/kloc-in Asia in the middle of the 0/9th century, Japan was in the last shogunate-Tokugawa shogunate era. The tyranny of the powerful Tokugawa shogunate caused many people engaged in agriculture to resist from time to time. The foreign policy of "locking up the country" is implemented, and foreign missionaries, businessmen and civilians are prohibited from entering Japan. Only businessmen from the Netherlands and China (the Qing Empire) were allowed to continue their activities in Nagasaki, which was the only port initially opened to the outside world. In addition, the Tokugawa shogunate also banned Christian belief. At the same time, in some economically developed areas of Japan, cottage industries or handicraft workshops began to appear. The system of "hiring workers" appeared in the workshop, forming a capitalist production system. With the rapid expansion of the commodity economy, the strength of the merchant class, especially the financial operators, has gradually increased. Businessmen felt that the old system was serious-it hindered their development, so they began to call for the reform of the political system. Bourgeois celebrities (princes), warriors and businessmen who demanded system reform formed a political alliance, and together with grassroots farmers who opposed the shogunate, they formed the power base of "anti-shogunate".

1852, brigadier general Matthew? 6? 1 (matthew calbraith perry) led his fleet into Puhe, near Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay), and asked for negotiations with the Tokugawa shogunate, which was called "Black Ship Incident" in history (also known as "Black Ship Founding the Country"). 1854, Japan and the United States signed the "Japan-US Goodwill Treaty" in Kanagawa, agreeing to open two ports, Shimoda and Hakodate, to the United States except Nagasaki, and grant the United States MFN treatment. Due to the signing of a series of unequal treaties, the Tokugawa shogunate once again became the object of Japanese social crusade. Japan's feudal camp split, and the elements demanding reform among the middle and lower samurai formed an innovative force, calling for respecting the king and resisting foreign countries. The representative figures of the innovative forces are Yoshida Shōin, Takayama Shinzuo, Kubo Toshiichi, Koji, Saigō Takamori, Konan Yokoi, Yoshijiro Omura, etc., which are mainly concentrated in the southwestern strong vassals such as Changzhou (now Yamaguchi Prefecture), Satsuma (now Kagoshima Prefecture), Tosa (now Kochi Prefecture) and Feiqian (now Saga Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture). These vassal States had a deep contradiction with the shogunate in history, accepted overseas influence earlier, and were more active in introducing modern technology and promoting middle and lower samurai. At the end of the shogunate, capitalism sprouted economically, and at the same time, the so-called rich peasants and rich businessmen appeared. Under the slogan of respecting the king and resisting foreign aggression, the innovative forces among the lower-class warriors and well-known people with lofty ideals joined forces with powerful governors in southwest China and royal officials who were in conflict with the shogunate, and launched a struggle to reform the curtain government and resist foreign aggression, which developed into an armed rebellion under the impetus of the people. 1after the curtain fell in June, 863, the shogunate was forced to declare an invasion, and then the American and French warships attacked Shimonoseki and the British fleet attacked Samoa. 1In the spring of 865, Gao Shanxin, the leader of Changzhou anti-foreign faction, put forward the strategy of opening a port to discuss the curtain, decided not to mention anti-foreign, turned to armed opposition, and secretly formed an alliance with Samoans. At the same time, Britain also weighed the pros and cons, changed its strategy and helped the rebels. On the other hand, the shogunate took refuge in France and launched the second war to conquer Changzhou Francisco in July 1866. At this time, the people's uprising was surging, which dealt a heavy blow to the shogunate. Changzhou-Francisco joined forces to fight bravely and forced the shogunate to retreat in September of the same year. 1867 Emperor Xiaoming died, Prince Mu Ren (Emperor Meiji) succeeded to the throne, and shady forces actively allied to send troops. 165438+1On October 8th, the emperor issued a curtain call. On the 9th, Shogun General Tokugawa Yoshinobu called for "returning major policies", but at the same time assembled elite troops in Osaka in an attempt to rebel. 1868 (the first year of Chen Wu) 65438+ 10. On 3 October, the Emperor issued "The Imperial Government Restoration", which abolished the shogunate and made Tokugawa celebrate "resigning from office and accepting land". On the 8th 10, Tokugawa Yoshinobu declared Osaka's "edict of restoring ancient ways" illegal. 1October 27th, 65,438, the imperial army with 5,000 men, mainly Saskatchewan and Nagano, fought fiercely with the shogunate army15,000 men near Kyoto (the battle between Bird Feather and Fujian), and Tokugawa Yoshinobu defeated Edo. The Wu-Chen war began. The emperor's army invaded the East on a large scale, forcing Tokugawa Yoshinobu to hand over Edo City on May 3, 1986, and put down the rebel governors in the Northeast at the beginning of 10. /kloc-in the spring of 0/869, the emperor's army went to Hokkaido, and on June 27th, it captured the last stronghold (Hakodate) of the remnants of the shogunate, and the Chen Wu War ended.