liu Bang, Zi Ying

time

in 206 bc

Process: After the Battle of Julu. Liu bang detoured into Wuguan and arrived near Xianyang. At that time, Qin Ershi had been killed by Zhao Gao, and his successor, Zi Ying, was demoted as the emperor, known as the King of Qin. In October of the first year of Emperor Gaozu (207 BC), he surrendered to Liu Bang. Liu bang captured Xianyang and Qin died. Liu Bang abolished the harsh laws of Qin State, and only agreed on three chapters: "The murderer dies, the wounded are injured, and the thief makes amends", which won the support of Qin people. Influence: The great victory of the first peasant uprising overthrew the rule of the Qin Dynasty!

13. The establishment of the Western Han Dynasty

Time: 202 BC

Character: Liu Bang

Venue: Chang 'an

Process: In the Chu-Han War, the world was in chaos at the end of Qin Dynasty, separatist forces appeared everywhere, and Liu Bang and Xiang Yu also rose at this time. Xiang Liang found the descendants of the King of Chu, made him Chu Huaiwang (later Emperor Chu Yi), and sent troops to attack the Qin Dynasty. Liu bang obeyed the counselor's arrangement and invaded Guanzhong for the first time in 65438+February 2007 BC. Zi Ying, king of Qin, surrendered, and Liu Bang entered Xianyang and Qin Dou. Liu Bang failed to realize the agreement that "the one who enters the customs first is king", because his own strength was not as good as Xiang Yu's, he withdrew his troops and took the lead. Since then, Xiang Yu gradually came to power, ruled by his own powerful force and enfeoffed the princes. Chu Huaiwang was established as the righteous emperor, calling himself "the overlord of Chu". He sealed Liu Bang in Shu and named Liu Bang Han. At that time, China had 18 vassals and 1 Yidi. Soon, Liu bang reorganized the army to attack Xiang Yu in his fief, which was not dominant in the early stage. However, although Liu Bang's military talent can't be compared with Xiang Yu's, Liu Bang is good at employing people, and he used Xiao He, Sean and Chen Ping's counselors for him. More importantly, he got Han Xin, a general who was not reused by Xiang Yu. It was his excellent military ability that turned the situation around. In the final battle of Gaixia, Liu Bang won the victory of Xiang Yu. After Xiang Yu refused the proposal of his subordinates to make a comeback, he committed suicide by the Wujiang River, ending the Chu-Han War. On February 28th, 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor and named his country Han. In June, the capital Chang 'an, the Western Han Dynasty was born. .

Background: ordinary people have a bad life and are eager for stability!

Influence: The Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 AD), also known as the pre-Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty (later Han Dynasty) were collectively called the Han Dynasty. It was a unified feudal dynasty in ancient China after the Qin Dynasty. On February 28th, 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Han, which was known as the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu Bang was the emperor of Emperor Gaozu. 10 September 10 year 10 October, Wang Mang became emperor, changed his name to new, and the Western Han Dynasty perished. There were fourteen emperors in the Western Han Dynasty, which lasted 2 1 1 year. The Western Han Dynasty was a peak of China's cultural development, with all-round social, economic and cultural development and increasingly frequent foreign exchanges, becoming one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time. The capital of the Western Han Dynasty was Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province). Mausoleums are all over Guanzhong, and cultural relics are very rich, showing a colorful era style of "Han and the world".

14. Wei Qubing defeated Xiongnu.

Time: 127- 12 1 years ago.

Word Wei, Qu Bing

Process: In 127 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing to attack the Huns and seize the Hetao area. In BC 127 (the second year of Yuanshuo), the Huns assembled a large number of troops and attacked Shanggu and Yuyang. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing to attack Henan (Hetao area of the Yellow River) occupied by Huns for a long time. This was the first war between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu. Wei Qing led 40,000 troops to set out from the clouds, adopted the tactic of "circuitous attack", went west to the rear of Xiongnu army, quickly captured Gaoque (now Hangjinhou Banner in Inner Mongolia), and cut off the connection between Xiongnu Aries King and Loufan Wang Tong Khan Wang Ting. Then, Wei Qing led his troops south and entered the west of Longxian County, forming a siege of Aries King and Loufan King. Seeing that the situation was not good, the Xiongnu Aries King and Loufan King led their troops to flee hastily. The Han army captured thousands of enemy troops alive, seized more than one million livestock, and completely controlled the Hetao area. Because of the fertile aquatic plants and dangerous situation in this area, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty built Shuofang City (now northwest of Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia) here, and set up Shuofang County and Wuyuan County, where 100,000 immigrants from the mainland settled, and restored the frontier fortress and fortifications along the river built by Meng Tian in the Qin Dynasty. In this way, tarquin's direct threat to Chang 'an was not only relieved, but also a forward base was established to further counter the Huns. Historical Records and Hanshu praised the Han army for "returning home in full armor" in this campaign. Wei Qing made great contributions and was named Changping Hou, with 3,800 food cities.

In BC 12 1 year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu, which opened the passage to the Western Regions. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty launched an unprecedented "Mobei War" in order to completely eliminate the main force of the Xiongnu. At this point, Huo Qubing undoubtedly became the trump card of the Han army. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had great confidence in Huo Qubing's ability. In the early planning of this war, Huo Qubing was originally arranged to play Khan. As a result, due to an intelligence error, the game became Wei Qing's. Huo Qubing failed to meet his most eager opponent, but met the left ministry. But this war can be regarded as the pinnacle of Huo Qubing. In the process of searching for the main force of Xiongnu in Mobei, Huo Qubing led his troops to capture more than 2,000 Li, wiped out more than 70,000 people, lost 15,000 people, and captured 83 of the three Xiongnu generals alive. About is eager to see the huns khan, "lonely for failure" Huo Qubing pursued all the way, came to today's Mongolian Kent mountain area. Speaking of which, Huo Qubing paused and led the army to hold a ceremony to worship heaven and earth-a ceremony to worship heaven and earth was held in Xushan where wolves lived, and a ceremony to worship the earth was held in Guyan Mountain. This is a ceremony and a determination.

Background: The Han Dynasty was so powerful that it drove the Huns away!

15. Zhaojun is out of the box

Character: Wang Zhaojun

Time: 33 BC,

Process: When Xuan Di became the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty was strong for a while. At that time, the Xiongnu in the north declined more and more because of internal struggles, and finally split into five Khan forces. One of them, named Hu, has always been on good terms with the Han family, and once personally took a letter to the emperor. After the death of Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di, Yuan Di ascended the throne. In 33 BC, Xie Han was summoned to Chang 'an again, asking to be close to the Han Dynasty. Yuan Di agreed and decided to choose a maid-in-waiting as a princess to marry Uhaanyehe. Background: Ethnic integration.

Influence, promote national cultural exchanges and regional stability!