The diplomatic missions of various countries first warned the Qing government that the activities of the Boxer Rebellion must be explicitly prohibited, otherwise the governments of various countries would take "necessary measures" to protect the lives and property of foreigners. Subsequently, the envoys of Britain, the United States, Germany, France and other countries also sent notes to the General Administration, demanding that the Qing government "destroy" the Boxer Rebellion within two months, or send troops to "suppress".
Subsequently, British, American, German, Italian, French and Russian warships held a joint demonstration outside Dagukou. On may 2 1 day, the diplomatic corps sent a note to the general administration, ordering the Qing court to participate in boxing practice and investigating all those who spread and exposed threats to outsiders; Put the owners of the boxing crowd together in prison; Anyone who investigates and deals with boxing fraud will be punished; Will be the first to burn and kill the boxer, and go with the teaching; Slaughter those who help with longitudinal fists; In Zhili and neighboring provinces where there are boxing regiments, it is strictly forbidden for local officials to show them.
Otherwise, countries will adjust their troops to deal with it. On the 28th, the special envoy agreed to send troops to Beijing to intervene in the Boxer Movement. On 3 1 day, the envoys of the United States, Britain, France, Italy, Japan and Russia invaded Beijing with more than 300 soldiers under the pretext of "defending the embassy".
Subsequently, Germany and Austria sent 80 troops to invade Beijing, stationed in the embassy of Dongjiaominxiang, built fortifications and shot the Boxer Rebellion. Twenty-four warships from Russia, Britain, Germany, Japan, the United States, France and Italy stopped at Bohai Bay and Dagukou to demonstrate, and sent some troops to forcibly land at Dagukou and enter the Tianjin Concession.
On June 10, Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Russia, Japan, Italy and Austria made up more than 265,438,000 people in Eight-Nation Alliance. Led by Seymour vice admiral of England, they arrived in Beijing by train from Tianjin.
In order to stop Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion, the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army demolished the railway track leading to Beijing, which blocked the enemies along the way and made the allied forces walk for three days 130 Li. In Luofa and Langfang, the Boxer Rebellion, with the cooperation of Dong Fuxiang's cadres, dealt a heavy blow to Eight-Nation Alliance, and the allied forces were "barren on the way to Beijing". Forcing the allies to flee to Yangcun, and losing ground in the direction of Tianjin.
Attacked by regiments along the way, in Xigu armory, surrounded by Qing army and Boxer Rebellion. It was not until 26th that he returned to Tianjin Concession with the help of the brigade. During the invasion of Seymour Allied Forces, the allied forces in Beijing often shot and killed Boxers and civilians. On the afternoon of June 14, German Minister Cleander led a group of German soldiers out and ordered them to shoot, killing about 20 people who were practicing martial arts.
When Seymour Allied Forces were blocked at Langfang Station, Russian vice admiral Kiliger Brandt conspired with the naval leaders of various countries to seize Dagu Fort as a beachhead for a massive attack on China.
16 at 8: 00 pm, the allied forces issued an ultimatum to commander and prefect Luo Rongguang of Dagu Fort, demanding to hand over the fort before midnight on 17, but Luo Rongguang flatly refused. As a result, the Allied forces shelled Dagu Fort before the ultimatum and formally provoked Eight-Nation Alliance to invade China on a large scale.
Luo Rongguang led his troops to fight the enemy for six hours, killing more than 30 enemy soldiers/kloc-0 and injuring six enemy ships. However, Luo Rongguang was alone and was attacked between Scylla and Charybdis, which led to the loss of Dagukou for three consecutive years. Subsequently, the allies landed from Dagu and seized Tanggu and other places. After three days of burning and killing, Tanggu was in ruins. The Qing government issued a decree on June 2 1 to declare war on the allied forces.
After the fall of Dagu, the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army began to defend Tianjin, fighting bloody battles with the allies at the Laolongtou Railway Station and Zizhulin Concession. On June 30th, the number of allied troops landing from Dagu increased to18,000, among which Japanese and Russian troops were the largest. On July 9, the allied forces launched a general attack in southern Tianjin.
Nie Shicheng, governor of Zhili, led more than 4,000 people to meet the enemy in Balitai, south of the city. Nie Shicheng braved the bullets to take the lead in fighting the invading enemy, and Nie Shicheng was shot, heartbroken and sacrificed heroically.
On July 14, Tianjin fell. Eight-Nation Alliance robbed, set fire to, and massacred Tianjin, causing Tianjin to "accumulate corpses for several miles, and the floating corpses on the river" blocked the river ". Government offices, banks, shops, factories, warehouses and houses were all looted. On July 22, the Tianjin Dutong yamen presided over by the great powers was established, and the Tianjin, Jinghai and Ninghe were colonized.
