The Northern Expedition was a revolutionary war to overthrow the northern warlords.

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war of aggression

The Guangzhou National Government, which was formed by China * * * Production Party and China Kuomintang, led the National Revolutionary Army in the revolutionary war that overthrew the rule of Beiyang warlords from 1926 to 1927. This war, together with the war to unify Guangdong from 1924 to 1925, is also called the first revolutionary civil war.

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prepare for war

After the Revolution of 1911, the revolutionary party represented by Sun Yat-sen waged an indomitable struggle against the reactionary rule of the Northern Warlords, but suffered setbacks and failures repeatedly. 1924 65438+ 10, Sun Yat-sen presided over the first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in Guangzhou, determined the three major policies of uniting Russia, uniting with * * * and helping the peasants and workers, reorganized the Kuomintang, and realized the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Subsequently, China Kuomintang Army Academy was established in Huangpu (see Huangpu Military Academy). China * * * Production Party sends important cadres to military schools to engage in political and military work. Huangpu Teaching Corps was founded in June+10 in 5438, and later expanded into a new revolutionary army. In order to promote the development of the workers' and peasants' mass movements, the Guangdong Revolutionary Government has successively promulgated the Farmers' Constitution and the Trade Union Constitution, which quickly opened up a new situation of the workers' and peasants' revolutionary movements, and at the same time established the Workers' Corps Army and the Farmers' Self-Defense Force.

Relying on the Huangpu Student Army and the revolutionary armed forces of workers and peasants, the Guangdong Revolutionary Government joined forces with other armies to put down the rebellion of the business group in June 1924+00. 1February, 925, the first crusade against Chen Jiongming. In June, the rebellion of warlords Yunnan and Guizhou and Liu was put down. /kloc-0 In July, the National Government was established in Guangzhou. Then the Huangpu Student Army and Guangdong, Hunan, Yunnan, Hubei and other troops stationed in Guangdong were unified into the National Revolutionary Army, with a total of six troops. On June+10, 5438, the second crusade was held. At the same time, the counter-revolutionary forces of Chen Jiongming and Deng Benyin were eliminated successively, and the Guangdong revolutionary base area was unified from June 65438 to June 0926. At the same time, Li Zongren, Guangxi, and Tang Shengzhi, Hunan successively announced their support for the Guangzhou National Government, so that the National Revolutionary Army had eight military contracts100000. 1925 After the May 30th Movement, the national anti-imperialist, patriotic and democratic movements and the workers' and peasants' revolutionary movements became more and more popular. Guangdong workers rose up and strongly supported the Guangzhou National Government, preparing conditions for the Northern Expedition. 1926 February, China * * * production party held a special meeting in Beijing, and put forward the idea of sending troops to the northern expedition to overthrow the warlord rule. On June 5th, Guangzhou National Government passed the motion to start the Northern Expedition. 1 The Declaration of the Northern Expedition was issued in July, and the National Revolutionary Army swore the Northern Expedition on July 9 (see color map insert 13 1). The basic organizations of the National Revolutionary Army are: Commander-in-Chief Chiang Kai-shek, Chief of Staff Li (staying in Guangzhou) and Deputy Chief of Staff Bai Chongxi. Deng, director of the General Political Department, and Guo Moruo, deputy director of the General Political Department. He Qinying, commander of the First Army, represents Miao Bin. Tan Yan, commander of the Second Army, Lv Diping, deputy commander, and Li Fuchun, party representative. Zhu, commander of the 3rd Army. Li, the commander of the Fourth Army, and Liao Ganwu, the deputy commander and party representative. Li Fulin, commander of the Fifth Army, and Li Langru, Party representative. Cheng Qian, commander of the Sixth Army, represented Lin. Li Zongren, commander of the Seventh Army, represented Huang Shao. Tang Shengzhi, commander of the Eighth Army, represented Liu. Among them, most political workers are left-wingers from party member and the Kuomintang. The Soviet government sent General Galen and others as advisers to the National Revolutionary Army. People in Guangdong and other provinces strongly supported the Northern Expeditionary Army; Strikers from various provinces and ports organized a transport team of thousands of people to go out with the army.

