Academy of Military Sciences

The September 18th Incident at 193 1 was neither isolated nor accidental. Japanese attempt to invade China has a long history. Toyotomi Hideyoshi in16th century, Sato Cell around18th century and Yamagata Aritomo around19th century gradually refined the strategic concept of aggression and expansion against China. Since 1874 invaded Taiwan Province Province, Japan has launched a war of foreign aggression every few years, most of which is a war of aggression against China. In modern history, the Japanese made a fortune by invading China. It can be said that modern Japan was a war nouveau riche. The "September 18th Incident" was carefully planned by the Japanese invaders for a long time, which caused great disaster and unprecedented catastrophe to the people of China.

Japan's invasion of China has its profound historical roots. Since the Meiji Restoration 1874 launched a war of aggression against the island of Taiwan Province Province in China, a war of foreign aggression, especially a war of aggression against China, has been launched every few years. In modern history, the Japanese launched the most aggressive wars against China and slaughtered the people of China the most. It can be said that Japan is one of the most aggressive countries in the modern world, and the history of modern Japan is a history of foreign aggression, mainly aggression against China.

First, the historical tradition of Japanese militarism and the formation of the "mainland policy"

1 192, Japan established the first samurai regime-Kamakura shogunate, and since then, the era of samurai rule has begun for nearly 700 years, thus gradually forming a samurai class specializing in war and war. The samurai class in Japan advocates "martial arts" and "the way of bow and arrow", which is also called "Bushido". It is dressed in elegant and elegant clothes, but it is cruel and cruel at heart. During hundreds of years of samurai rule, Bushido spirit has been promoted by the Japanese ruling class as the main content of social ethics, and has been widely worshipped.

1868 The Meiji Restoration was incomplete, which eventually led to the emergence of the Meiji regime. It was a combination of the imperial government with a strong feudal color and the spirit of Bushido, which laid the foundation for Japan to embark on the path of militarism later. After the Meiji government was founded, it carried out three policies: enriching Qiang Bing, prospering reproduction and civilizing, carried out capitalist reform, and set off a movement to learn from the West. In the field of political thought, he strongly advocated the "social Darwinism" of the law of the jungle. In the military field, the navy followed the example of Britain and the army followed the example of Germany to speed up military reform. By the end of 19, Japan had built the most powerful modern army in Asia.

At the same time, Japan vigorously promoted and developed its feudal bushido spirit. For example, 1878 issued a military order, requiring soldiers to be loyal to the emperor and die for him. 1882 issued the imperial edict for soldiers, demanding that soldiers abide by the loyalty, courage and etiquette of Bushido. At the same time, Japanese militarists also used sticks, whips, kendo, judo and other methods to train and cultivate the savage character of soldiers. Later, the "Bushido" spirit was widely infiltrated into the education of young people, so the "Bushido" spirit became not only a modern Japanese soldier, but also an ethical standard for Japanese young people. This is one of the spiritual pillars for Japanese militarism to launch a war of aggression.

In the military system, Japan has established a special commander-in-chief system that is conducive to launching a war of aggression against foreign countries. The general staff of the army and the military command department of the navy in charge of operations can report directly to the emperor without going through the cabinet, which gives the military department an independent privileged position. The army and navy provinces in charge of military administrative power are nominally subordinate to the cabinet, but the government (cabinet) has actually lost military power. In addition, if the formation of a cabinet does not conform to the military's intention, the military department can abort the formation of a cabinet by not recommending candidates for the minister of land and navy; After the formation of the cabinet, if the military and the cabinet have different political views, the military can ask Minister Lu Haijun to resign and no longer recommend a successor, so as to force the cabinet to fall. This has created conditions for Japan to embark on the path of militarism in the system.

