Virtual ship
One,
The realm of gentleman cultivation is the standard of being a man.
"Confucius said:' Gentlemen are harmonious but different, while villains are not harmonious'." "Harmony without difference" is the realm of gentleman's cultivation in Confucius' mind, and it is also the criterion for a gentleman to be an official.
The so-called "harmony" and "explanation of words" think that their original intention is "correspondence" From the mouth, the sound of five grains ",that is, a response from one sentence to another. From this original intention, various nominal and verbal meanings of "harmony" are derived. Huang Kan's "Shu" is interpreted as "harmony, which means that the heart is unfair."
The so-called "communication" and "storytelling" are thought to mean "meeting each other casually", which Duan Yucai interpreted as "everything in the mouth is synonymous", that is, everything in the mouth means "repetition" or "repetition". No, of course not.
Yanhe's "Xieji" holds that Confucius said that "gentlemen are harmonious but different, and what they see is different, so they are different. The villain likes the same, but each seeks its own benefits, so it is not harmonious. " Basically, from the perspective of personal integrity. Chen Lifu's "Four Books and Daoguan" explains that "gentlemen get along with others with peace of mind, but their opinions are not necessarily the same. When villains get along with others, they often sound like each other, but where the interests lie, their hearts are not harmonious. " They still look at people and ethics.
In short, it is an indisputable fact that "harmony without difference" is about the realm and code of conduct of gentleman cultivation, not a basic world outlook and a basic way of dealing with life, whether from Confucius' own remarks or from Confucius' later research and explanation.
Second,
Code of conduct and creed of loyal subjects
Due to the tradition of "learning officials", ancient gentlemen often evolved into later bureaucrats. The gentleman's cultivation of "harmony but difference" has become the code of conduct for loyal ministers. "The outer circle is inside" can be said to be a vivid portrayal of "harmony but difference" among loyal ministers and righteous men. Above the imperial court and in the rivers and lakes, if you want to deal with all kinds of people, you have to compromise, talk about reality and talk about unity. "External circle" is inevitable and inevitable. However, being a man is fundamental and seeking the position of the country. In the complicated real life and sinister officialdom struggle, you can't go with the flow, so the "inner side" naturally becomes the bottom line of being a man and the basis of serving the country.
In the history of China, all the loyal ministers and righteous men who have made achievements are all models of "being outside the circle and being inside", or their success is due to the cultivation of "harmony without difference", that is, "being inside the circle". Such as, Xiao He, Fang of Xing Tang, Du Ruhui, and those who assisted him all his life. That's the truth. "Harmony without difference" has been transformed into the ideology of a centralized and authoritarian country with Confucianism, and at the same time it has also been transformed into the political literacy and personality strength of a centralized and authoritarian country.
Among the famous loyal ministers, Qu Yuan is an odd number-different people are at odds, and foreigners are included: "Although I am not good at present, I would like to follow Peng Xian's legacy." "People and people who can observe with their own bodies, and people who collect things are all in Myanmar! It is better to die and be buried in the belly of a river fish, and warm with the white of the world. " "People's livelihood has its own joy, and I am used to it. Although I haven't changed my mind, I can punish my heart! " It is really "one article and three praises"; In life, "expressing resentment" is enough.
For more than 2,000 years, what upset China people was that Qu Yuan's words and deeds made him sink into Miluo, becoming "Xiang Lei" and "China Thunder". The legend of throwing zongzi into the river to save Qu Yuan's body has actually formed a national festival, which shows that China people, from man to man, from foot-binding to foot-binding, sincerely regret and admire this unusual and unpleasant foreign saint.
China, a country known as the country of poetry, has been held high by poets the banner of China people's spirit. Li Bai, a thousand years after Qu Yuan, is another representative. This great poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty admired Qu Yuan and despised the royal power. "Qu Ping's Ci Fu hangs the sun and the moon, and the king of Chu is empty." . Proud and rough, "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking people who will never be seen with an honest face", so that people seem to think that he actually "played it as a friend for thousands of times and treated it as dust". Let the emperor sober up and make soup for him, let the eunuch leader take off his boots and let the imperial concubine grind ink for him. Legend really makes people who are still alive under the imperial power angry, which is much funnier than the current jokes. Amid all the laughter, the fallen fairy in the restaurant has become a unique star in China for more than two thousand years.
The history of China is like this, but it is not the same. Honest people in foreign countries and at home can still serve their country in the prosperous times when the monarch is enlightened, such as Ji An in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Wei Zhi in the reign of Emperor Taizong. In the last decline of monarchs and ministers, it is difficult to have a service to the country, such as Fan Pang, Yuan Chonghuan and Tan Sitong of Guli.
As for "harmony and unity", there are countless lucky little people with inner and outer circles. In the Tang Dynasty, Chen Xilie just followed in the footsteps of the treacherous court official Li, who was full of honey and sword, and was ridiculed as "the prime minister with food". In the Song Dynasty, the "three orders" were even more severe, and there was almost nothing to say except "receiving orders", "announcing orders" and "delivering orders". Although they are different from the giant traitors who have harmed the people and endangered the country, they are vegetarians, who have wronged the country and the people.
As long as absolutism is in power, "harmony but difference", loyalty within the external circle and "harmony but difference" will exist. As long as "harmony is different", the character and accomplishment inside the outer circle are still the pillars of the country, and the history of China can only be circulated in the struggle between loyal and treacherous officials, and it is difficult to jump out of the pattern of absolutism.
