As a school of Confucianism, the study of mind can be traced back to Mencius at the earliest, but it was initiated by Cheng Hao in the Northern Song Dynasty and Lu Jiuyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty, and it was the rival of Zhu Neo-Confucianism. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming first put forward the word "mind learning", and the mind learning began to have a clear and independent academic context. The biggest difference between the theory of mind and nature and other Confucian theories is that it emphasizes the vivid spiritual experience of life. Therefore, during the Republic of China, Chen Fu began to put forward "Confucianism of Mind" as an annotation. The learning pulse of Confucianism has been completely interrupted since the late Qing Dynasty. In the process of western learning spreading to the east, China's sage knowledge began to be "philosophized" and new Confucianism was born. However, returning to the true colors of sanctification is the contribution that Confucianism can make to the chaotic world and the world. Therefore, Chen Fu advocated mind learning again, wrote the Pan Gu Heart Sutra, inherited the orthodoxy of Yang Ming's mind learning, initiated the "Pan Gu Mind Learning", founded an academy to give lectures and educate disciples, organized the "Xinmin Society", and engaged in the cause of foreign kings, which made mind learning begin to have new kinetic energy. This theory of mind includes the traditional Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and creates a very special theory of mind. ?

Wang Yangming's mind theory

No good, no disgusting body,

There are good intentions and bad intentions.

Knowing good and evil is conscience.

Doing good and eliminating evil is a good thing. ?

Conscience is the noumenon of the heart. Without good and evil, there is no shelter for selfish desires. It is a natural truth, which is not good or evil before it is made, and it is also the realm we pursue. It is "before it was made", and it is impossible to distinguish good from evil, so there is no good and evil; When people have thoughts and activities, they add this kind of thoughts to things, and this kind of thoughts will be divided into good and evil. It can be said that it has been "developed", and things will be neutralized and missed, that is, it is in line with heaven, and those who are in the middle are good and those who are not are evil; Although conscience has no good or evil, it is free to know good or evil, which is the ontology of knowledge; All knowledge and self-cultivation boil down to one thing, that is, to do everything except evil, that is, to act according to one's own conscience. ?

It is the law of nature that there is no good and no evil. Without it, there is no good and no evil, and it is also the realm we pursue. ?

But sometimes people's judgment will be wrong, that is, the action of will will will be wrong, that is, they can't correctly distinguish good from evil, treat evil as good, and treat good as evil, so their conscience will also be wrong, which will lead them astray. Why is this happening? ?

Because at this time, the heart has been covered by selfishness and material desires, which is unnatural. At this time, we must oppose egoism. ?

Try to make your heart return to a state of innocence. ?

Only by returning to the state of no good and no evil can we have a correct conscience and attitude. ?

What is right? As long as you can achieve a heart without selfish desires, the truth in your heart is actually the truth of everything in the world. ?

Heaven depends not on empty talk, but on knowledge. By practice, by introspection? That is, "the unity of knowledge and action."

There is justice and selflessness in the heart, just like there are rules, rules and rules in the world, which can measure the square and circle of everything in the world. No matter how many squares and circles there are, no matter how big or small they are, we can reveal their laws by knowing things, otherwise these laws are incorrect. ? Justice lies in people's hearts. ?

Many people think that psychology is just empty talk and distorted too much. Let me give you a simple example. ?

Just like filial piety, keeping this idea in mind is not filial piety, but must be reflected in practical actions, and in the process of filial piety, parents should be properly supported to make them comfortable and satisfied. This is an exercise. On the surface, this practice seems to act on objective parents, but in fact it acts on one's own heart, and everything is in the heart. This natural principle of filial piety is not obtained from parents, and parents have never taught us to be filial to him. This is purely a conscience without selfish desires. And after the death of our parents, our filial piety will not disappear. ?

It is China's characteristic to pay attention to justness, and thinkers all want to strive for the orthodox position of Confucianism. In order to publicize his thoughts and reduce the resistance to him, the first thing Zhu should do is to tamper with the university and explain it according to his own wishes. In fact, his thoughts have greatly deviated from Confucianism. ?

Wang Yangming, who is equally clever, developed his thoughts completely by criticizing Zhu Zhixue, but at first, at least on the surface, he didn't dare to part ways with Zhu's thoughts, because Neo-Confucianism was the mainstream at that time, and that's what the imperial examination took. In order to reduce the resistance, he wrote several books, ancient university books, saying that the study of mind is a direct biography of Confucianism. The final conclusion of Zhu's later years said that Zhu gradually moved closer to the theory of mind and nature in his later years, and explained Confucianism according to his own theory of mind and nature. For example, Luo Qinshun, another great thinker at that time, questioned this. Wang Yangming was wronged and said?