Proponents and fabricators of the "Mainland Policy": Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Nobunobuyuki Sato. Japanese militarism launched a war of aggression against China, and its plot has a long history. After Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536- 1598) unified Japan, he deliberately tried to build a great empire centered on Japan in Asia by force, and put forward the strategic idea of foreign aggression and expansion by plundering North Korea, making progress in Ping Jin, occupying North China, establishing territory in East Asia and blocking borders. It can be said that he was the earliest proponent of Japan's "mainland policy" and launched two wars of aggression against Korea. Nobunobuyuki Sato (1769- 1850), a Japanese military thinker, is not only an enthusiastic advocate of "Japan-centered theory", but also puts forward concrete steps to realize the "mainland policy" in detail. He wrote: "The Emperor is the country where the earth was originally formed and is the foundation of all nationalities in the world. If you can use this as the latitude and longitude, then the world knows that it is a county, and the princes of all countries are servants. " ([Japan] History of Japanese Thought, Volume 45, page 426) In The Secret Strategy of Space Puzzlement, he proposed: "The development of imperial countries to other countries will begin with the annexation of China ... Among all countries in the world today, imperial countries are the most easily captured places, namely Manchuria and zhina. ..... So the empire's conquest of Manchuria is unknown sooner or later, but it belongs to the empire, which is beyond doubt. With the victory of Manchuria, the decline of zhina began. So after Tatar, we can make plans for Korea and zhina one after another. ([Japan] Japanese Thought Series, Volume 45, Pages 428 and 430)

1In March, 868, Emperor Meiji published the Note to the Emperor, declaring that "the country should be determined greatly", that is, "inherit the great achievements of our ancestors, make waves in Wan Li, and spread the national prestige in all directions". In June, the responsibilities of "foreign officials" in charge of foreign affairs in the cabinet were defined as "international exchange, trade supervision and territorial expansion". It can be seen that since the Meiji government, the politics and diplomacy of the Japanese ruling class have been closely linked with the conquest of the world by force (that is, the expansion of territory).

Accomplisher of "Mainland Policy": Yamagata Aritomo. Yamagata Aritomo (1838- 1922) further developed and perfected the "mainland policy" put forward by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and others. In his youth, Yamagata Aritomo took part in the military reform in Changzhou and the Sino-Japanese War, which kicked off the reform. After the Meiji government was established, he visited the military system and weapons and equipment of Britain, France and Germany. After returning to China, he became a junior official of the Ministry of War, promoted to Dave of the Ministry of War the following year, and later served as the Prime Minister of the Cabinet. Since then, he has been in the core circle of Japanese military power. Yamagata Aritomo regards "Qiang Bing" as "the foundation of a rich country". Therefore, he tried his best to blindly take measures to expand the army, constantly increase military spending, and rapidly promote the modernization of the Japanese army. He also put forward the "theoretical basis" of the "continental policy" to attack the Asian continent: that is, he called Japan's territory "sovereignty line" and regarded the territories of neighboring countries such as North Korea and China as Japan's "interest line". 1882 On August 5th, Yamagata Aritomo put forward the idea of taking China as an "imaginary enemy country" in "On Armament". He said: "European countries and China are isolated from each other, so there is no hurry to feel pain. As an imaginary enemy country of Japan, it is China that opposes Japan. Therefore, Japan should enrich its armaments against China. " . ([Japan] Dawson Fujimura: Japanese-Qing War, Chinese translation, p. 13) 1890 In March, he raised the issue that Japan should compete with Russia for the territory of North Korea and China. He said: "trans-siberian railway has been built in Central Asia, and it will be completed in a few years. It originated in Russia and can be drunk in Heilongjiang for more than ten days. You know, the completion of trans-siberian railway will be an eventful autumn for North Korea, and it will also be an opportunity for great changes in East Asia. What is the guarantee for maintaining North Korea's independence? Isn't this the person who has the greatest impact on China's interests? " (Yamagata Aritomo's opinion on [Japan], p. 177) In June+February, 5438, Yamagata Aritomo became the Japanese Prime Minister. He delivered a policy address in the House of Representatives of the First Imperial Parliament on February 6th, 65438, proposing to "develop national strength and expand the national situation". He said that in the era of great powers vying for hegemony, "it is not enough to defend the sovereignty line, but we must further defend the interests line-North Korea and China." Yamagata Aritomo brought Korea and China into its sphere of influence to prevent Russian invasion of Korea and China. It can be seen that the "mainland policy" of Japanese foreign aggression is actually an aggressive policy towards China.