Three,
Modern concept and "harmony but difference"
Nowadays, riding the east wind of industrialization and informatization, it is the foundation and premise for human beings to go into space, develop the universe and realize integration in a small global village. However, it is easier said than done. Because man is not God and omniscient and omnipotent, in the face of a pluralistic world, people are often troubled by outdated values and confused by the value of appearances, unable to resolve the opposition in pluralistic values and coordinate the conflict between good and good. Therefore, tolerance, as a new world view, is moving towards the foreground of history rather than methodology. "What is tolerance? Tolerance is an accessory of human nature. We are full of weaknesses and mistakes. Let's forgive each other's stupidity! (Voltaire) Although the world is not peaceful now, guns can still be heard in many places. Although the present world is not just, and the gap between the rich and the poor in many places is still shocking, the wars that destroy mankind are always solved one by one, and the responsibility for the wars is always investigated one by one. The debts of poor countries are largely forgiven by rich countries, and the disadvantaged groups are increasingly concerned by society and the government. " It has become more and more common sense to live by yourself and let others live. A tolerant worldview will protect mankind from being integrated.
China's traditional concept of "harmony but difference" is different from his tolerant world outlook. As mentioned earlier, China's "harmony without difference" is a methodology, not a world outlook. China's world outlook is yin and yang (contradiction). In the world view of the transformation of the unity (contradiction) of opposites between Yin and Yang, unity is "harmony" and the form of existence, while opposition is "difference" and the essence of existence. Conceited China people think that these understandings have exhausted the secrets of the world. "The greatness of the Tao originates from the sky, and the sky remains unchanged, and the Tao remains unchanged." . This self-confidence in knowledge has created this eternal creed: either one or the other, either master or slave is the essence of life, and the main means to realize this essence is violence, which means that violence is the premise of "harmonious" unity between opposing social differences. So for a country, it is not "harmony but difference", but "difference under violence" because of the diversity of opposites. Although the value of opposites can be fixed on an honor because of violence, "harmony" for a while, because opposites have not changed, when violence fails, "difference" will erupt again and remain "different". Therefore, "a wise man is good at worrying, but sometimes he loses", which literally seems to be reasonable "harmony without difference", has not promoted the development of China's history, but has led to an endless cycle of China's history. Today's China people should pay attention to this when they regain the wisdom of their ancestors.
Four,
Cultural Enlightenment of "Harmony but Difference"
China is a great country with a long history, with a vast number of cultural classics, many sage teachings and many celebrity stories. "Never forget the past, be a teacher of the future", which is China's advantage. However, because China culture has not become the engine to push forward the history of China, it has become the bane to restrict the development and progress of China. Therefore, it is of practical significance to combine modern thought with modern life and critically reflect on China culture. The method of "abstract inheritance" is the opposite, which makes people expect the meaning of literature and play it at will. It seems to be a wonderful truth, but in fact it is "spreading the fallacy of delaying youth."
"A hundred schools of thought contend" refers to a book written by a hundred schools of thought contending during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which is said to be an unprecedented event in China's ideological and cultural history, China's ideology, China's culture and China's tradition. Strictly speaking, it really started here. Mao Zedong attracted hundreds of schools of thought divided into two factions, one supporting the proletariat and the other supporting the bourgeoisie. The struggle has turned into attracting snakes out of the hole, "prospering without destroying capital", and taking truth as a means has achieved remarkable results, turning hundreds of thousands of intellectuals into "Rightists" in one fell swoop-not enough training.
"Deal with a man as he deals with you", Zhu's original intention is, "If you treat a man as he deals with you, then the way of being a man will be different from the beginning. Therefore, the way of a gentleman is to deal with a man as he deals with you. If people can change, they will die. Cover up the responsibility with what you can know and do, and those who don't want to stay away think it's also the Tao. Zhang Zi called it "easy to obey others". Mao Zedong, on the other hand, "treats imperialism and its lackeys Chiang Kai-shek reactionaries as much as imperialism and its lackeys Chiang Kai-shek reactionaries". Zhu advocated "ruling people by people" and "observing people by people", but advocated "ruling people by Tao" and "ruling people by oneself". You are dictatorial, and I am more dictatorial than you. You are authoritarian, and I am more authoritarian than you, which runs counter to Zhu Fuzi's point of view. Playing the banner of Zhu is suspected of deceiving the world and stealing fame. Although Peter the Great can conquer Russia's barbarism with barbarism, he has not completely solved the problem of the road and direction of Russia's development, and Russia is still exploring the road and direction of progress. Washington conquered American barbarism with civilization, opened the way and pointed out the direction for the development of the United States. On the road of civilization, the United States has now become the most developed and advanced country in the world. What did Mao Zedong leave for China? The newspaper said that there are still people who commemorate him today: when I arrived in Shaoshan, "I saw a large group of people kneeling in front of the bronze statue, or lighting candles and kowtowing, or holding incense candles. "However, this place was praised by hundreds of millions of people as the place where the red sun rises many years ago, but today it has become a hall of great heroes with strong incense and Sanqing Palace. If people are like this, why can the country be inferior?
He who speaks is innocent, and he who hears should be warned; If there is, change it, and if there is no, encourage it; Learn from the past and learn from the past, and save lives; And innovation is also a good slogan. Due to the lack of in-depth study of the original meaning of classics and the true meaning of modern thought, all the results are specious. In this way, making the past serve the present, making foreign things serve China, increasing the lawless freewheeling and losing the historical responsibility of putting people first, which is not conducive to the inheritance of fine traditions and the development of backward and poor China.