The Travels of Marco Polo wrote after 1298. The wide spread of this book in Europe aroused Europeans' admiration and greed for oriental civilization and wealth, and finally triggered the discovery of new routes and new continents.

13 17 Portuguese king don dignes signed an agreement with Genoese navigator Pecanha to rebuild the navy and become a naval power.

1375, completed the most complete navigation map in Europe at that time-Catalonia map.

1405- 1407 China navigator Zheng He was ordered by Ming to "show China's prosperity" in "western" countries, so as to urge Southeast Asian countries to pay tribute to Ming and publicize their national prestige to the world. 1407 captured King Chen Zuyi alive in the old port (next to Indonesian Pakistanis) and beheaded him in Nanking.

1408-1411year, Zheng He made his second voyage to the West. 1409, King Alekur was captured in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), brought to Nanjing and released.

14 10, French bishop Dari wrote the book "The Face of the World", thinking that the earth is spherical, and theoretically concluded that it is possible to cross the sea from the Spanish coast to India.

1412-1415 Zheng He went to the Western Ocean for the third time, was stabbed to death by Su Gan, the former prince of Sumatra, and was beheaded in Beijing.

14 15 Portugal occupied Ceuta, a Muslim stronghold in northwest Africa.

Zheng He went to the Western Ocean for the fourth time and reached the Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of Africa as far as possible.

1420 Portugal discovers madeira islands.

142 1- 1422 Zheng He's fifth voyage to the Western Ocean.

1424- 1425 Zheng He's sixth voyage to the West.

1427 Portugal discovered and occupied the Azores and became an important transit point for Atlantic navigation.

1430- 1433 Zheng He's seventh voyage to the Western Ocean. Soon, China resumed its closed-door policy.

1432 portugal occupied madeira islands.

1445 Portugal discovered the green Cape Verde.

1446, Portuguese Alfonso led a fleet to gambia river and discovered the Mali Empire and the Colombian region of Manning.

1447, the Portuguese army fought the Moors and defeated Tangier, so it adjusted its navigation plan and devoted its main energy to the preparation and operation of Altun Commercial Station. Altun mode has also become one of the basic modes of commercial colonization in western countries.

1450, relief printing technology appeared in Europe, and a large number of books were printed, which spread knowledge widely and was no longer the patent of some monks. Due to the improvement of people's knowledge level, the desire to explore the unknown world is getting stronger and stronger, which provides an ideological basis for the arrival of the era of great navigation.

1453, the Ottoman Turkish Empire captured Constantinople and the Eastern Roman Empire perished. The land and sea routes to the east are controlled by Turks and Arabs respectively.

1455, Pope Nicholas V issued a privilege order, granting Portugal maritime hegemony.

1460, Prince don enrique of Portugal (the great founder of the Great Navigation Age, the general planner and commander-in-chief of Portugal's navigation career) died, and the navigation and exploration career was almost interrupted.

1467A。 Nikitin, a businessman from Tver, Russia, arrived in India via Iran and wrote a book "Three Seas Tour".

The Japanese Ren Ying Uprising (~ 1477) began in the Warring States Period. The defeated warriors in the war became ronins, constantly harassing and looting the southeast coast of our country. The suffering of the enemy began and intensified!

147 1 year, the Portuguese fleet arrived in the Gulf of Guinea.

1475, the Portuguese fleet arrived at Cape santa catarina.

1482, the famous Portuguese captain Diego Cao went out to sea and found the mouth of the Congo River.

1488 Portuguese Bassaro Samuel Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. In the same year, Portuguese spy Kervielha went to India by land (Alexandria and Aden) and sent back a lot of important information for China, which became the main reference for Portugal's future eastward development.

1492 A. Christopher Columbus, a Genoese, discovered the New World with the support of the Spanish royal family (starting from Barros Port on August 3; 10 arrived in San Salvador, Bahamas on 12; 65438+1arrived in Cuba on October 28th; 65438+arrived in Haiti on February 6 and established a colony; 1March 493 15 back to Spain) mistaken for India. Later, in 1493, 1498 and 1502, Columbus went to sea many times, and successively arrived in Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominica and other islands and the coast of South America, as well as Honduras and Panama.