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Wchao37 (one-inch grinder)

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Secondly, Japan launched a series of wars of aggression, mainly against China.

After Meiji Restoration, Japan gradually embarked on the road of modernization. At the same time, it became a "rich country in Qiang Bing", its ambition of foreign aggression and expansion was expanding day by day, and it began to wage a war of aggression against the weak countries and nations in the East.

1872, Emperor Meiji began to take power personally. On June+10, 5438, Japan announced the annexation of Ryukyu and established Ryukyu as a vassal state, with the king of Ryukyu as the vassal state. Ryukyu was originally a vassal state of China, and it has been closely linked with China since ancient times. Japan's aggression and expansion began in Ryukyu. Then, Japan seized the diplomatic rights of Ryukyu, and the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was in charge of Ryukyu's foreign affairs. 1873, Ryukyu and Japan's prefectures and counties were listed as one, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior, and its rent was paid to the Ministry of Finance. 1On May 2, 874, under the pretext of "protecting Japanese residents", it sent Lieutenant General Saigou Jyuudou to invade Taiwan Province Province with more than 3,600 people, which was known as the "Taiwan Province War". On May 7, the Japanese army landed and was immediately attacked by the local people. Due to the humiliation and compromise of the Qing government, 10 10 on October 30th, China signed the Beijing Special Agreement with Japan. Finally, Japan was paid 502,000 silver in exchange for Japan's withdrawal of the invading army. After the Meiji government was established, the first foreign military attack was the military invasion of China. After Japan tasted the sweetness of its invasion of Taiwan Province Province, China, Japan's history of more than half a century revolved around its invasion of China. At that time, people in the Qing government, such as Li Hongzhang, saw that Japan was "a permanent disaster for China". (For Li Hongzhang's Chinese memorial, see Tongzhi Chaozhuan, Volume 99, Page 32)

The rise of modern Japan mainly depended on the windfall of invasion of China and war. It can be said that Japan is a war nouveau riche. Please see:

-1875, the Japanese army invaded the waters of Busan, the protectorate of China, and then created the Jianghua Island incident, threatening North Korea to sign the Jianghua Island Treaty with it the following year.

-1In March of 879, the Japanese army invaded Ryukyu, suppressed the resistance of Ryukyu King, cut off the traditional relationship between China and Ryukyu, renamed Ryukyu Okinawa Prefecture, and formally annexed Ryukyu.

-1882, Japan invaded Incheon and Busan, forcing North Korea to sign the Yoshiya Treaty.

-1884, Japan secretly sent troops to plan a coup in Shen Jia, North Korea, and once occupied the Korean Palace. However, due to the joint counterattack of the Chinese and Korean people, Japan's attempt to monopolize North Korea was forced to go bankrupt.

-1In July, 894, Japan once again used the North Korean issue as an excuse to launch the Sino-Japanese War aimed at annexing North Korea and plundering Liaodong, China and other places. The Japanese army captured Pyongyang and occupied North Korea; In the same year, it invaded Liaoning, China and occupied Dalian, Lushun and Haicheng. When the Japanese invaded Lushun, they killed all the people, men, women and children, and more than 60,000 people. Only 36 people survived in Lushun.

-/kloc-in 0/895, the Japanese army invaded China, Shandong Weihai, Liaoning Anshan, Penghu, Taiwan Province Taibei, Tainan and other places successively, forcing the Qing government to sign the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki and the Treaty of Southern Liaoning, grabbing huge war reparations of 230 million taels of silver and ceding Taiwan Province Province; It also gained new trade privileges. With huge war reparations and plundered raw materials, Japan became a new imperialist country at the beginning of the 20th century.