Mencius developed Yang and Mo, as for "no father, no gentleman". The second son was also a saint at that time, so that he was born at the same time as Mencius. It is not unreasonable to be unwise. Mozi's "universal love", benevolence and ear; Andy "did it for me", but his justice went beyond his ears. That is to say, is it unreasonable enough to dazzle the world? And the disadvantages of its flow, Mencius even likened it to a savage beast, and the so-called "killing the world's descendants with academics" also. What are the disadvantages of studying in this world? What about those who call it learning righteousness? What about those who suppress unkind and unjust learning? I don't know what harm this is! Mencius said, "Is it easy to tell? I have to! " Yang Mo's way flooded the world. When Mencius was born, Yang Mo's respect in the world was no less than today's worship of Zhu Xuexue, and Mencius was one of them. Alas! Han: "The old Buddha is more harmful than Yang Mo." Han Yu's sage is not as good as Mencius, who can't be saved before he is bad, but Han Yu wants to be bad, doesn't measure his strength, sees his danger and can't be saved until he dies. Oh! If someone doesn't measure his strength, if he sees the danger of his body, he will die if he can't save it. If the whole world is in a hurry, but the whole world is worried, it is not a disease, not a heart loss, and there will be great suffering hidden inside, which is not the benevolence of the world. Who can observe? This is the conclusion of Zhu's later years, and Gai has no choice. Middle age has not been tested in the morning and evening. Although it is not necessarily old, it is mostly old. However, the main idea is to compromise mediation and focus on understanding this research. I was born in Zhu Xi's theory, like a turtle. Once I run counter to it, I have no patience and have to do it. "If you know me, I am worried; If you don't know me, what do I want? " If you can't bear to touch Zhu, your heart will be the same. If you have to touch him, the road will be solid. If you don't keep straight, you can't see it. The so-called decision of the deacon is different from Zhu's. How dare I deceive myself? The way of husband, the meaning of the world, the study of the world and the public school of the world are all not available to private Zhu and Confucius. The public in the world is just an open statement. Therefore, although it is different from yourself, it is beneficial to yourself. What you said is not true, although it is the same as yourself, it is harmful to yourself. People who are good for themselves will be satisfied with them; People who hurt themselves will be hated by themselves. But today's theory, though different from Zhu Xi's, is not necessarily not what he likes. Mistakes of gentlemen, such as the food of the sun and the moon, are even worse, and everyone admires them. Mistakes of villains must be written. Although some people are corrupt, they dare not do things with the heart of a villain. ?

Here, Wang Yangming has called himself Mencius, and regarded Zhu as a figure like Mozi Yangzi, and completely drew a line in form and parted ways?

Wang Yangming's theory of mind was further developed and achieved on the basis of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. Therefore, I think that to clarify Wang Yangming's theory of mind, we have to mention Lu Jiuyuan's and Zhu's different understandings of the three key points of "reason", "qi" and "heart".

The difference between "reason". Both Zhu and Lu believe that reason is the ultimate source of all things in the world. Lu Jiuyuan, on the other hand, relies on the Confucian mode of thinking that "the heart is the reason" and everything comes from the heart. "The universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe." Speaking from oneself, this is obviously different from Zhu's theory that reason is heaven and earth, and the existence of words precedes the universe. Therefore, Zhu advocated learning from Tao, emphasized acquiring knowledge from physics, and emphasized the importance of learning knowledge. He believed that people's moral level would certainly improve with the growth of knowledge. Lu Jiuyuan said that "clear mind" should respect virtue, emphasizing that the purpose of learning is not only to improve knowledge, but to reach the highest level of morality. Therefore, the study and study of Confucian classics and the cognition and grasp of external things can not directly help to achieve the purpose of improving moral realm, because people's initial heart is the foundation of morality, so as long as they expand and improve people's conscience structure, they can achieve the purpose of improving morality. Judging from the current moral education paradigm, the amount of learning knowledge does not determine the moral level. Public servants who go home without devoting themselves to public service do not have profound knowledge, but profound knowledge helps to improve their moral standards. However, this is because learners do not regard learning as the purpose of knowledge, but as the fruit of pursuing perfection of virtue. The core of Zhu's educational thought is moral education, which determines that it is difficult for morality to reach a higher level. )

The difference between "qi". In Lu Jiuyuan's concept, "temperament" is only a problem in physiological and psychological sense, which refers to a psychological or physiological state of human beings. He believes that although there is a connection between people's physiological and psychological character and people's social behavior, it is not an inevitable and unique relationship, that is, people's temperament can not determine people's good and evil, virtue and stupidity, nor can it determine people's destination after doing things. Learning can change people's temperament. Zhu's "Qi" is a concept opposite to "Harmony", which not only refers to the basis of creating all things in the universe, but also refers to other internal factors that form character (good and evil, virtuous and foolish).