B. German Martin Beheimer designed the first globe.

1494, under the arbitration of the Pope, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tolde Silias, which divided the world. The treaty stipulated that the boundary line should be drawn at 370 points west of the Green Point, that is, papal meridian, which belongs to Spain in the west and Portugal in the east.

1497 Venice Capote discovered the cold current in Newfoundland and Labrador with the support of Britain.

1498, Portuguese vasco da gama arrived in Kallikat, India (known as Guri in China history books), and opened an Indian air route. (1497, flagship san gabriel valley; 1497165438+10 to reach the Cape of Good Hope; Arrived in Mozambique in March1498; Later, he found the Muslim navigator Ibn Madne as a navigator in Malindi [called Marindi in China history books]; /kloc-0 arrived in Kallikat in May, 498,/kloc-0 returned to Lisbon in September, 498).

1499, the Ottoman Turkish navy defeated Venice and began to compete for the sea power in the eastern Mediterranean.

1500a。 Pedro cabral, a Portuguese, led a fleet to conquer India, got lost in a storm on the way, found Brazil to the west, and declared that Brazil was owned by Portugal. Then it continued eastward, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, and then encountered a storm. The fleet was blown away by the wind, and Captain Lorenzo Max discovered Madagascar.

B. Portuguese Fernandez discovered southern Greenland.

1501a. Amerigo WeisPucci, a Florentine, with the support of the Spanish government, made a detailed investigation on the northeast coast of South Americana and wrote a book "Stories of Sea Parades", confirming that this is a new continent, but not India, and later named this continent after him as ".

B.the Portuguese Gaspar discovered Newfoundland.

1502 Portuguese Danova discovered Ascension Island and St. Helena Island (later famous for being imprisoned and broken).

1505A。 Tristan da Cunha was discovered in Portugal.

B. Portuguese King Manuel appointed de Almeida as Indian Governor. Attack and annihilate all non-Portuguese merchant ships or warships and monopolize all trade in the East.

1506 Portuguese occupation of Cautrat (Gulf of Aden).

1507, the Portuguese navy was defeated by the joint Indian-Egyptian fleet on the west coast of India, and de Almeida was killed.

1508, the Portuguese occupied harms Island (Persian Gulf).

15 10 Portuguese Indian governor Abukelke occupied Goa, India.

15 1 1 A Abukelke captured Malacca and completely controlled the Straits of Malacca.

Spain set up an "India Office" in Seville to take charge of colonial affairs.

C. Spain conquered Cuba.

The Spanish balboa expedition saw the South China Sea of the Pacific Ocean through the Panamanian isthmus.

Spanish Alaminos discovered the Gulf Stream.

15 19 Portuguese navigator Magellan set out with the support of the Spanish government, trying to sail around the earth and find a new route to the east.

1520 Magellan crossed the strait between the southern segment of America and Tierra del Fuego and entered the Pacific Ocean. Later generations named this strait "strait of magellan".

152 1 A Magellan arrived in the Philippines and was involved in the local indigenous conflict and died. His men continued to sail and found the Moluccas (the famous spice islands), then crossed the Straits of Malacca and entered the Indian Ocean.

B. Hernando Cortes of Spain captured the city of Tran in Nositi, and the Aztec Empire of Mexico in the New World perished.

C the battle of tuen mun broke out between China and Portugal, and the Portuguese ship was defeated and fled to Malacca.

1522 On September 6th, Magellan's fleet returned to Sanluca Port, and the round-the-world route was completed.

1523, King Gustav Vasa of Sweden declared his independence from Kalmar Union.

1529, Portugal and Spain signed the new Zaragoza Treaty, drawing a demarcation line at 17 degrees east of the Moluccas, thus completing the division of power in Asia.

1532 A. Portuguese aristocrat Martin Sosa recaptured Brazil from the French.

B. Spain invaded Ecuador.

1533 Spanish Francisco Pizarro perished the Inca Empire in the New World.

1535A。 Spain Mendoza invaded Paraguay and Uruguay.

B. Spain defeated the Ottoman Turkish Empire and seized Tunisia.

1538A。 Spanish Almagro occupied Bolivia.