-/kloc-in 0/900, Eight-Nation Alliance (Britain, America, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Austria and Japan) invaded China. Japan was the only Asian country among the great powers at that time, sending more than 22,000 troops, accounting for 2/3 of Eight-Nation Alliance, and taking part in the invasion of Tianjin and Peking. The final outcome of Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China was to force the Qing government to sign the Xin Chou Treaty. According to the population of China at that time, the compensation per person reached 450 million taels of silver, plus the annual interest of 4%, and the principal and interest were 982 million taels, which were paid off in 39 years. Japan only received "principal and interest" of 34.793 million yuan. When the Japanese invaded Tianjin, Tongzhou and Beijing, they plundered 3.67 million yuan of silver and gained the right to station troops in China, Tianjin and Beijing in the hinterland of North China. Its garrison was called "Qing Garrison" (later renamed "China Garrison").

-1904-1905, Japan launched the Russo-Japanese War for northeast China and Korea. The Japanese army defeated the Russian army, and Japan seized the colonial rights and interests of southeast China from Russia and annexed Liaodong Peninsula. Later, Northeast China and eastern Mongolia were incorporated into Japan's sphere of influence.

-1906, Japan set up the Guandong viceroy in Liaoyang, and increased its colonial rule in northeast China.

-19 10, Japan forced North Korea to sign the Japan-Korea Merger Treaty and formally annexed North Korea.

-19 12. The Japanese planned "Manchu independence" in an attempt to split China.

-1965438+In August 2004, taking advantage of the outbreak of World War I, Japan sent Huncheng Brigade to land on the northern shore of Shandong Peninsula in September of the same year, then occupied Jinan and seized the right to operate the Ji Jiao railway. 165438+1occupied the naval base Qingdao on October 7.

-19 15 18 10/8, Japan took advantage of Yuan Shikai's eagerness to be emperor, and put forward the notorious "Twenty-one Articles" to China on the condition of supporting Yuan Shikai as emperor, in an attempt to completely turn China into a Japanese vassal state. So far, this shows that the Japanese "mainland policy" with the main goal of invading China has entered a new stage of monopolizing China from participating in the invasion of China by western powers.

-19 16. Japan planned the "Manchu-Mongolian independence" movement for the second time and signed the fourth secret treaty with Russia in an attempt to directly rule Manchu-Mongolian areas.

-19 18. Japan sent troops to Siberia and intervened in the Soviet-Russian revolution in an attempt to seize and monopolize Siberian railways and mineral resources.

-19 19, the kwantung army was established and stationed along the railway lines of Lushun, Dalian and Nanman.

-1922, due to the interference of the United States and other countries, Japan was forced to withdraw its troops from Shandong, but it took the opportunity to extort 40 million yen in treasury bonds and 2 1 10,000 yen to hand over "reparations" from the China government.

1927 in may, the national revolutionary army captured the front line of the Yangtze river, and the Beiyang warlords retreated to Shandong and Hebei. On the pretext of the so-called problem of expatriates, Japan actually supported the forces of Beiyang warlords and sent troops to occupy Jinan.

1928 In April, the Kuomintang government declared the "Northern Expedition" again. The Japanese immediately dispatched the Tianjin Guard and the 6th Division of China to Jinan before the Kuomintang army in an attempt to stop the Northern Expedition of the National Revolutionary Army. On May 3rd and 8th, there was a massacre in Jinan, which caused more than 1000 houses to be burned, and there were 7823 casualties in China.

In short, through the above-mentioned series of wars of aggression against China, Japan became the imperialist country with the greatest colonial power in Chinese mainland, especially in Northeast China, and established a powerful colonial institution in Kanto County centered on Lushun and Dalian, mainly including: First, the commander-in-chief of Kanto, consisting of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the War Department. 19 19 changed the Ministry of Civil Affairs to Kanto Hall; 1920, the war department was changed to kwantung army, and the commander was an active army general or lieutenant general, directly under the emperor. Two, South Manchuria Railway Company (hereinafter referred to as "Manchuria Railway") is mainly engaged in economic aggression. Third, the Japanese Consulate General in Fengtian engaged in various secret espionage activities under the guise of diplomacy.

