1941At 3 am on June 22nd, German soldiers broke into the Soviet Union in three ways (see Barbarossa Plan for details). Before the war, the Soviet Union obtained information about the possible war from many sources, but many of them were contradictory. The information about the specific invasion time was so different that the Soviet government did not know the specific time of German invasion, or even whether Germany would invade the Soviet Union. Prior to this, the Soviet Union was also actively preparing an attack plan against Germany, namely "Thunderstorm Plan". At the same time, there are many political and economic agreements between the Soviet Union and Germany, such as the non-aggression treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany. Even at the last minute, Germany provided materials to the Soviet Union as planned, which affected the judgment of Soviet leaders and led to a serious lack of preparation for the war in the Soviet Union. Most troops were completely unprepared to defend against the enemy's attack, so they suffered heavy losses at the beginning of the war, and many troops fell into chaos or disintegration. 1941June 2 1 day, Comrade Zhou Enlai of China's * * * production party received a spy intelligence statement (194 1.6.22) saying that Germany would attack the Soviet Union on a large scale. Comrade Zhou Enlai immediately sent a telegram to Stalin, but when it reached Stalin, it was put aside and nobody cared. This is also the last warning telegram to the Soviet Union among the historical materials that can be found at present. In just 10 days, the Germans broke into the Soviet Union for 600 kilometers. On the first day of the battle, the Soviet Red Army lost 1200 planes, 800 of which were blown up before taking off. Hitler boasted that the Soviet Union would be destroyed in three months. The Soviet Union was completely unprepared for this war, so the war fell into chaos from the beginning. On the northern front, the Soviet Red Army retreated 450 kilometers in two weeks, abandoning the Baltic coast. Twenty-four divisions of the Soviet Red Army were completely annihilated, and 20 divisions lost 60% of their personnel and equipment. The German Northern Army Group soon arrived at the gates of Leningrad. The central front is the key area of German assault. The German Central Army Group arrived at the encirclement of the Soviet Western Military Region (that is, the Western Army) from the direction of Grodno and Brest Fortress. Minsk, the capital of Belarus, fell, the Soviet Red Army retreated 350 kilometers, 30 divisions were wiped out, and 70 divisions lost more than 50%. The Germans successively carried out three effective pincer offensives in Minsk, Smolensk and Viarima, and surrounded and annihilated a large number of Soviet Red Army. The Battle of Fort Brest was the first battle in the Soviet-German War. In the early morning of June 22, the Germans shelled and bombed the Brest fortress. However, when the Germans advanced to the fortress, they met with stubborn resistance from the Soviet Union and suffered heavy casualties. However, under the strong attack of the German army, the Soviet Union finally surrendered on July 22nd. At that time, Minsk, the capital of Belarus, had fallen for many days, and the fortress had already become the rear area of Germany. On the southern front, the main purpose of the German Southern Army Group was to occupy the agricultural and industrial bases of the Soviet Union in Ukraine and obtain the Black Sea port as a supply station. Facing the Kiev Special Military Region (Southwest Army) and Odessa Military Region (VJ), the Southwest Army is the strongest military region in the Soviet Union. At the beginning of the war, because the Soviet Red Army had obvious advantages over the Germans in strength and equipment, the Germans made the slowest progress in this direction. However, because the quality of the Germans was far above that of the Soviet Red Army at this time, the Germans still marched straight into the Dnieper River. Due to the heavy losses of the troops on the western front, the exposure of the right wing of the Southwest Army failed to move in time. On September 194 1 15, the Germans surrounded the main force of the Soviet Southwest Army in the battle of Kiev. The high command thought that Kiev should be abandoned and the army should be moved closer to the capital and southern Ukraine, but this proposal was not passed by Comrade Stalin. 70 Soviet divisions fought bloody battles 10 day, and a few Soviet Red Army broke through, and more than 660,000 people were wiped out, including 60,000 officers such as General Kirponos, commander of the Southwest Army, and Lieutenant General Tupikov, chief of staff, who died in the breakout battle. Hitler called this panic war "the biggest panic war in history". The Soviet Patriotic War broke out and the Soviet Red Army went to the front. In the first week of the war, a group of generals, represented by General Pavlov, commander of the Western Front Army, failed to effectively command the troops, which aggravated the chaos of the troops and caused extremely serious losses to the Western Front Army. 1941July, the Moscow military court sentenced four Soviet generals to death and immediately executed them: Pavlov, commander and general of the Western Front Army; Major General kerimov Schicci, Chief of Staff of