From July in the first year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1628) to March in the seventeenth year (1644), Li Zicheng, Zhang and other peasant armies grew up from small to large, from scattered to concentrated, from guerrilla mobile operations to mobile operations, and finally overthrew the war in Ming Dynasty.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, political corruption, rural bankruptcy, intensified oppression and exploitation, and drought in Shaanxi made people unable to live. In July of the first year of Chongzhen, Wang Jiayin, Liu Yang and Wuyan Mud held high the first banner of righteousness in Fugu, Shaanxi, and all Shaanxi responded. From the first year of Chongzhen to the third year of Chongzhen, Zhang and Li Zicheng rose up successively, and Shaanxi Rebel Army 100 people. Thousands of loyalist border soldiers mutinied because of insufficient pay, and joined the rebels to become the backbone. At this time, the rebels spontaneously fought blindly. The Ming court ordered Yang He, the commander-in-chief of the three sides, to adopt the strategy of "suppressing and caressing at the same time, giving priority to caressing". But the Ming court was unable to feed a large number of hungry people, and those who had comforted them began to rise again. Yang He was jailed for this, and Hong Chengchou followed the governor of Shaanxi, and adopted the policy of "restraining first, then soothing first, then soothing first" to concentrate his forces on attacking Shaanxi rebel army. Various rebel armies moved eastward one after another, and in 1946, the activity center moved to Shanxi. The fighting has also evolved from extreme dispersion, fighting in isolation to relative concentration and mutual response. , Zhang, Li Zicheng, Luo Rucai and other departments of more than 200,000 people, claiming to be the 36th battalion, once breached Daning, Xizhou, Zezhou, Shouyang and other cities. In the winter of six years, more than 65.438 million people from 24 battalions, including Gao Yingxiang, broke through the encirclement of loyalists and moved to western Henan and northern Chu. With Yunyang as the center, divisions were interspersed between Henan, Chu, Sichuan and Shaanxi, taking advantage of the weakness of loyalists' short division to defend their territory and not cooperating with each other to carry out guerrilla mobile operations. In order to change the passive situation of "a sudden emergence of a new army, watching each other", the Ming court changed its policy to "concentrate its forces and make an all-round encirclement and suppression" in seven years, taking Chen Qiyu as the governor of five provinces, commanding Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Sichuan and Huguang loyalists in a unified way, and converging attacks from all directions in an attempt to annihilate all the rebels in one fell swoop. The rebels turned to Hanzhong in succession, and the encirclement and suppression failed. Zhu Youjian of Ming Dynasty withdrew from Chen Qiyu and succeeded Hong Chengchou as the governor of five provinces. When it mobilized loyal ministers to enter Shaanxi and reorganize the siege, except Li Zicheng who still insisted on moving from Shaanxi to Gansu, other ministries turned to Henan again. Hong Chengchou led the main force to chase after the Commissioner. At the beginning of August, the insurgents entered in three ways: all the way back to Shaanxi, all the way north to Shanxi, and all the way east to Fengyang (see the battle of Fengyang) to burn the imperial tomb. When Hong Chengchou Army arrived in Henan in March, most of the insurgents were concentrated in Shaanxi. Hong Chengchou hurried back to Shanhaiguan. Li Zicheng annihilated loyalists in Ningzhou and Zhenning, defeated Xianyang, and matched Xi 'an. , Zhang, etc. were pinned down by loyalists and entered Henan three times. The Ming court realized that it was impossible to succeed in the all-round encirclement and suppression under the situation of the rebel army's mobile operation, and turned to the policy of taking responsibility by districts and focusing on attack. Taking Lu Xiangsheng as the governor of five provinces, specializing in the Central Plains; Hong Chengchou specializes in the northwest, with his own responsibilities and mutual cooperation. In the winter of that year and the spring of 1999, Zhang failed in Henan one after another, and the troops lost more than half, and the remnants returned to Shaanxi. At this time, Li Zicheng also lost many times in Xingping and other places. In order to strengthen the offensive in Shaanxi, the Ming court ordered Sun Chuanting to attack Hanzhong Gao and Zhangzhu, and Hong Chengchou to attack Shaanxi Li Zicheng and other departments. In July, Gao Yingxiang was captured and killed in the whole town (now Zhouzhi, Shaanxi Province), and the rest was returned to Li Zicheng. At this point, the Qing army entered the customs and broke Changping and