Spanish Quesada invaded Colombia and Venezuela and built Bogota.

154 1 year, Spain defeated Araucan in South America and completely conquered Chile.

1548 Portugal establishes a commercial station in Kyushu, Japan.

Spain conquered Argentina in 1549.

1553A。 Portugal fraudulently lent it to China and Macau.

B. The Englishman Willoughby sailed to the Arctic Ocean and arrived in Arkhangelsk (Russia).

1558A。 Elizabeth I of England ascended the throne (~ 1603), in order to expand Britain's maritime power, pirates were actively encouraged.

B. A war broke out between Sweden and Russia for Livonia.

156 1 year, the Japanese invaders invaded Taizhou on a large scale, and Qi Jiguang led his troops to win nine wars and nine victories, winning the world-famous victory in Taizhou! Subsequently, under the leadership of Yu, the campaigns of Xinghua, Pinghai and Pingwo were launched, and Lien Chan won again and again. 1665, the suffering of the old enemy was finally eliminated.

1566, the bourgeois revolution broke out in the western Netherlands.

1569a。 Mercator, a Dutchman, pioneered the compilation of world maps by cylindrical projection method, which laid the foundation for maritime surveying and mapping.

B. Indian navy general Kungari defeated the Portuguese navy, and Portuguese fleet commander Demidelan was seriously injured and died.

1570 Spain invaded the Philippines.

157 1 year, the battle of Labanto broke out, and the navy of the Ottoman Turkish Empire was defeated by the joint fleet of Spain and Venice in this battle and lost control of the Mediterranean Sea. From then on, the Ottoman Turkish Empire began to decline.

1579, Utrecht League was established in the Netherlands.

Spain annexed Portugal in 1580.

158 1 The former northern Netherlands declared its independence and the Netherlands was born.

The Livonia War ended with 1583, and Sweden, Poland and Lithuania defeated Russia and won.

1584 Britain established Virginia colony in North America.

1588a。 Britain defeated Spain's "Armada".

B. Britain established a Guinean company to engage in colonial activities.

1589 Portugal destroyed the kingdom of Angola in West Africa.

1592 north Korea's "nonchen patriotic war", Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded north Korea across the sea, and China aided Korea.

1595, the Dutch Van Linschott compiled the earliest nautical almanac, describing the wind system and current in the Atlantic Ocean.

1596, the Dutchman Barents made three voyages in the Arctic Ocean, exploring the routes from the north to China and India, and arrived at Xindi Island this year.

1598a。 The Dutchman Van Nick made an expedition to Java and Moluccas.

B Toyotomi Hideyoshi died and Japanese troops withdrew from Korea.

1600a。 The British East India Company was established until 1858 was officially cancelled by the British government.

B. Portugal occupied Shalian, Myanmar.

The Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602, and the contradiction between Britain and the Netherlands intensified.

1603 The Netherlands has established a trading post in Java.

The French East India Company was established.

1605 The Netherlands defeated the Portuguese fleet in the Moluccas.

1607 Dutch optician parrish invented the telescope.

1608A。 France established Quebec City in the lower reaches of the St. Lawrence River in North America.

1609a。 Britain established a trading post in surat.

B Spain and the Netherlands concluded a 12 armistice agreement.

C. The Netherlands occupied Banda Islands and completely conquered Moluccas.

16 10 The Englishman Hudson sailed to Hudson Bay (Canada).

16 1 1 year, British occupation of Bataan, Mashuri.

16 13A。 Britain occupied the Indian city of surat.

B Burmese troops besieged the city for 34 days, and finally recovered Shalian, executed Portuguese Governor Borido and expelled the Portuguese.

The Netherlands built the city of Batavia (Jakarta).

Dutch West India Company was established in 162 1.

1622, the Netherlands occupied the Hudson estuary on the east coast of the United States, named it "New Holland" and established Amsterdam New Town.

1623 The Netherlands seized Brazil from Portugal.

1624 Dutch colonists occupied Taiwan Province province, the treasure island of China.

1640 An uprising broke out in Lisbon and Portugal regained its independence.

164 1 year, the Netherlands occupied Malacca.