the Western Army; Major General Grigorija, Director of Communications, Western Army; Major General Korobkov, Commander of the Fourth Army. After the German-Finnish Allied Forces completed the siege of Leningrad, the Soviet High Command sent General zhukov to Leningrad to reorganize and reorganize the troops. A large number of Red Navy sailors, militiamen and residents joined Leningrad to defend the war, which finally stabilized the situation. The german offensive momentum is exhausted and it is difficult to move forward. The two sides are deadlocked. Subsequently, the Soviet Union gradually gained an advantage in the confrontation with the German northern army group, forcing the German army to take a passive defensive posture on the northern front, and it was simply unable to deploy troops to occupy Leningrad. But Finland didn't want to capture the Soviet area except karelian isthmus, which was cut off by the Soviet Union in the winter war, so the Finnish army never attacked Leningrad. In order to prevent the Germans from getting supplies from the occupied areas, Stalin adopted the methods used in the Civil War. Stalin ordered the Soviet Red Army to wage a scorched-earth war of resistance at1941/kloc-0+17, used artillery and rockets, and dispatched the air force to destroy residential areas 40-60 kilometers deep on both sides of the road, organized squads, and set fire to villages and cities, where there were no Germans. People were displaced, hundreds of thousands of people died, and the Soviet people suffered another disaster. 194 1 on September 30th, 2000, the Germans concentrated 74 divisions with about 1 10,000 men, and with the support of 1700 tanks and 1 1000 guns, they launched an offensive aimed at capturing Moscow, that is, the typhoon plan. At the beginning of the war, the Germans advanced rapidly, quickly occupied the periphery of Moscow and destroyed many Soviet defense lines. In times of crisis, the Soviet Union carried out the largest industrial transfer plan in history, transferring more than 6,543,800 wagons of equipment and materials. At the same time, 250,000 elite reserves were transferred from Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, and the troops and defense lines of the Western Front with General zhukov as the core were reorganized, and a large number of women were organized to build fortifications, and a large number of engineering detachments carrying explosives and mines were sent to destroy the German logistics supply lines. At this time, the severe winter in the Soviet Union has arrived, and the German combat troops and logistics supplies are greatly limited. The Red Army of the Soviet Union fought to the death against the Germans, and many heroes and famous sayings emerged, such as "Russia is big, but Moscow is behind". 1941165438+1On October 7th, when Germany was approaching Moscow, the Soviet Union still organized the Red Square military parade on time. This is one of the most famous military parades in history. After the parade, the troops under review went directly to the front. 194 1 65438+February 6, 2008, the Soviet army launched a counterattack, broke through the German defense line and repelled it for 200-300 kilometers. The battle of Moscow ended in the victory of the Soviet Union, and the Germans lost more than 500,000 people and a lot of technical equipment. This is also the first time that the arrogant Nazi Germany suffered heavy losses in World War II, and the situation in Moscow was stabilized. 194 1 winter, the Soviet red army launched an attack on all fronts. In the south, the Soviet Red Army crossed the Kerch Strait and landed in Crimea. In the north, the Soviets tried to break the siege of Leningrad, annihilate the Germans who surrounded Leningrad and recover Dimijan. However, due to the poor training, hasty preparation and improper command of the Soviet army, the attacks in these two directions ended in failure, and the Soviet army suffered huge losses. [ 1]? 1942 in may, the Soviet union launched the first battle of kharkov without adequate preparation, trying to recover kharkov, but it was completely annihilated after being divided by the Germans. The Germans swept the Crimean peninsula, captured the fortress of Sevastopol and defeated the Red Army in the Battle of Kerch. At this time, the Soviet Red Army had no reserves in the southwest and had to continue to retreat until it reached the middle reaches of the Volga River. In order to cover the German army in the South Caucasus (in order to obtain the oil in Baku Oilfield), the German army launched a protracted general battle with the Soviet Red Army in Stalingrad (Stalingrad Battle). Before the battle began, the Germans bombed Stalingrad on a large scale, leaving the city in ruins. But it is actually a trouble for itself, because the bombed Stalingrad is in ruins, and the roads are naturally blocked by ruins, so it is difficult for German tanks to be in a city full of ruins. The battle mainly took place in Stalingrad and its vicinity. Every street, every house, and even every pile of ruins will be repeatedly contested. Progress is usually measured in meters. The battle was extremely cruel and bloody. The total troops invested by both sides exceeded 3 million. The tenacious resistance of the Soviet Red Army made the Germans pay a heavy price for every step forward. At this time, the Soviet reserve