During the 14th Five-Year Plan, Zhejiang took the lead in "upgrading"-building a demonstration zone of common prosperity. After a lapse of more than three months, the Opinions of the Central Committee of the State Council on Supporting Zhejiang's High-quality Development and Prosperity Demonstration Zone (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions) was quickly released, with more than 9,000 words.
The "Opinions" pointed out that Zhejiang has been given an important demonstration reform task, and it is necessary to try first and make a demonstration to provide a provincial model for the whole country to promote wealth with wealth. The Opinions closely focus on promoting the prosperity of * * * and promoting the all-round development of people, and on building an institutional mechanism and policy system conducive to the prosperity of * * *, and put forward 20 major measures in six aspects. The opinions clarified the development goals. By 2025, Zhejiang Province will promote high-quality development and construction, and make significant and substantial progress with the affluent demonstration areas. By 2035, Zhejiang Province will make greater achievements in high-quality development and basically achieve prosperity.
What are the top 20 initiatives?
1, accelerate the exploration of Zhejiang path of scientific and technological innovation under the new national system under the condition of socialist market economy. Support the layout of major scientific and technological infrastructure and platforms, build innovative sources, and create a highland of "Internet", life and health and new materials. Explore effective ways to bridge the digital divide and ensure that different groups can better enjoy the digital dividend.
2. Support Zhejiang to give full play to the comparative advantages of various regions, and strengthen the construction of Greater Bay Area Grand Garden and Grand Corridor Metropolitan Area. More actively connect Shanghai, Jiangsu and Anhui, and better integrate into the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta.
3. Improve the property rights protection system, build a pro-Qing political and business relationship, promote the healthy development of the non-public economy and the healthy growth of non-public economic people, and break down various barriers that restrict the development of private enterprises.
4. Improve the employment support system for key groups and help people with difficulties to find jobs. Create a fair employment environment and take the lead in eliminating institutional obstacles that affect employment, such as household registration, region, identity and gender.
5. Support enterprises to expand the space for increasing employees' income by improving quality and efficiency, and reasonably increase labor remuneration and its proportion in the initial distribution. Reasonably adjust the minimum wage and implement the paid vacation system.
6. Broaden the property income channels of urban and rural residents, and explore ways to increase the factor income of low-and middle-income groups through the use rights and income rights of factors such as land and capital.
7. Enrich the financial products that residents can invest in and improve the dividend system of listed companies. Encourage enterprises to carry out employee stock ownership plans.
8. Explore new forms of equity realization of rural collective assets such as equity transfer, mortgage and cross-social equity participation. Support Zhejiang to take the lead in establishing a value-added income distribution mechanism for collectively operated construction land entering the market.
9. Implement the action plan to expand middle-income groups and stimulate the vitality of key groups such as skilled talents, scientific researchers, small and micro entrepreneurs and high-quality farmers.
10, improve the redistribution system. Support Zhejiang's measures in adjusting income distribution, increase the adjustment intensity and accuracy of provincial transfer payments to cities and counties, and rationally adjust excessive income. Severely punish corruption according to law, continue to curb non-market factors such as power and administrative monopoly to obtain income, and ban illegal income.
1 1. Optimize the structure of fiscal expenditure, increase efforts to ensure and improve people's livelihood, and establish and improve the policy system and long-term mechanism to improve the lives of people with difficulties such as urban and rural low-income groups.
12. Give full play to the role of the third distribution and develop charity. Explore various new ways of donation and encourage the establishment of charitable trusts.
13, taking the lead in realizing equalization of basic public services. Explore the establishment of a new era of urban and rural education covering primary and secondary schools in the province, and explore the Zhejiang model of lifelong learning society. Deepen the construction of county medical institutions and urban medical associations to promote the balanced distribution of high-quality medical resources.
14. Improve the long-term mechanism of urbanization of agricultural transfer population, explore the establishment of a system linking people, land and money, ensure that migrant children of migrant workers receive compulsory education on an equal basis, and gradually realize the treatment of migrant children in the same city.
15. Continuously improve the living conditions of urban and rural residents. For cities with relatively high housing prices and a large floating population, land supply is inclined to rental housing construction, exploring the use of collective construction land and idle land owned by enterprises and institutions to build rental housing, expanding the supply of affordable rental housing, accelerating the improvement of long-term rental policies, and making rental housing enjoy equal rights to enjoy public services.
16, comprehensively promote the renovation and community construction of old urban communities, improve the quality of rural housing construction, strengthen the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas, and explore the establishment of a basic housing security mechanism for low-income people in rural areas.