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Wchao37 (one-inch grinder)

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Status offline three. "If you want to conquer the world, you must first conquer Zhina." The story of Tanaka's mourning came out.

1927 From June 27th to July 7th, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiichi Tanaka hosted the "Oriental Conference" in Tokyo, with the theme of discussing the strategy and steps of how to accelerate the "mainland policy" of invading China. Present at the meeting were: Moriko, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs; Japanese Ambassador to China Kenji Fang Zexian; General Nobuyoshi Muto, Commander of Kwantung Army; Liu Jun, Huo Tianjun and other deputy ministers. At last, the meeting put forward a "policy program for China" in the form of "instructions", arguing that (1) "the three northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia are Japan's national defense security lines. In order to protect Japan's rights and interests in zhina, Japan will send troops in both zhina and Manchuria. (2) "Declare the autonomy of the three northeastern provinces; Conclude an agreement to build a new railway; Reclamation of land and mining; Set up administrative, financial and military advisers who are Japanese. If Zhina refuses, Japan should be resolutely prepared to use force to achieve its goal. " . (See [Japan] Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Chronology of Japanese Diplomacy and Main Documents (1840- 1945), Ltd., former research office, 1966 Tokyo Edition,1kloc-0/-/kloc.

First, the general strategic policy of Japanese aggression against China, world domination and "mainland policy" was put forward. It declared bluntly: "According to the legacy of Emperor Meiji, the first stage of conquest of Taiwan Province Province and the second stage of conquest of Korea have been realized. However, the destruction of the third stage is full of Mongolia, so that the conquest of all adherents has not been completed ... "So" If you want to conquer zhina, you must first conquer Manchu; If you want to conquer the world, you must first conquer Zhina. This is a necessary event for the survival of the Japanese Empire. " It is pointed out that it is the "first key" for Japan to control the Asian continent and master the rights and interests of Manchuria and Mongolia. (History of the Pacific War, vol. 1, p. 224, p. 1959, Commercial Press).

Second, implement the "Manchu-Mongolian active policy". The Japanese must do everything possible to obtain "Manchu" land lease rights, railway construction rights, mining rights, forest rights, foreign trade rights, shipping rights and financial rights. Japan should set up political, financial and military advisers and instructors in Manchuria. Send Japanese soldiers into Mongolia to control the old princes. In order to manage Manchu and Mongolian affairs, the Japanese cabinet government should set up a "colonial province" (colonial department).

Third, regard the Soviet Union as an imaginary enemy country and prepare for war with it. "Tanaka Memorial" predicted that "if you want to control zhina in the future, there will be a conflict with the Soviet Union in Beiman". Therefore, Japan should quickly and systematically build several railways with strategic value, such as Tongliao-Jehol Railway; Changchun-Taonan; Taonan-Suolun Railway; Jilin-Huining Railway, etc. This can not only increase the economic plunder of the Northeast, but also prepare for the war with the Soviet Union as an imaginary enemy militarily.

"Tanaka Memorial" specifically and in detail formulated the basic principles, plans and steps of Japanese militarism's foreign aggression. From 1929 to 12, Tanaka's memorial content was published in China Magazine Monthly, which was widely quoted in China and around the world and spread rapidly, causing a sensation in the media at that time. Japanese militarists launched the "September 18th Incident" in Japan in 193 1, provoked the "July 7th Incident" in 1937, and launched a full-scale war of aggression against China until the Pacific War, which lasted 14 years. The principles and plans of Tanaka Memorial Hall serve Japanese militarists almost entirely.

Fourth, the overall preparation for occupying the Northeast.