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The victorious March of the war

Beiyang warlords have great power in politics, economy and military affairs, stealing it from the central government in Beijing and more than a dozen provinces with relatively developed economy in China. Wu Fupei, a direct warlord, supported 200,000 troops, occupied Henan, Hubei and Hunan provinces, eastern Shaanxi and Baoding area in Zhili (now Hebei), and took control of the Beijing-Han Railway. Another direct warlord, Sun, supported 200,000 troops in Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. Warlord Zhang Yongbing occupied 350,000 northeast provinces, Beijing and Tianjin, and controlled the northern section of the Jin-Pu Railway. There are many local warlords in other provinces. In order to put out the rising people's revolutionary movement, Wu and Zhang took joint steps in March and April of 1926, and planned to destroy the national army led by Feng Yuxiang in the north, attack Hunan in the south, and then destroy the revolutionary forces in Guangdong. Because of the sharp contradiction between Sun and Wu and Zhang, on the surface, it is "protecting the environment and protecting the people", but in fact, it will sit and watch the tigers fight and profit from it.

The National Revolutionary Army decided to adopt the strategic policy of concentrating its forces and splitting into two. First, Wu's army was destroyed, then Sun's army, and finally Zhang's army. /kloc-in September of 0/7, Feng Yuxiang led his troops to fight in Wuyuan (now Inner Mongolia) in Suiyuan. The Northern Expeditionary Army first marched into Hunan with the main force, and the battlefield of Hunan and Hubei became the main battlefield of the Northern Expedition. Earlier, in early May of 1926, two brigades of the Seventh Army of the National Revolutionary Army had entered Hunan to cooperate with the Tang Shengzhi Department of the Eighth Army to fight against Wu. In late May, the Guangzhou National Government sent the 10th Division (Commander Chen), the 12th Division of the Fourth Army (Commander Zhang Fakui) and an independent regiment from Ye Ting to Hunan for reinforcements, which paved the way for the Northern Expedition. Ye Ting Independent Regiment is a unit directly led by China's * * * Production Party, with more than 2,000 people, and all cadres above the regiment level are * * * party member. The Independent Regiment is the pioneer of the Fourth Army. On June 5, he captured Youxian County and won the first victory in Hunan. At the beginning of July, the Fourth and Seventh Armies, who were the main tasks, arrived in Youxian County to meet the Eighth Army. Then attack Changsha in three ways. With the support of workers and peasants, the Northern Expeditionary Army entered Changsha on June 1 1. Chiang Kai-shek held a military meeting in Changsha and decided to capture Hubei in three ways. /kloc-In August of 0/9, the Middle Route Army launched a general attack, successively captured Pingjiang and Yueyang, and cut off Yuehan Road. Then enter the territory of Hubei to fight. On 25th, it began to attack Tingsi Bridge and Sheng Qiao, the military strategic pass of Wuchang Railway. Tingsi Bridge is the gateway to the south of Wuhan, with dangerous terrain and easy to defend but difficult to attack. To capture Wuhan, the Northern Expeditionary Army must first capture this bridge. Wu set the headquarters in Heshengqiao, personally supervised the war, and ordered to defend Tingsi Bridge. On August 26th, the Fourth Army launched an attack with six regiments, and the two sides fought fiercely. Tingsi Bridge changed hands four times, but it was still unable to decide the outcome, and both sides suffered heavy casualties. On the morning of the 27th, under the guidance of local farmers, the independent regiment made a detour from the mountain road in the east to the northeast of Tingsi Bridge, and stormed behind enemy lines. As the enemy attacked from front to back, panicked and retreated, Wu ordered the defeated officers and men to be cut down with a broadsword, unable to hold their positions. On that day, the Northern Expeditionary Army occupied Tingsi Bridge. The Fourth Army was brave and good at fighting and won the title of "Iron Army". On August 29th, the fourth and seventh armies of the Northern Expeditionary Army launched a general attack on He Shengqiao. On the afternoon of 30th, the Ye Ting Independent Regiment first broke through the Wu Jun defense line and occupied Heshengqiao on the same day. 1 year in September, the 4th and 7th armies arrived at the gates of Wuchang. Wu tried to defend Wuhan with the help of Wuchang city wall and the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, waiting for the troops of Wujun in Henan and Sun in Jiangxi to come to help. He set his headquarters in Hankou, appointed Liu Yuchun, the commander of the eighth division, as the defensive commander of Wuchang and led his troops to defend Wuchang. The fourth, seventh and eighth armies of the Northern Expeditionary Army surrounded Wuchang City and attacked the city many times since the 3rd, but all failed. On the 5th, the officers and men of the Independent Regiment dived to the gate, bravely climbed the stairs, and it rained heavily. More than one battalion 10 officers and men all died climbing stairs, showing the heroic spirit of revolutionary soldiers. Subsequently, the Northern Expeditionary Army adjusted its deployment, taking the fourth army as the task of besieging Wuchang and the eighth army attacking Hanyang. Under the fierce attack of the Northern Expeditionary Army, Liu Zuolong, the defender of Hanyang, defected. Hankou workers went on strike to support the Northern Expedition. On the 7th, the Northern Expeditionary Army occupied Hanyang and Hankou, and Wu fled to Zhengzhou. On October 9th, 65438/KLOC-0, under the encirclement and instigation of the Northern Expeditionary Army, Wu Junqing Uprising, the garrison of Wuchang, met the Northern Expeditionary Army. On June 5438+00, Chen Shi, Zhang Fakui Shi, Ye Ting Independent Regiment and the First Division of the Eighth Army jointly launched a general attack, and the enemy troops on the defensive who lost their resistance were forced to surrender. In this campaign, the Northern Expeditionary Army captured more than 2,000 officers and men 12000, and seized a large number of trophies. At this point, the main force was basically eliminated, and the Northern Expeditionary Army won a decisive victory in the Battle of the Two Lakes.