1642, the Dutch navigator Tasman went to sea, arrived in Mauritius and southern Australia, and discovered Tasmania, named "Vandimandi", and later discovered the South Island of New Zealand.

1643 Tasman continued to sail and discovered Tonga and Fiji Islands.

1644 A. Tasman reached the southwest coast of New Guinea and northern Australia.

B. French colonization of Guyana.

1648A。 After the Thirty Years' War, the participating countries signed the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, and Spain officially recognized the independence of the Netherlands.

B. The Dutch defeated Portugal to seize the Cape of Good Hope and established the Dutch Cape Colony.

1649 Dutch occupation of Sumatra Aceh.

1668 Spain recognizes Portugal's independence.

During the first anglo-Dutch war from 1652 to 1654, there were nine naval battles, with wins and losses, but the Netherlands was defeated as a whole.

1658 The Netherlands occupied Manado in Sulawesi.

Portugal expelled the Dutch from Brazil in 166 1 year.

1662 A. Zheng Chenggong defeated the Netherlands and recovered Taiwan Province Province.

B. The Netherlands occupied the huge port (old port) of Sumatra.

1665A。 The kingdom of Congo in West Africa defeated the Portuguese army and declared its independence.

B. France colonized Madagascar.

1665 to 1667 was defeated in the second anglo-Dutch war, and the two sides finally signed the Brida contract.

1667, the Netherlands occupied Ujung Pandang (Makassar) in Sulawesi.

1670, on the basis of studying the relationship between salinity and density in seawater, British Boyle published Observation and Experiment of Seawater Salinity, which initiated the research of marine chemistry.

167 1 year, the Portuguese destroyed the Angolan kingdom in West Africa for the second time.

1672 to 1674, the third anglo-Dutch war, after which the Dutch power weakened and Britain won the final victory. Britain occupied New Amsterdam and changed its name to new york.

1675, Romer of Denmark pioneered the measurement of the transit time of stars.

From 65438 to 0686, Harley, an Englishman, systematically studied the relationship between the main wind system and the main current, and then expounded the phenomenon of ocean evaporation.

1687, Newton, an Englishman, made an incisive explanation of the nature of tides with the law of universal gravitation.

From 1688 to 1697, France went to war with the anti-French augsburg League (composed of Britain, Holland, Austria, Spain and other countries). This is the beginning of British and French maritime hegemony.

1698 Arab uprising in Mombasa, East Africa, defeated the Portuguese. In the second year, all the Portuguese colonists north of the Ruwu River were expelled.

From 1702 to 17 13, the second confrontation between Britain and France led to Britain's obvious maritime hegemony.

Advantage.

1730A。 Theodolite invented by British Sisson.

British Godfrey and Hadley took the lead in using sextant to make astronomical positioning measurements at sea.

1732, Russian emperor Peter I sent Bering to inspect the eastern end of Russia and discovered the Bering Strait.

1740, Swiss Bernoulli put forward the theory of balanced tides.

1740 ~ 1748 In the battle of succession to the Austrian throne, France still lost the third confrontation between Britain and France.

The "Seven Years' War" from 1756 to 1763 was the biggest war between Britain and France for maritime and colonial hegemony in18th century. After the war, Britain won the final victory, thus establishing its position as the global maritime hegemon and establishing an "empire that never falls"!

From 1768 to 1779, Captain james cook of England made three voyages to the Western Ocean, incorporated New Zealand and Australia into the British territory, and discovered Hawaii. However, Cook's achievement lies in discovering a method to prevent scurvy with orange juice and sauerkraut, thus saving the lives of a large number of sailors. Cook is the person who discovered the most in geography after Columbus. He discovered most of the ocean and land contours in the southern hemisphere. He also accurately measured latitude and longitude at sea, and obtained a large number of scientific investigation data such as surface water temperature, ocean current, ocean sounding and coral reefs.

1770, Franklin, an American, made and published a map of the Gulf Stream.

1772, lavoisier, a Frenchman, first determined the composition of seawater and found that water is a hydroxide compound.

1775 A. French Laplace founded the theory of tidal dynamics.

B. Cook completed the voyage around the South Pole.

1779 Cook was killed in the conflict with Hawaiians.

1799 Peru current discovered in Humboldt, Germany.