Dou Jia is a farmer in Jinyang rural area and has a daughter. She is 28 years old, gentle and graceful, and extremely wonderful. Jinyang's family took shelter from the rain three times and occasionally entered Dou's house, which gave birth to admiration. I naturally sneaked into Dou's house and expressed my sincerity to Dou's girl: "If I get pity, I won't marry him." Miss Dou was "not very taboo" at first, and then "laughed low". In the south, "pointing to the sky and pointing to the sun, making a firm and eternal agreement" is the only way to get the private consent of Dou Nv, and therefore it has become the pastoral free love in Sang Jian Pu Shang.
Miss Dou is pregnant. Nan Sanfu said, "Can you change to a farmer?" That is to say, I am absolutely heartless to the Dou family, and I am engaged to a woman with a considerable family background. Miss Dou was in labor, and several people asked her to destroy the marriage in the south, but she refused to see her. Dou girl gave birth to a child, and her father was angry and whipped. Dou Nv insisted that "Nan wants me", and she died with her child in her arms at night and went to Nanfu. The south gate is closed. "The woman leaned against the door and was heartbroken, but the five reformed people didn't smell it. Look carefully, that woman can't sit still. "
Nan Sanfu married everyone. The bride tasted the dream girl's hair arm, and her blood and tears were exhausted; The bride wept bitterly and was ashamed that she had occupied someone else's bed and hanged herself in the back garden. Weng Tuo came to the province to save the woman, only to know that Nan Sanfu stole the dead sinus woman's body from the grave, moved into the dormitory, and stayed together all day, becoming a stranger. Your appeal officer killed you, and Nansanfu stole the body and died. Fortunately, officials were paid with gold and silk, and they were exempted from official duties.
The evil of NanSanzang could not be redeemed, and he was insane and widowed for several years. After social unrest, the tomb of Dou was stolen for the second time. When he moved the body into the house, he realized that the daughter Yao Xiaolian had just buried was dug up by mistake in his confusion, and he stole the body again and was killed.
The first two paragraphs of Dou Shi describe the great evil caused by Nan Sanfu's class concept and class prejudice, while the last two paragraphs describe Nan Sanfu's great goodness of returning to human nature and the natural need of atonement, which is shrouded in dreamy, psychopathic and insane people's trance atmosphere and the fog of ghosts and gods. Through the fog, it actually wrote such a great tragedy:
The first paragraph is about love based on natural relationship. Pu Songling's words concentrated on the natural beauty and feelings of Dou Nv. She is the son of nature, and Bai Jie is innocent and inexperienced. At first, she cooked chickens for uninvited guests, and her clothes were half naked; Then gradually, you run ahead. If you stare at it with bright eyes, you will laugh at it with a low smile, and if you hold it with your arms, you will be reluctant. However, Nan Sanfu is really interested in this natural beauty and natural relationship, and can't help it. "I am eager to be with you" until "pointing to the sky and pointing to the sun, it will last for a long time." This kind of natural heterosexual acceptance without any secular conditions is "human needs" and "the essence of nature". Marx pointed out: "The relationship between men and women is the most natural relationship between people." (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 42, page 1 19) Therefore, the naturalness of love and sexual relations has become a "measuring instrument" of human social civilization. Therefore, regardless of ancient and modern times, literary works always express the civilization degree of this era with the help of free love, such as predatory marriage in slave society, buying and selling marriage in feudal society and capitalist prostitution system. The return of human nature is to establish the natural relationship between people. Marx said that human behavior "has the nature of civilization only when it is a natural need and a natural behavior." As the carrier of natural beauty and natural relationship in Liaozhai, there must be some mountain village girls who grew up outside the social secular relationship and etiquette, such as,, and so on. When writing about aristocratic families who abandon secular and inhuman relations and pursue natural humanity, they will always write about their love and pursuit of the natural beauty of these naive girls, such as royal clothes, Geng Qubing, An Youyu and so on. The first paragraph of Dou Shi focuses on the natural relationship between Dou Nv and Nan Sanfu.