After the Northern Expeditionary Army conquered Wuchang, Guangzhou National Government decided to move the capital to Wuhan. 1927 1 In June, a joint meeting of the executive members of the Kuomintang Central Committee and members of the National Government was established as the power organ of the Kuomintang Central Committee and the National Government. In March, the Third Plenary Session of the Second KMT Central Committee was held, which resisted Chiang Kai-shek's idea of moving the capital to Nanchang, formally established the Wuhan National Government, adhered to Sun Yat-sen's three revolutionary policies, and promoted the victorious development of the revolutionary war.

Sun was threatened by the northern expeditionary army's victory in the two lakes, so he put forward an ultimatum to the northern expeditionary army to return to Guangdong and Guangxi and attack the northern expeditionary army in two ways. China * * * production party insisted on concentrating on destroying Sun. Chiang Kai-shek was also eager to open up a battlefield in Jiangxi, seize territory and expand his power because of the rapid development of Tang Shengzhi's power in the same area. The battlefield in Jiangxi is mainly centered on three attacks on Nanchang. Before mid-September, the Second and Third Army Corps captured Ganzhou, Ji 'an, Pingxiang and Anyuan respectively, and the Sixth Army Corps occupied Fengxin and other places. 19, the third and sixth legions ventured into Nanchang city, but were forced to retreat on February19. When Nanchang retreated, the Northern Expeditionary Army suffered heavy losses. 10/at the beginning of 0/0, Chiang Kai-shek was transferred from Wuchang to Jiangxi to personally command the Nanchang campaign. The Northern Expeditionary Army suffered heavy casualties and was forced to lift the siege of Nanchang. After the victory of the war between the two lakes, the main force of the Northern Expeditionary Army quickly moved to Jiangxi to prepare for the third attack on Nanchang. At this time, Sun's rear was extremely unstable, and he was once ready to hold peace talks with Chiang Kai-shek. Under the unanimous opposition of China's * * * production party and Soviet advisers, the peace talks failed to come true. 165438+1At the beginning of October, the Northern Expeditionary Army, under the command of General Galen, launched a general attack on Sun's various strongholds in Jiangxi. The Northern Expeditionary Army first captured De 'an and Ma Huiling, took control of Nanxun Railway and isolated Jiujiang and Nanchang. Seeing that the situation was not good, Sun fled back to Nanjing.165438+1On October 5th, the Northern Expeditionary Army conquered Jiujiang and surrounded Nanchang. No.8 occupied Nanchang. At this point, the Beiyang army in Jiangxi was completely defeated.

When the war in Jiangxi was in an emergency, Fujian Zhou Yinmin's department attempted to attack Guangdong and disturb the rear of the Northern Expeditionary Army. When the Northern Expeditionary Army sent troops to Fujian, Sun neglected it, and the internal division of the enemy intensified. Zhang Yi and other departments joined the Northern Expedition Army. During the periods of 1926 and 12, the Northern Expeditionary Army occupied Fujian Province and pursued Zhejiang. At this time, the Northern Expeditionary Army has grown to 20 armies with 250,000 troops.

1927 65438+ 10, the northern expeditionary army decided to pursue and annihilate the enemy in three ways. He and Bai Chongxi led the East Route Army to attack Zhejiang in six columns, including the First and Third Army Corps. Chiang Kai-shek served as the commander-in-chief of the Central Route Army, with the second, sixth and seventh armies as the main force, advancing eastward from the west of Jiangxi along the banks of the Yangtze River. Among them, Li Zongren led the Seventh Army and other three columns as Jiang Zuojun, and Cheng Qian led the Second and Sixth Army and other three columns as Jiang Youjun. Tang Shengzhi led four columns, including the Fourth and Eighth Armies of the marked army, as the main force, to deal with the enemy from Henan along the Jinghan Railway. The overall goal of the Third Road is to capture Nanjing and Shanghai.