Make plans to invade China. 1907, the Japanese government and the military department decided on the national defense policy and the program of using troops in the form of imperial approval from the emperor. Its main contents include: establishing the principle of preemptive attack and emphasizing quick decision. 1925, Japan made an annual battle plan for 1926, and planned to deploy five divisions of the Kwantung Army in the northeast of China. The primary goal was to "pacify South Manchuria and North Manchuria, with emphasis on Kendo (Yanbian) area and South Manchuria Railway, with Taonan (South) line south of Nenjiang River and Liaodong Peninsula as the first priority. In Beijing, Tianjin and Shandong in North China, it is planned to land in Qinhuangdao, Tanggu, Tianjin and Shandong Peninsula with one army, two armies and seven divisions to occupy important places in Hebei and Shandong. In Shanghai, East China and Central China, three divisions of 1 Army were sent to land on the banks of the Yangtze River in Shanghai. What's wrong with the stool? What's the matter with you? χ male? br & gt

In order to further understand the geographical situation in the northeast of China and formulate specific operational plans, the Japanese Kwantung Army organized the so-called "trip of staff officers from north to south" in July/KOOC-0/929, June/KOOC-0/and June/KOOC-0/93/KOOC-0/,which was actually a trip to the northeast of China. 1September, 929, the war department of the Kwantung Army drafted a plan for the Kwantung Army to occupy Manchuria and Mongolia. 193 1 In June, under the auspices of Jimmy Jianchuan, the Minister of Operations of the Japanese General Staff, the Outline for Solving the Manchurian Problem was formulated, which clearly defined the principles, steps and measures for the Japanese to occupy Northeast China. On July 3 1 day, the Japanese Ministry of the Army also recalled the Chief of Staff of Kwantung Army, Miyake Guang, to Tokyo and issued the Outline as an instruction. On August 3, the Japanese army convened a meeting of commanders and division heads in Tokyo to convey the operational plan in Manchuria.

Crazy expansion of troops to prepare for war. In order to meet the needs of the war of aggression, the Japanese government went all out to strengthen the organizational structure and weapons and equipment of the armed forces. The commander-in-chief of the Japanese armed forces is Emperor Hirohito, who is in charge of the Minister of Army and Navy, the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Minister of Naval Military Operations and the Director of Education. In wartime, an imperial base camp composed of Lu Haijun ministries and the National Resources Committee was established to command the combat operations of the troops in a unified way. The Japanese government also pays special attention to equipping the army with new weapons. Before the September 18th Incident, Japan had 250,000 troops equipped with new weapons, and the Army 17 Division had 720 tanks, 600 aircraft, 5450 light and heavy machine guns. The navy has 80,000 people, including 72 ships of various types such as aircraft carriers, cruisers and submarines, 472 naval aviation shore-based aircraft and 329 carrier-based aircraft.

Enthusiastic incitement to nationalism and bushido. This is an important aspect of Japan's ideological preparation for the war of aggression. Since the 1920s, many right-wing groups, newspapers, magazines, dramas and movies in Japan have enthusiastically incited nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and bushido. Advocating the so-called "great Japanese spirit" that "the world is centered on me", claiming that "the emperor is a god and the Japanese are a race of gods. People in other countries are like bugs without runners. " The most influential representatives who strongly advocate this idea of foreign aggression and expansion are North Korea and Dachuan Zhou Ming, two reactionary theorists. North Korea advocates transforming Ikki into an "oriental and world power" on the premise of maintaining the imperial system. On the other hand, Zhou Ming of Dachuan strongly advocated "August 11th Empty" (that is, putting the world under the rule of the Japanese emperor) and imperial Taoism in theory. He declared that "it is Japan's mission to rule all countries and people ... Manchuria is Japan's lifeline." Therefore, "the Japanese Empire will not only annex zhina, but also occupy Siberia and the Nanyang Islands." The fascist theories of North Ikki and Zhou Ming of Dachuan had a great influence on Japan, especially on young officers. Japanese fascism, which rose in the late 1920s and 1930s, played an important role in accelerating the preparation for the Japanese war of aggression.

At the same time, we should instill in the soldiers the militaristic education of infinite loyalty to the emperor and dedication to it. The draft instruction on spiritual education formulated by the Japanese General Staff Department says that "only those who are loyal to the emperor can win, and the spirit of Bushido is the decisive condition for Japan to win when fighting against the enemy." The purpose of this propaganda of Japanese militarism is to make every Japanese national regard their war of aggression as a sacred cause and give his life for it.