17. Vigorously develop enterprise annuities, occupational annuities, personal savings pension insurance and commercial pension insurance. Do a good job in the pilot work of long-term care insurance system and actively develop commercial medical insurance. Improve the social security system for flexible employees.
18, improve the assistance mechanism of getting rich first and then getting rich. In-depth implementation of east-west cooperation and counterpart support, continue to promote intellectual support, industrial support, improvement of people's livelihood, cultural and educational support, strengthen assistance to underdeveloped areas outside the province, vigorously promote industrial cooperation, consumer assistance and labor cooperation, and explore * * * benefit sharing models such as building parks and enclave economies.
19. Adhere to the strictest farmland protection system and the strictest land-saving system, strictly standardize and implement the system of balance between occupation and compensation, have zero tolerance for illegal occupation of cultivated land, and strengthen the protection of cultivated land quantity and quality.
20. Establish and improve the value realization mechanism of eco-products, and explore and improve the accounting application system of ecosystem gross product (GEP) with Zhejiang characteristics. Formulate and implement the action plan for peak carbon emissions in Zhejiang Province with high standards. Promote the market-oriented trading of emission rights, energy use rights and water use rights, and actively participate in the national carbon emission trading market.
How to "divide the cake"?
Why should we build a prosperous Zhejiang * * * demonstration zone? According to the response of the National Development and Reform Commission, Zhejiang has the foundation and advantages to build a demonstration area, with a high degree of wealth, a good balance of development and a strong sense of reform and innovation.
So how to demonstrate? Deng Xiaoping once said that how to achieve prosperity and how to distribute wealth after prosperity is a big problem. Around the Opinions, the paper mentioned four strategic orientations for Zhejiang to build a demonstration zone for enriching the people, among which the "experimental zone for the reform of income distribution system" was particularly noticeable.
Yuan Jiajun, secretary of Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee, responded in an exclusive interview published in June 10 that he would speed up the narrowing of income gap-explore a new mechanism to stabilize and expand middle-income groups, pay close attention to the problem of "below average" and promote the sustained and rapid income growth of low-income groups.
* * * Richness is an important goal of socialist modernization. While constantly "making big cakes", we should pay more attention to "dividing cakes well". To achieve * * * prosperity, Zhejiang explores the whole country.
* * * With prosperity, "prosperity" is the premise, and "* * * with" is the key. The Opinions put forward that the overall income distribution pattern in Zhejiang will be carried out in accordance with the framework of "insisting on distribution according to work as the main body, coexistence of various distribution methods, focusing on protecting labor income, and improving the policy system of factor participation in distribution".
This distribution model involves three groups, or exactly four groups.
The first is the "high-income group", which has three "optimization" directions:
First of all, high income often echoes high ability. In the face of improving the quality and efficiency of economic development, this group is the undisputed main force, bearing the leading role of "making a big cake" and consolidating the material foundation of prosperity.
Secondly, excessive income should be reasonably adjusted, especially improper income. Reform and opening up have brought about drastic and profound social transformation, created opportunities for economic development, and provided an environment and hotbed for the generation of gray income and even black income.
The "Opinions" mentioned that corruption should be severely punished according to law, and non-market factors such as power and administrative monopoly should continue to be curbed to obtain income, and illegal income should be banned.
In addition, the Opinions rarely mentions "giving play to the role of the third distribution", and proposes to establish and improve the incentive mechanism for returning to society, encourage and guide high-income groups and entrepreneurs to be kind and caring for society, enhance their sense of social responsibility, and actively participate in and set up social welfare undertakings. As for how to play a role, I will talk about it in detail later.
The second group is the "middle income group", and the optimization direction of this group is one: expansion!
According to the Opinions, this group focuses on skilled talents, researchers, small and micro entrepreneurs and high-quality farmers. Expanding the proportion of middle-income people in the national population is the core of the reform of income distribution system.
How to "expand China"? One way is to make employment more adequate and of higher quality, especially to take the lead in eliminating institutional obstacles such as household registration, region, identity and gender that affect employment; The second is to increase investment in human capital and build a talent training system.
The combination of these two approaches is also a process of improving labor productivity and matching skills, human capital and job structure. In this way, the "Opinions" mentioned that it is necessary to "reasonably increase labor remuneration and its proportion in the initial distribution" in order to achieve it.
In addition to the traditional labor remuneration, "expansion" also needs to increase new income channels, including investment income, property income and the realization of factor value. "The right to use land, capital and other elements, income" and "knowledge, technology, management and data" can explore the realization of value, thus increasing income.