has been assembled on both sides.1By the end of 942, a million troops were assembled on both sides of the German army. The Soviet Red Army won a decisive victory. The German Sixth Army and most of the Fourth Armored Army, the Romanian Third and Fourth Army and the Italian Eighth Army, as well as a large number of technical teams and support forces attached to them, were completely annihilated. The losses of both sides have never been accurately counted. It is generally believed that the losses of the Germans are around 850- 1 10,000, and the losses of the Soviet Union are even greater. The Battle of Stalingrad, together with the victories of the simultaneous Battle of Alamein and the Battle of Midway, constituted the turning point of the whole World War II (strictly speaking, the Battle of Alamein and the Battle of Midway are far from being compared with the Battle of Stalingrad in terms of strength, duration and losses. Some history textbooks used to think that the Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the whole World War II, which made sense. Here, the views of the East and the West blend together. )。 In the counterattack of the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviet and German armies launched the second and third Kharkov battles successively, winning and losing each other, and finally formed a part protruding westward in the direction of Kursk. 1In July, 943, the Germans concentrated 900,000 people from 50 divisions to launch the Battle of Kursk. At this time, the Soviet economy has completely turned into a wartime track, producing a large number of weapons, equipment and materials. At the same time, according to the "Lease Act", it has obtained a lot of assistance from allies such as the United States and Britain, and its military strength has been greatly improved. The Red Army of the Soviet Union, under the command of famous generals such as zhukov, Aleksandr Aleksandr Vasilevsky, rokossovsky, konev and Vaduddin, completely smashed the German attacks in orel and Belgorod and launched an all-round counterattack, thus recovering Kharkov and winning the Battle of Kursk, which also meant that Germany completely lost its offensive ability in the war and turned to defense. With the defeat of Germany in the Battle of Kursk, the German Southern Army Group was forced to retreat and cross the Dnieper River, and at the same time, the villages in Ukraine and Russia were in ruins, and the crops were burned by the Germans. Since then, the Soviet Red Army has continuously launched 10 large-scale counter-offensive campaigns (known as ten Stalin assaults), which completely drove the Germans out of Soviet territory. Then the Soviet Red Army swept through Southeast Europe. 1after the allied forces launched the Normandy landing on June 6, 944, the Germans had to deploy a large number of troops from the eastern front to defend the western front. The Soviet Union was even more unstoppable, and successively captured Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland and other countries. 1945 On April 16, Soviet troops crossed the Oder River and began to attack Berlin. On April 2 1 day, Soviet troops invaded Berlin, completed the siege of Berlin on April 25, and broke into the city center on April 27. On the 30th, three Soviet Red Army soldiers planted the Soviet Red Flag on the roof of the Parliament Building in Berlin. On the same day, Hitler, head of Nazi Germany, committed suicide. The victory of the Soviet-German war also means the final victory of the Second World War (that is, the world anti-fascist war) on the European battlefield. [2]? The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union was an important part of the Second World War. 3 reasons for the victory of the Soviet Union Editor The reason why the Soviet Union was able to turn the tide and finally win the war was mainly due to the following factors: First, it had the strong leadership of the CPSU. 194 1 On June 30th, 2008, the Soviet National Defense Commission headed by Stalin was established, and it was put forward that "everything is for the front line! Everything is for war! " Slogan. In order to straighten out the command relationship, the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces was established on August 8. In order to strengthen the Party's leadership over the army, the Soviet Union sent 654.38+500,000 party member and 3.5 million members to the front. During the war, the Soviet Union absorbed 5,365,438 people+900,000 people from party member. The second is the fighting spirit of the Soviet people. Fighting for the motherland, every Soviet killed the enemy heroically, and a number of typical heroes represented by Lieutenant General Petrovsky, Matro Soff and Zoya emerged. According to statistics, during the war, more than 1. 1.6 million Soviet soldiers and civilians became "Soviet heroes", and 7 million Soviet soldiers won various medals and medals. The third is abundant manpower and material resources. 