In diplomacy, in order to ensure the suddenness of the military action of invading northeast China, Japan created a series of "peace" illusions before the September 18th Incident. First of all, the Japanese government launched the so-called "defending Manchuria from the Bolshevik threat" in an attempt to cover up its plot to invade northeast China with anti-Soviet slogans. For example, in July of 193 1, Japanese newspapers published a speech made at a cabinet meeting by the military affairs director of the army province. He declared that "the completion of the five-year plan of the Soviet Union poses a serious threat to Japan, and the Manchu-Mongolian issue must be solved quickly and effectively." Secondly, the Japanese diplomatic authorities pretended to be willing to hold talks with the National Government to resolve their differences (such as the disappearance of Captain Nakamura). However, in London, Japan began to negotiate with the United States to divide China's sphere of influence, and made a gesture of improving Japan-US relations.

5. Japan's provocative actions and plots before the September 18th Incident.

The military strength of China and Japan in Northeast China. After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan not only gained the power of the vast area in the southeast (then called Nanman), but also gained the so-called "garrison to protect the road" right in the northeast of China according to the stipulation in Article 1 of the Appendix to the Portsmouth Treaty that "the two governments can keep garrison troops, with a kilometer not exceeding 15". Before the "September 18th Incident", the total strength of Japanese troops in the northeast of China was about 1500, under the command of Lieutenant General Mau Hong, commander of Kwantung Army. The Kwantung Army Command and the Heavy Artillery Brigade were stationed in Lushun, and 5000 people from the 2nd Division were stationed in Liaoyang and other places. There are about 4,000 people in the Independent Guard (under the jurisdiction of six brigades), who are stationed at the stations of Nanman Railway. There are about 500 people in the Kanto Gendarmerie Hall and 240 people in the flying team (12 reconnaissance plane). China has a total force of more than 268,000 people and 96,000 guns in the northeast and nearby areas. Among them, there are more than 55,000 people in Liaoning Province, 29,000 people in Heilongjiang Province, 4,000 people in Jilin Province, 0.5 million people in Jehol Province, and 0.5 million people in Beijing and Tianjin.

Adjust personnel. 1 931August1day, the Japanese military department made unusual changes in personnel arrangements, and appointed Lieutenant General Bensimiao as the commander of the Kwantung Army and Assistant Colonel Kenji Toshihara as the head of the Shenyang Secret Service. Benzhong is a veteran of the invasion of China, Zhang's adviser and military attache in China, and he knows the situation in Northeast China like the back of his hand. Kenji Toshihara is a well-known "China hand". He was the director of Tianjin Secret Service and lived in China for 18 years. Japan sent these two men to the northeast, apparently for the personnel arrangement of launching a war of aggression. Secondly, find candidates to explode the wicker lake railway. 193 1 In June, the Kwantung Army Command decided to transfer Captain Kawamoto of the 3rd Squadron of the 2nd Brigade (stationed in Hushitai), an independent garrison with engineering background and proficient in blasting technology, to the Liutiaohu Railway Detachment, and immediately issued a secret order to blow up the railway tracks and was sworn in.

Make trouble, make excuses. The history of modern wars shows that it is the law of all unjust wars to use military force to create troubles and then use it as an excuse to launch a war of aggression. 193 1 In July and August of 2000, Japan provoked the Wanbaoshan Incident and the Nakamura Incident successively, so as to stir up trouble and find an excuse for launching a large-scale armed attack. The Japanese army took advantage of the ancestors' occupation of cultivated land in Wanbaoshan (about 30 kilometers north of Changchun) of the Han people, and shot dozens of farmers in China, causing local farmers to resist, leading to the "Wanbaoshan Massacre" that was widely rumored for a while. Japan used this as an excuse to deceive and incite hatred towards China, which led to the Sino-Japanese negotiations. This is an excuse for Japanese to expand immigration and occupy the northeast of China. 193 1 June, four people, including Nobutaro Nakamura, the head of the intelligence unit of the Japanese General Staff, posing as Japanese agricultural experts, were ordered to carry out military geographical reconnaissance and espionage activities in Suolun area of Xing 'an Mountains and draw several military maps and railway route maps. When they tried to cross the border, they were killed by China's army. This was a just move by China soldiers to safeguard national sovereignty, but the Japanese government tried its best to incite an anti-China frenzy. Senior officials of the Kwantung Army repeatedly clamored: "We should take the Nakamura incident as an opportunity to resort to force and solve the unsolved cases of Manchuria and Mongolia in one fell swoop ..."