East Route Army 5438+ 10 entered Zhejiang from Fujian in mid-October, occupied eastern Zhejiang in late February, and occupied Hangzhou and Zhejiang Province at the end of February. Then, from Jiaxing to Shanghai. In March of February1year, Bai Chongxi led the East Route Army to occupy Songjiang, and Xue Yue arrived in Longhua. Under the leadership of Zhou Enlai, Luo Yinong and Zhao Shiyan, the Shanghai workers held the third armed uprising. , and won on the 22nd, the liberation of Shanghai. In late February, Jiang Zuojun and Jiang Youjun of the Central Route Army moved eastward at the same time. On March 6, Jiang Youjun occupied Wuhu. On March 22, the East Route Army captured Zhenjiang and cut off Huning Road. Jiang Youjun of the Middle Route Army and the East Route Army respectively advanced to Nanjing. On the 24th, the Sixth Army and the Second Army captured Nanjing. At this point, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River were all occupied by the Northern Expeditionary Army.

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The achievements of war and premature death

The northern expeditionary army began in June 1926. After nearly ten months of fighting, it occupied all or part of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, wiped out Wu Hesun's main force and achieved great victory. However, under the situation of revolutionary victory, the latent crisis within the revolutionary United front finally broke out, leading to the premature death of the Northern Expedition.

At the same time of the Northern Expedition, the national army retreated to Suiyuan, and with the help of the Soviet Union and China's * * * Production Party, it was sworn in in Wuyuan in mid-September. 1926. Feng Yuxiang has just returned from the Soviet Union, joined the Kuomintang with the national army and served as commander-in-chief of the allied forces. 165438+ 10, the national army occupied Gansu and Shaanxi provinces, and cooperated with the northern expeditionary army to March northward. Soon, from Tongguan and Zijingguan, he entered Henan to fight. Liu Bojian, Deng Xiaoping and other * * * party member successively went to the national army to help with military and political work, and effectively cooperated with the Southern Expedition Army.

Wherever the Northern Expeditionary Army went, it was greatly welcomed and supported by the broad masses of workers and peasants. At the beginning of 1927, the people of Hankou and Jiujiang fought bravely, recovered the British concession in the two places and won a great victory in safeguarding national sovereignty. The peasant movement centered on Hunan has developed rapidly. The rapid development of revolutionary forces in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins led to the collapse of the rule of Beiyang warlords. However, the rapid development of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution seriously threatened the interests of imperialism and the big landlords and big bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie was shaken by the fear of the workers and peasants movement. They strongly supported and connived at Chiang Kai-shek, who had military strength, plotting against * * * to launch a coup and establish reactionary rule. In China * * * production party, because of Chen Duxiu's right paralysis, he adopted a policy of compromise and concession to the Kuomintang Rightists, which could not stop the reversal of the situation. After a series of careful planning and deployment, the Chiang Kai-shek clique launched the "April 12th" coup in Shanghai on 1927, cleaned up the * * * Party and massacred the * * * producers and revolutionary masses. /kloc-in April of 0/8, another national government was established in Nanjing to confront the Wuhan national government and cooperate with imperialism in economic blockade of Wuhan. Wang Jingwei returned to Shanghai from France in early April and then went to Wuhan. He disguised himself as a "Left" leader and gained the central political power of Wuhan Kuomintang. In order to break the ice, the Wuhan government decided to carry out the second Northern Expedition and appointed Tang Shengzhi as the commander in chief. He was sworn in at Nanhu Lake in Wuchang on April 19, and went to Henan along Han Jing Road on April 2 1 9. At this time, Feng Yuxiang also attacked Kaifeng from Shaanxi. In late May, the three divisions of the Northern Expeditionary Army defeated Feng Jun's main force in the Battle of Shilitou in Linying. The Northern Expeditionary Army cooperated with Buffon National Army to occupy Zhengzhou and Kaifeng. However, faced with diplomatic isolation and economic difficulties, anti-* * fighters Xia Douyin and Xu Kexiang rebelled one after another. /kloc-In June of 0/9, Wang Jingwei went to Xuzhou and reached an agreement with Chiang Kai-shek to "clean up the Party and fight against * * *", and in July of 0/kloc-5, he implemented "dividing * * *" in Wuhan. At this point, the first cooperation between the two countries finally broke down, and the Northern Expedition war between the two sides came to an end.

The Northern Expedition was an unprecedented revolutionary war against imperialism and feudalism. Although he died halfway, the war dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the northern warlords and had a far-reaching impact. At the same time, China * * * producers realized the extreme importance of armed struggle and started a new period of creating the Red Army of Workers and Peasants and carrying out the agrarian revolution.