other cities 16. Zhu Youjian sent Lu Xiangsheng to help, thus reducing the pressure on the Central Plains. Zhang seized the opportunity to recover, joined Luo Rucai and other departments with more than 200,000 people, moved eastward along the river, and scattered activities in Huoshan area. 10 years later, Zhu Youjian appointed Xiong wencan as the prime minister of five provinces, and sent 1200 imperial troops to organize a new round of encirclement and suppression. Li Zicheng marched into Sichuan and once breached more than ten cities, but when he returned to Shaanxi in eleven years, he was attacked by troops from Hong Chengchou and Sun Chuanting in Taohe River, and was defeated by Zhou Min. At the same time, Zhang was defeated by the fifth army in Wan, and was wounded and retreated to his old city. Xiong Wencan then changed encirclement and suppression to Zhaofu. Liu Guoneng, Zhang, and Luo Rucai successively descended or settled down. Li Zicheng led the remnants to move in the mountainous area at the junction of Sichuan and Shaanxi, and the peasant uprising fell into a low tide. In September, the soldiers of the Qing army entered the frontier in two ways, the capital was under martial law, Hong Chengchou and Sun Chuanting led the troops to settle in, and the northwest loyalist decreased. Twelve years, Zhang,, Luo Rucai, etc. Rise again and again, defeat Fangxian and Baokang, and annihilate the Zuo Liangyu Army in Luohoushan. Zhu Youjian killed Xiong Wencan and sent Ministry of War Minister Yang Sichang to suppress the warlords. At the beginning of 13th year, Luo Rucai defeated the government troops in Xiangyouping, but soon he was defeated by Agate Mountain and Kuizhou successively with Zhang, and was forced to move to Sichuan. Yang Sichang led the main force into Sichuan. Li Zicheng flew into Henan in 1 1 month, and rapidly developed to tens of thousands of people. From the beginning of the peasant army to this time, the superior government troops have been in a strategic offensive position, while the peasant army is in a position of fighting against encirclement and suppression and seeking survival. All ministries cooperate with each other to find gaps and weak points to attack, so as to mobilize the exhausted enemy, form local advantages in campaigns and battles at favorable opportunities, unexpectedly weaken the enemy, and preserve and develop themselves in the battle. After 13 years of guerrilla mobile warfare, it gradually concentrated, and by the end of 13, it merged into several peasant armies headed by Li Zicheng, Zhang and Luo Rucai. In the repeated ups and downs of war practice, it gradually matured. Li Zicheng, in particular, absorbed the opinions of intellectuals and began to implement the strategy of "winning the hearts of the people by acting righteously" and "taking the world according to Heluo". Politically, the policy of "white grain", "protecting the people" and "buying and selling the flat" was implemented, and the propaganda work of disintegrating the enemy was vigorously carried out, forming a situation that "the whole people attached thieves but not soldiers". Militarily, mobile operations were carried out and mobile attacks on the strategic points of the blind army began. At the beginning of 14th, Luoyang fell. The joint forces of Zhang and Luo defeated the loyalist in Huangling, Kaixian County, Sichuan Province, and got rid of the loyalist pursuit at a speed of 300 miles a night. In February, they returned to Chu and attacked Xiangyang (see the battle of Xiangyang). Yang Sichang committed suicide. Luo Rucai left Li Baicheng because of disagreement. Zhang Jun was defeated in Xinyang and transferred to Anhui. During the fourteen to sixteen years, Li Zicheng attacked Kaifeng three times (see the battle of Kaifeng), wiped out the main forces of loyalists five times and attacked Xiangyang. The battle of Ruzhou wiped out Sun Chuanting's main force: breaking through Tongguan, entering An, occupying the whole territory of Qin and Gansu and the Xishan area of Shanxi, and incorporating most of the trilateral loyalists. At this time, Zhang has also captured Hanyang and Wuchang. The strategic situation has undergone a qualitative change, and the peasant army began to turn into a strategic offensive. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, Li Zicheng entered Beijing after establishing Dashun regime in Xi 'an. He entered Shanxi in February, only in the first world war of Ningwu, that is, breaking Taiyuan and other places. In March, Datong, Fu Xuan and Juxi successively fell and were forced to the capital at the gates. 17, three loyalist battalions fell first. On the 18th, the eunuch guarding the city opened the door to offer the city. 19, the imperial city was breached, and Zhu Youjian hanged himself. The rule of the Ming Dynasty was finally overthrown by the peasant uprising. In August of the same year, Zhang captured Chengdu and established the Daxi regime.