Adjust the deployment of troops and step up military preparations and exercises. 1931In mid-April, the Japanese General Staff transferred the 2nd Division headed by Lieutenant General Duo Monjiro stationed in Sendai to replace the 16 Division in Kyoto, so as to replace the security in Nanman. Soldiers of the 2nd Division are more suitable to fight in the northeast of China, because they live in the cold area of northern Japan. At the same time, when the intelligence agency of the Kwantung Army detected the need for artillery to capture Shenyang City, it decided to ship two howitzers with a caliber of 24 cm and a dozen fortress guns with a caliber of 28 cm from Japan. In late August, Kwantung Army also transported more than 30 planes and more than 20 wild guns from China to Sujiatun and Hunhe Stations. The Japanese army frequently held military exercises for two weeks along the Nanman Railway, and the Japanese railway defenders were secretly transported from Liushutun, Dalian to Shenyang Station for concentration. In early September, the 29th United Front Work Department, the Independent Guard and the Gendarmerie of the Japanese Army held large-scale encirclement and suppression drills near Liaoning Arsenal and Shenyang Beidaying. Japanese 19 and 20 divisions stationed in North Korea also arrived along Tumen River in the name of exercise. During this period, the commander of the Kwantung Army, Bunsaburo, frequently "inspected" the Japanese troops along the Nanman Railway, declaring everywhere that "zhina's anti-Japanese movement has been organized, and all troops should take active actions, and there will be no peace for a day ..." He actually mobilized to give a speech before the war.

There are indications that the Japanese invaders are frantically preparing for war, and the northeast is already on the eve of war.

At about 193 19 September 18, at about 10: 20, the kwantung army independent garrison was stationed at the end of the railway detachment in Liutiaohu, with seven or eight soldiers, and it was set on fire in the China military camp in Liutiaohu (between Shenyang and Wenguantun). Afterwards, China's army was falsely accused. 10: 40, the 29th United Front of the Japanese army began to attack Shenyang, and the September 18th Incident broke out.

The artillery of Peking University Camp shows that the first fire of the world fascist aggression war was lit by Japan, which fired the first shot to break the Versailles-Washington system, thus forming the first war source in the Far East. China people's indomitable local war of resistance started the world anti-fascist war, and "September 18th" became the starting point of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China.

Photo: 193 1 09 18, the Japanese Kwantung Army stationed in the northeast of China carefully planned to blow up the Nanman Railway in Liutiao Lake, a northern suburb of Shenyang. China's army was responsible for anti-libel, and then, according to the pre-arranged deployment, it shelled China's Beiping camp in the north of Shenyang, and then invaded Dongdaying, creating the "September 18th Incident" that shocked China and foreign countries. The picture above shows the Japanese occupying Peking University Camp.

Attached to the picture: Japanese troops occupied Beidayin on 9.18.31.jpg (2006-9-23 02: 01pm, 23.6 K).

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Wchao37 (one-inch grinder)

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Registered on August 22nd, 2003.

Japanese chemical warfare against civilians

Revealing Japan's Chemical War Against Heaven and Humanity

Japan Chemical War Crimes Research Group

On August 4th, 2003, China residents were injured by chemical weapons abandoned by the Japanese army in China, which aroused people's concern about the Japanese chemical warfare and abandoned chemical weapons. Chemical warfare refers to the war using chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are all kinds of weapons and equipment that use toxic chemicals to kill effective forces, which is also commonly known as "poison gas weapons". Because chemical weapons are mainly poison gas weapons, chemical warfare is also called poison gas warfare. exist