194 1 year, the population of the Soviet union is about 65438+800 million. After the war broke out, the Soviet Union mobilized 34.5 million people. At the end of World War II, the total strength of Soviet troops reached 6.5438+0.28 million. During the war, the Soviet Union produced 134 10000 aircraft, 102800 tanks and 825200 guns and mortars. Fourth, we must have advanced operational theories. Marshal tukhachevsky, a Soviet military theorist, has long put forward the theory of deep combat. During the war, the Soviet army successfully solved a series of military problems, such as organizing and implementing extensive, active and deep strategic attacks, and ensured the victory of the Great Patriotic War. In addition, a number of outstanding commanders and generals, represented by Marshal zhukov, emerged in the Soviet Union. Fifth, the vast territory provided strategic depth for the Soviet Union to resist German aggression. The land area of the Soviet Union is 22.274 million square kilometers, spanning 1 1 time zones. At the beginning of World War II, although the Germans quickly occupied European countries, they could not swallow the huge Soviet Union in one gulp. When German soldiers arrived at the gates of Moscow, the Soviet government still controlled more than two-thirds of the country. In addition, the cold weather also helped the Soviet Union. The cold in Moscow caused the Germans to suffer a devastating blow at the gates of Moscow, just like Napoleon's army that invaded Russia in 18 12. [3]? Sixth, great assistance from countries such as the United States and Britain. During the Soviet-German War, especially after the outbreak of the Pacific War, the United States and Britain gave the Soviet Union a lot of assistance, including guns and ammunition, tanks, planes, vehicles and other military supplies. Without the assistance of these allies, it would be more difficult for the Soviet Union to recover from the collapse of 194 1 and even defeat Germany. In order to win the war, the Soviet people suffered heavy casualties. According to statistics, there were 27 million deaths in the Soviet Union, of which more than180,000 were civilians, and almost every family suffered casualties. The war also brought huge material losses to the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, 65,438+0,765,438+00 cities, more than 70,000 villages and towns and 365,438+0,850 industrial enterprises were totally or partially destroyed. Germany, on the other hand, consumed a large number of troops because of the war with the Soviet Union, and a large number of Germans could not withdraw from the Soviet-German battlefield, or even were annihilated in large numbers, thus extremely strongly supporting the US-British operations in North Africa and Italy and the opening of the allied second battlefield. After the war, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany and the Democratic Republic of Germany, which were occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France respectively. Germany's economy was also destroyed by World War II, and it was not until the Marshall Plan after World War II received a lot of economic assistance that it was restored. Eastern European countries, including GDR, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, were occupied by the Soviet Union to varying degrees, and the state power was purged by the Soviet Union and replaced by the puppet regime of the * * * production party that obeyed Moscow. Their regime forms were completely imitated by the Soviet Union, and a large number of Soviet troops were stationed in these countries. Therefore, these countries were satellite countries of the Soviet Union from the post-war to the period of drastic changes in Eastern Europe. The Second World War brought profound changes to the world structure. Before the war, Germany, Japan, Italy and other old imperialist countries were completely defeated, and Britain and France were greatly weakened. This makes the United States and the Soviet Union become the leading powers in Europe. In order to compete for the control of Europe and the world, the United States and the Soviet Union moved from the alliance during the war to confrontation and even the cold war. The United States carried out large-scale economic assistance to Western Europe through the Marshall Plan to win over Western European countries; The Soviet Union achieved the goal of controlling Eastern Europe by supporting the * * * production party regime in Eastern Europe and Balkan countries. 5 War Crimes In this war, both the Soviet Union and Germany committed huge war crimes. Germany cruelly abused Soviet prisoners, forced them to do coolies, built fortifications for Germany and transported goods. A large number of Soviet prisoners of war died during their capture, and the survival rate was very low. At the same time, when the Germans retreated, they scorched the occupied area to delay the Soviet attack, which caused great losses to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union also brutally abused German prisoners, and many people were even put into the gulag concentration camp. After the Soviet Red Army crossed the border, it plundered, robbed and even raped civilians in Eastern Europe and Balkan countries. More than two million people in the eastern provinces of Germany (East Prussia, Silesia and Pomerania) died of hunger and cold, ethnic cleansing, or were killed because they were involved in the battlefield after the war. Most of the deaths occurred when refugees were chased by the Red Army, driven out by tanks, robbed, shot and slaughtered, and women and girls were raped and left to die. The fighter-bombers of the Soviet Air Force went deep into the front line for several kilometers to attack the refugees. [4]?