Russia took the lead in establishing a Russian concession in the occupied area, and many countries followed suit. Britain, France, Japan and Germany, which have occupied the concession, have expanded their territories one after another. Italy, Belgium and Austria, which did not occupy the concession, also occupied one piece each, forming a situation in which the powers carved up Tianjin.
After Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Tientsin, his troops increased to 20,000, and on August 4th, he divided his forces along the banks of the Canal and attacked Beijing on a large scale. Two days later, Zhili Governor Yulu committed suicide in Yangcun. Instead of fully resisting, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as Minister of Peace on the 7th, begging for a truce, but the Allies turned a deaf ear to this.
On the 8th, the "Qinwangjun" led by him collapsed under the touch of Beijing-Tianjin-Hexi affairs and retreated from Zhangjiawan, Tongzhou. Li committed suicide by taking poison. On 13th, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Tongzhou. The next day, Britain attacked Guangqumen and Beijing fell. Empress Dowager Cixi left Beijing with Emperor Guangxu and members of the royal family and fled to xi 'an. On the way, Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang were appointed as plenipotentiaries to make peace with the Allies.
When Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, some patriotic Qing troops and Boxers fought fierce street battles with the allied forces. The defending war in Beijing killed more than 400 invaders, and the Qing army killed more than 640 people. Eight-Nation Alliance carried out frenzied burning, killing and looting in Beijing. The bustling market was in ruins, and groups of residents were collectively shot.
Beijing's "savings since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, from legal relics to national treasures, were swept away" and lost "hundreds of thousands". After the allied forces occupied Beijing, the whole city was divided into several occupied areas such as Britain, Japan, Russia, the United States, France and Italy.
In order to suppress the resistance of local residents, the American-occupied area set up a "cooperative patrol office"; Set up an "Anmin Office" in the occupied areas; Set up a "security office" in the British-occupied area; Set up the "China Captive Bureau" in the occupied areas, and so on. In August, German Marshal Wadesi led 20,000 Germans to China. In September, Wadesi became the commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces. 1On October 25th, Wadesi arrived in Beijing, and the number of G8 countries increased to 654.38+million.
1February 10, the Coalition forces established the "Beijing Management Committee" to colonize Beijing. Allied forces also attacked everywhere, plundered, invaded Zhangjiakou in the north, Shanhaiguan in the east and Baoding and Zhengding in the south. While Russia participated in Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of Beijing and Tianjin, it also sent troops alone and occupied three northeastern provinces.
Under repeated pressure from Eight-Nation Alliance, the Qing government had to send plenipotentiaries Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang to sign the Treaty of Mourning Ugliness with eleven countries, including Britain, the United States, Russia, Germany, Japan, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium, in order to make peace with the allies under the condition of humiliating compensation.
Extended data:
During Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, under the pressure of the people, the Qing government declared war on the great powers on the surface, but secretly sabotaged the Boxer Rebellion and surrendered to the invading army. 1900 After the fall of Tianjin in July 14, the Qing government appointed Yi Kuang, the prince of Qing Dynasty, as the plenipotentiary minister and Li Hongzhang as the assistant minister, and formally made peace with foreign powers.
1900, 65438+February, the great powers (except eight foreign countries, plus three countries-the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Spanish Empire) submitted an outline of peace talks to the Qing government, and then formulated detailed terms, which were formally signed in Beijing on September 7, 190 1 year.
After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the Qing government became a tool for "western powers" to rule China and a "foreigner's court".
The contents of the Xin Chou Treaty include:
1. The Qing government paid 450 million taels of compensation to various countries, which was paid off in 39 years with an annual interest of 4% and a principal and interest of 980 million taels.
2. Designate Beijing Dongjiaominxiang as the embassy boundary, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and prohibiting China people from living in the boundary;
3. Demolition of Dagu Fort and Jinghai Channel Fort; China's troops may not be stationed within 20 miles around Tianjin, but the powers may send guards to defend the embassy in Beijing and station troops at important locations along the Jingyu Railway 12, including Shanhaiguan; Prohibit China from importing weapons and weapons manufacturing materials for at least two years;
4. China people will never be allowed to form or join "public enemies of all countries" organizations, and offenders will be executed; Provincial officials must protect the safety of foreigners, otherwise they will be dismissed and never used; Punish the "first offender" who sponsored the boxer movement and "stop the civil and military examination for five years" in places where foreigners were "killed and abused"
5. Apologize to Germany and Japan. The Qing government sent princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to express "regret" and set up a stone archway in the place where German minister Cleander was killed.
6. China changed the Prime Minister's Office of State Affairs into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the "first six departments", and appointed the Royal Family as Foreign Minister.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China