The third group is the "low-income group with the ability to work", which is actually the source of "inflation". Create opportunities, smooth systems and open policies, so that this group can enter the ranks of middle-income groups more.
The fourth group is the "needy people". The opinion puts forward that the structure of fiscal expenditure should be optimized, efforts should be made to protect and improve people's livelihood, and a sound policy system and long-term mechanism should be established to improve the lives of urban and rural low-income groups and other people in need.
In fact, the optimization path of these four groups means three kinds of income distribution.
The market realizes the first distribution of wealth through the allocation of resources and the remuneration of labor; The government realizes the adjustment of income distribution by means of taxation, finance and finance, which is called secondary distribution.
The "third distribution" used to mainly appear in academic circles. Li Yining, a famous economist, put forward the theory of "the third distribution" on the grounds of "urging the state to introduce policies to encourage philanthropists", that is, individuals or enterprises voluntarily donate part of their disposable income under the influence of habits and morality. With the release of the Opinions, "the third distribution" appeared in the policy document.
It can be understood that the initial distribution is a market mechanism and pays attention to efficiency; The second distribution is a government mechanism, focusing on fairness; The third distribution is a supplement of social mechanism.
According to the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, the third distribution and charity have become an integral part of the basic economic system of the country, an important means to help solve the poverty problem, narrow the income gap and promote the prosperity of * * *, and an important institutional arrangement related to economic development and national governance.
How to turn to "expansion"?
It can be seen that "middle-income groups" have a sense of existence in various measures to reconstruct the income pattern.
As early as 20 15, with a series of measures to increase the income of low-income people, Zhejiang became the first province in China to complete the task of poverty alleviation. This has also helped Zhejiang become one of the provinces with the smallest income gap between urban and rural areas in China.
According to Zhejiang Daily, Zhejiang is the only province in China where the per capita income of all districts and cities exceeds the national average. In 2020, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents in Zhejiang ranked first in all provinces and regions in China for 20 years and 36 years in a row, and the income ratio of urban and rural residents further decreased to 1.96: 1.
As early as 20 14, a study by Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences further pointed out that it is time for Zhejiang to adjust the income distribution pattern, and the ultimate goal should be to form an olive income distribution with middle-income people as the main body.
One reason is that the proportion of middle-income groups in Zhejiang is low and the development is slow. According to a set of data published by Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences, in 20 12 years, the proportion of middle-income groups in Zhejiang's total population was only 32. 1%, which was less than 1/3 of the total population. The number of high-income groups, middle-income groups and low-income groups presents an obvious "pyramid" structure.
According to the experience of "olive society" in developed countries and regions, the proportion of middle-income groups is at least 45% or even 60% to 70%, accounting for the highest proportion of the total population.
As early as decades ago, "expanding the proportion of middle-income people" was written into the national policy document.
In the opinions issued this time, it is not only clearly stated that by 2025, Zhejiang will basically form an "olive-shaped social structure with middle-income groups as the main body", but also put forward "implementing an action plan to expand middle-income groups" as a specific policy package.
It is not easy to turn to the "olive society".
Yang Yiyong, director of the Institute of Social Development of China Macroeconomic Research Institute, and others found that the expansion of middle-income groups faces many social risks. They are "afraid of illness, fear of unemployment, unable to move upward, and always worried about going back to the bottom", lacking a sense of security for development.
Among them, there are not only macro situations such as changes in professional structure and investment and financing environment, but also pressures such as rising housing prices and high rigid expenditures such as medical insurance.
Based on this, they believe that expanding middle-income groups is as important as "promoting people-centered urbanization", especially "making the implementation of public policies such as social security help promote urbanization, so that more residents can be included in cities and towns and live a good life".
What does Zhejiang need to explore in this respect?
The Opinions put forward the requirements of taking the lead in exploring and accelerating the equalization of basic public services, the integrated development of urban and rural areas, improving the living conditions of urban and rural residents, and strengthening the social security network.
For example, for popularizing education and medical resources, measures such as "establishing a new era of urban and rural education covering primary and secondary schools in the province" and "deepening the construction of county medical institutions and urban medical associations" were put forward;
Regarding the housing problem, on the one hand, "we will effectively increase the supply of affordable housing for key groups such as new citizens and low-income people with difficulties", and on the other hand, "for cities with relatively high housing prices and large floating population, the land supply will be inclined to rental housing construction".
In a word, only by "supporting the bottom" from the social level and solving the worries of middle-income people can we fundamentally realize the effective implementation of the reform of the income distribution system.