After Li Zicheng entered Beijing, he was faced with the situation of how to eliminate the remnants of the Ming Dynasty, the strongest of which was Wu Sangui, the general of Ningyuan who occupied Shanhaiguan. Wu Sangui should have surrendered to Dashun. At the beginning of April, he suddenly heard that Dashun Army arrested Minister Ming Xunqi in Beijing, tortured him to help pay for it, and his family was detained. After that, he beat Tang Tong away, deployed defense, and asked the Qing army for soldiers outside the customs. Unite with the Qing army to suppress the insurgents. In April, Li Zicheng led an army to attack Wu Sangui and fought fiercely in Shanhaiguan (see the Battle of Shanhaiguan). Under the joint attack of Manchu and Han armies, Li Zicheng failed and retreated to Beijing. On the 29th, he hastily proclaimed himself emperor, achieved great success in founding the country, and withdrew from Beijing the next day. After Li Zicheng returned to Beijing, he made a strategic retreat in a planned way and entered Xi 'an via Pingyang and Hancheng in Shanxi. In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1644), the Qing army divided its forces and attacked Xi 'an in winter. In February of the following year, Tongguan fell, and Li Zicheng entered Wuchang from Xi 'an via Xiangyang. In May, Li Zicheng was attacked by a landlord in Nanjiugong Mountain, Tongshan County, Hubei Province, and died heroically. In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), the Qing army entered Sichuan from southern Shaanxi and attacked the Daxi army. Zhang left Chengdu in July the following year, went north to fight the Qing army, and died in Phoenix Mountain (now the north of Nanxi County, Sichuan Province) in November. After Li Zicheng and Zhang died, the rest of the peasant army continued to fight. Dashun peasant army is divided into two roads, one led by Hao and Liu Tichun, and its activities are in the east of Dongting Lake. Another route is led by Gao, whose activity scope is west of Dongting Lake. Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo led the peasant army of Daxi to Sichuan and Guizhou, and persisted in the struggle against Qing Dynasty. The Qing army concentrated its forces to suppress the insurgents and died. Gao, Liu Tichun and Hao died, fell, and Li Dingguo was defeated. By the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (1658), the remnants of the peasant army in the late Ming Dynasty had completely failed.

After more than 30 years of repeated contests between the peasant uprising army and the Ming and Qing armies at the end of the Ming Dynasty, it overthrew the Ming Dynasty and hit the Qing Dynasty, which played an important role in the history of China peasant war. The most typical tactic of peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty was mobile warfare, which had great advantages. The rebel army moved at the wind and was inseparable, which made the Ming army exhausted. Although the Ming army is superior in number, it is often defeated because of the contradiction between the governor and the military attache, the political and military corruption, and the army has no fighting capacity. In specific battles, it is often only a fraction of the rebel army. The peasant uprising army used the strategic strategy properly, and Mianchi broke through and completed the strategic shift. Later, from mobile warfare to positional warfare, we avoided unfavorable conditions and turned passivity into initiative. The rebel army has strict military discipline and strong fighting capacity, which is in sharp contrast with the Ming army. However, the lessons of the failure of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty are also very profound. Like all failed peasant uprisings, it has no far-sighted strategic vision (such as Chen Guang Uprising, Greenwood Uprising, Red Eyebrow Uprising, Yellow Scarf Peasant Uprising, Late Sui Peasant Uprising, Huang Chao Uprising, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement). After entering Beijing, the military leaders were corrupted in thought, mishandled in politics, relaxed in military discipline and reduced in fighting capacity, and were defeated by the Ming and Qing armies. But the soldiers of the peasant army are not afraid of sacrifice, and their revolutionary spirit and unyielding revolutionary integrity inspire future generations.