Zhu believes that the heart is divided into "human heart" and "Tao heart", and Tao heart is the embodiment of justice, the "king of life", the heart of justice and the master of human heart; The human heart is the expression of temperament, and it must be dominated and guided by the Tao's heart, that is, "the heart governs temperament." Lu Jiuyuan believes that the human heart is only a description of the essence and state of the heart from different aspects. If the two are opposite, it is clearly "split into two people", and the heart is the essence of human beings and an ethical instinct. (Zhu believes that the metaphysical mind is the Tao, the metaphysical mind is the heart, and the essence is the problem that nature determines qi; Lu Jiuyuan seems to believe that heart is reason and heart is heart. )

Wang Shouren, a person's name, appears widely in a person's name. Wang Shouren (1472- 1529)? Han nationality. Yuyao, Zhejiang. The word Boan, nicknamed Yangming Zi, is called Mr. Yangming, so it is also called Wang Yangming. China was the most famous thinker, philosopher, writer and strategist in Ming Dynasty. As a master of Wang Lu's psychology, he is not only proficient in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but also can command an army to fight. He is a rare all-round Confucian in the history of China. He was named "the first Confucian" and was enshrined in the 58th place at the eastern end of Confucius Temple. Ming Xianzong, Wang Shouren, was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang during Chenghua years. His father Wang Hua and Wang Hua won the first prize in the 17 years of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (148 1), and Wang Shouren moved to Peiping (Beijing) with his father. ? Ming history? Wang Shouren was born as Wang Yun, but he couldn't speak when he was five years old. He didn't speak until he told others that he had changed his name to Wang Shouren. Wang Hua is very strict with his son's family education. When Wang Shouren was a teenager, he studied martial arts and worked very hard, but he liked playing chess very much, which often delayed his lessons. Although his father scolded him repeatedly, he never changed his mind. In a rage, he threw chess into the river. Wang Shouren's heart shook, and he suddenly realized it. He immediately wrote a poem to express his ambition. Chess is fun all day long, but once it is lost by strict relatives. ? The soldiers fell into the river without rescue, and the generals drowned together. ? A horse travels thousands of miles with the waves, like swimming in the Three Rivers. ? There was an earthquake with a cannon, and Wolong immediately became worried. ? He calls himself Zhuge Liang and is determined to achieve something. After that, I studied hard and made great progress in my study. Riding, shooting and the art of war have become more and more skilled. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1499), he was admitted to the imperial examination and was awarded the post of the Ministry of War. At that time, the imperial court knew that he was a learned man, but Zhong Zhang, the eunuch of the prefect's military affairs, thought that Wang Shouren had taught the scribes of the Ministry of War, so he looked down on Shou Ren. Once he forced Shouren to shoot an arrow in public, trying to make a fool of himself. Unexpectedly, Shouren filed a bow and arrow, brushed three arrows, hit three shots, and the whole army cheered, which made Zhong Zhang very embarrassed. Wang Shouren served as the Minister of War for three years. Zheng Deyuannian (1506) was sentenced to forty and demoted to Longchang (xiuwen county) in Guizhou for opposing eunuch Liu Jin. After Liu Jin was punished, he was appointed as the magistrate of Luling County and was promoted to Shao Qing of Nantaipu Temple. At that time, Wang Qiong was appointed minister of the Ministry of War. He thought that Shouren had unparalleled talent and recommended it to the court. In the eleventh year of Zheng De (15 16), he took the right suggestion and succeeded the governor of Gannan. He got on the horse to run the army, got off the horse to run the people, and the civilian was in charge of the military code, combining civil and military, doing things in Zhi Min and using troops quickly. In order to suppress the peasant uprising and put down the "Chen Hao rebellion", he worshipped the Nanjing Ministry of War and sealed "Xinjian Bo". Later, because of his high performance, he resigned and went back to his hometown to give lectures. He founded academies in Shaoxing and Yuyao to promote "Wang Xue". In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), he was transferred back to the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Later, due to lung disease, he went begging and died in Nan 'an, Jiangxi. Qiao Wencheng.