In the second paragraph, as class writers, people in society always don't put their emotional relationships (including beauty and love) on the natural attitude that doesn't involve utilitarianism, but stay on emotional needs. The rational judgment he made is always the utilitarian judgment of the class, that is, the denial of human nature. In the relationship between men and women, social power and property status are always taken as the criterion for choosing a spouse. This relationship between people alienated by private ideas is "not based on natural conditions but on economic conditions." (Engels, The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State, p. 63) So he abandoned human nature and became a snobbish slave. As a family member, Nansanfu "changed his mind to the peasant family", that is, the rise of class concept, so he abandoned his sincerity. "He pretended to follow his words and met the media to discuss marriage with everyone. At first, he hesitated not only because of his beauty and wealth, but also because of his determination. " Engels said: "(in class society, the relationship between the sexes) property-this is a natural and ruthless norm, which is contrary to the symptoms of the human spirit that should conform to human nature ... people are no longer slaves of people, but slaves of things, and the relationship between people is completely distorted." (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume I, page 663) This paragraph vividly describes the process of Nan Sanfu's spiritual alienation, abandoning love and combining with an aristocratic family who is the embodiment of property, status and rank. The natural humanity and innocence represented by Dou Nv are intolerable not only by the ruling class in class society, but also by the ideology of the ruling class, that is, the concept of chastity. The ideology of the ruling class is also the ethical criterion for the behavior of the ruled class in class society, so Dou Nv can't see her father's feudal ethics after losing her virginity. She was abandoned by her husband and insulted by her father. Dou Nv's innocence is regarded as a sinner by a sinful society, which is unacceptable to heaven and earth. To our surprise, Dou Nv hissed at the door of Fu Nan with sadness. She didn't ask for an official like Qin Xianglian, an upright official, or a temple or a ghost like Nie Haihua. She wept for the soul of death. In her view, the door of Nansanfu is a tomb, and sitting is equal to double suicide, which is equal to martyrdom.
The third paragraph describes the return of human nature caused by the death of Dou Nv. First of all, everyone's daughter. Although this noble family is full of make-up, there is no joy in the account. "I haven't seen a happy face all day, and there are tears between my pillows." This loveless marriage combined with depriving others of love forced her to commit suicide by hanging herself. Marx said that the marriage based on the property hierarchy "can't talk about personal sex", and the sex in this relationship "is not the basis of marriage, but the attachment of marriage" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume IV, page 72). The conclusion of this marriage is only a "property transaction", and women are always victims. Shown in this eldest daughter, she protested this inhuman relationship with death. Although Nansanfu achieved the goal of "being suitable for each other", the objective choice of natural love is irreplaceable by any woman. This sense of loss of love enables him to transcend this reality and pursue his lost sincerity and love. His betrayal of Dou's daughter is actually a betrayal of himself. He moved the body of Dou Nv into the dormitory, which showed his self-reflection. This is the fanaticism of his emotional needs and the abnormal behavior caused by his psychopathy and disorder. Although he is silent about the female body, it is actually equal to wailing, the return of humanity and the atonement of conscience.
It is against human nature to write secular laws and regulations in the fourth paragraph. Laws, regulations and death threats cannot fundamentally subdue a person's persistent feelings and natural requirements, let alone curb a person's brave behavior with human consciousness. Nansanfu was sentenced to death for stealing the body for the first time, but this did not stop him from stealing the body for the second time. The second body theft was obviously more hidden than the first one. His behavior is hidden in the atmosphere of social unrest, all kinds of absurd rumors and nonsense, and this concealment and mystery are the characteristics of psychopathic behavior. It is inevitable that he made mistakes in his busy work, and it is also inevitable that he will be sentenced to death again. To our surprise, he didn't ask for social forgiveness again. Although this story is short, its theme is the same as the voluminous Dream of Red Mansions: "Those who owe are crying, and those who owe are paying back their lives", which leads to the destruction of human nature due to social alienation, and all aspects of contradictions are mutually assured destruction: "Falling on a vast white land is so clean." This is a great tragedy of human society itself expressed by thinkers and writers at home and abroad many times since modern times.
From this short story, we can see that: First, Dou Shi described the love conflict with modern consciousness. Love is ancient, but its characteristics of the times are distinct. The relationship between men and women in slave society and feudal society is very animal, but the real love between people only appeared in modern times. This is the liberation of social productive forces, which promotes the liberation of people and the development of people's essential strength and rational consciousness. Therefore, human nature has been fully demonstrated at this historical stage. Engels said: "Today's (modern) sex and pure sexual desire are essentially different from the ancient love of God. First, it is based on the mutual love of lovers; On the other hand, women and men are in an equal position ... Second, sex has reached such a violent and lasting level ... Both sides are willing to take great risks just to possess each other until they put their lives on the line. Finally, there is a new moral standard for the evaluation of sexual intercourse ... is it because you love each other? " (The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State, p. 73) We can disprove the development level of China people's self-awareness and social civilization in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the behaviors of Dou Nv and Nan Sanfu about the concentration of love, violence and mutual sacrifice of life, and their behavior of resisting marriage "not because of love", which is a clear and affirmative answer to the academic debate on whether capitalism germinated in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Secondly, Dou Shi revealed the history of alienation in human society in the form of literature, and publicized the protest of humanism against alienation. Humanism is the theme of Renaissance and Enlightenment in modern Europe. Humanism affirms that people have innate and pure natural attributes, which is opposite to class nature, that is, to ideology based on class concept and private ownership. It opposes feudal hierarchy and theocracy, and advocates new beliefs, new morals and new life of democracy, freedom and love. Peterak, Boccaccio, Montaigne and Shakespeare are all famous humanist writers. Ricardo, a famous British bourgeois economist, demonstrated the reasons for the alienation of human nature from the perspective of economics. He pointed out that private property and division of labor led to the alienation of human spirit. In class society, "on the one hand, it is the increase of wealth, on the other hand, it is the destruction of human nature", that is, the contradiction between economic development and spiritual civilization development. The famous German philosophers Hegel and Feuerbach both demonstrated extraordinary alienation from a philosophical point of view, and Feuerbach even regarded humanism as the cornerstone of his philosophy. Owen, a Utopian socialist, pointed out: "The struggle for personal wealth ... damages the most beautiful and noble qualities in human nature, and at the same time cultivates and encourages all despicable feelings and greed (Selected Works of Owen, Volume 2, page 15). From Dou Shi, we can see how the property, power, status and hierarchy in class society destroy the best things in people's hearts, thus encouraging people to be the most despicable, selfish, ruthless and greedy vivid images. Like the West17th century, China's philosophy-literature in the same period is also calling for the return of justice, conscience, human heart and humanity, which is the main theme of late Neo-Confucianism and civic literature.
Third, the value of Dou Shi is not only here, but also profound. Under the social conditions that the economic relations have not completely changed, the way out for the society is that all aspects of contradictions will perish together. Because as Marx pointed out, man is a social man, and man's essence is the sum of social relations. Only when social relations change can human nature change. Therefore, in 1844 Economics-Philosophy Manuscript, Marx pointed out that Feuerbach and his previous humanism were unscientific, and that man was not a "natural person" but a "social person", that is, the relations of production determined the essence of man, thus putting forward humanism and naturalism with completely different connotations from the previous humanism, and pointing out that only by sublating private ownership can the essence of man be truly realized. Therefore, the bourgeoisie put forward the slogan of humanitarianism, but it is hypocritical and cannot be really solved. Dou Shi belongs to the humanism of the embryonic nature of capitalism. I have seen the inevitability of mutual destruction in this society, and it is impossible to point out the way out. Unlike Qin Xianglian and Nie Haihua, it doesn't add a little illusory light and hope to the society, which is the genius of Pu Songling.
Fourth, Liaozhai created a large number of idiots and lovers. These characters all have a sincere burning heart. When they go from pure to dirty and from dirty to pure, most of them go through a process of inner positive-negative-integration. They are tortured by self-reflection to psychopathy. After "metamorphosis"-in essence, they went beyond self-alienation-they ignored the domination of secular ideas. For example, Sheng Qiao cut the meat for the lover eagle in Liancheng, Geng Qubing in Qingfeng-xiangguang fracture fought for the lover and the ghost alone, and Nansan stole the corpse several times in Dou Shi, all of which reached the crazy degree of fanaticism. These idiots and lunatics are abnormal people in the eyes of secular, tired and naive people, but they reflect the brilliance of real people. Marx once spoke highly of Diderot's masterpiece "Ramo's Nephew", pointing out the dialectical relationship between the abnormal consciousness of the protagonist in this book and the great abnormal condition of the surrounding society in the era before the French Revolution (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume III, page 4 17). Pu Songling is used to observing the real world through the eyes of an abnormal master, so once the master's spirit is abnormal due to depression or frustration (such as the last two paragraphs of Dou Shi), his description is full of illusory confusion, ghosts, time and space, reality and non-reality, the mutual crossing between human beings and the underworld, truth and falsehood, facts and lies, the dead and the living overlap in their eyes, and the past and the present are intertwined in their hearts ... It is an art form completely consistent with his tragic content, very close to modernism and ultra-modernism in the modern west-this form is completely suitable for describing the tragedy of the whole society. That is, the art form (or the modernity of art form) inevitably formed by dehumanizing social life.