First, the main problems existing in railway transportation safety management
1, the quality of employees is generally not high.
The quality of employees is the guarantee to realize the safe operation of railways. The quality of employees is divided into two aspects: ideological quality and professional quality, which plays a vital role in the safe, high-speed and efficient completion of railway transportation tasks for railway car dealers. The leaders of some units failed to educate the workers' thoughts in place, failed to grasp their ideological trends in time, failed to effectively solve their problems, and failed to solve their problems, which caused some workers to complain and stop work, bringing bad feelings to their work, with extremely serious consequences.
In some areas of our country, railway workers have low academic qualifications, old age and poor professional skills. Railway grass-roots units pay insufficient attention to employee training and skill assessment, and professional skills account for a small proportion in employee performance assessment. The lack of enthusiasm of employees to learn business leads to poor emergency handling ability when encountering unexpected events, which is a major hidden danger of railway safety transportation.
2. Some facilities are aging and have poor stability.
Although China's investment in railway equipment has increased year by year in recent years, the speed of renewal and transformation are higher than in previous years, accidents caused by equipment failures still occur from time to time in the process of railway transportation. This brings greater challenges to safe transportation. For example, during the rush hour in Spring Festival travel rush, if the passenger train breaks down and fails to operate normally, it will cause a large number of passengers to stay for a long time, which will easily intensify passengers' emotions and affect stability, on the other hand, it will also cause some interference to the normal operation of other lines and trains.
3. Lack of innovation in management system and mechanism.
In recent years, with the remarkable achievements and great development of China's economic construction, more and more railway equipment and facilities have been updated and invested, but the railway management mechanism has not kept pace with the times and lacks a clear accident responsibility system, which has laid a hidden danger for the safe operation of trains. In addition, some local railways do not know enough about safety management, and most of the management only stays in slogans and propaganda, and has not been implemented substantively or not in place. This phenomenon is far from meeting the standards of modern safety production.
4. The contradiction between transportation capacity and traffic volume is prominent.
Railway transportation has always supported and promoted the rapid development of China's national economy as an "artery", and played a "backbone" role in the comprehensive transportation network, bearing 60%~70% of China's passenger and freight volume. However, at present, China is in the process of rapid industrial development, and the social demand for raw materials and energy is also greatly increasing. In addition, the population base is increasing year by year, and the increase of passenger flow leads to the increase of passenger traffic. The capacity of existing railway trunk lines tends to be saturated, and the obvious contradiction between passing capacity and transportation demand is becoming more and more prominent. For a long time, although China has invested and supported railway transportation equipment and facilities, it is still far from enough to meet the needs of equipment renewal. In addition, the railway development is at an extremely slow stage. So far, no real traffic network has been formed. Take China's three major trunk lines (Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Shanghai and Jingha) as an example, and their length accounts for about 10% of the total mileage. However, it undertakes about 43% passenger turnover and 37% cargo turnover of the whole railway. Unreasonable structure and tight transportation capacity lead to "goods are difficult to transport, people are difficult to travel", which brings hidden dangers to railway transportation and makes it difficult to carry out safety control.
5, mobile equipment, fixed equipment defects.
Up to now, there is still a big gap between China's railway equipment and that of western countries, showing an obvious shortage of production capacity. Excellent equipment quality (including mobile equipment and fixed equipment) can not only provide a good material foundation for transportation safety, but also ensure transportation safety. With the continuous improvement of people's requirements for the quality of life, the requirements for the speed and safety of vehicles are getting higher and higher. Looking around the changes in railway transportation in recent years, the most remarkable thing is the continuous improvement of train speed. However, in the process of use, there are still situations such as poor stability and easy failure of equipment, which is still far from the automation control of modern railways. In most cases, it still depends on manual control. Once there is human negligence, it is easy to cause serious accidents. In addition, the monitoring device has blind spots in the monitoring of station shunting and line changing, which fails to effectively prevent shunting accidents.
6. The emergency mechanism is not perfect.
Among various modes of transportation, although the railway is a relatively safe mode of transportation, there are still various security threats in recent years, both from natural disasters and from the railway itself, and a complete and perfect emergency mechanism can often minimize the threat or save the day. At present, the railway early warning system often arrives at the dispatching department only when the fault occurs, and then the dispatching department informs the driver to slow down or stop, but does not inform the train driver and the operator of the reason, which also leads to the situation of "asking three questions and not knowing" when being asked by passengers. At this time, some anxious passengers will have psychological suspicion and panic about the unknown, which is prone to personnel riots. In addition, although some railway operators have gradually set up emergency management institutions, there are still some situations such as vague responsibilities, cumbersome procedures, unfulfilled responsibilities, low disposal efficiency and low emergency response ability, and a truly complete coordination mechanism has not yet been formed among railway departments.
Second, the railway transportation safety management countermeasures
1, improve the quality of employees
In the actual work of railway transportation, we should do the following: First, strictly select new employees, try to choose high-quality employees, and check their adaptability frequently. Employees should fully cultivate their love of work and sense of ownership after joining the job. Leaders should lead by example. We should be caring people of employees, solve problems for employees, be mentors and friends of employees, and let employees consciously devote themselves to safety production with a pleasant mood. Secondly, we should regularly carry out safety publicity and education among employees. Efforts to create a good atmosphere of "safety first" will help improve the sense of responsibility and consciousness of employees. Third, improve the working environment of employees and reduce the adverse effects on their health and psychology. Fourth, we should provide regular vocational training for employees to improve their vocational skills. Fifth, we must adhere to the "people-oriented" code of conduct. We should actively formulate and implement the mechanism of combining rewards and punishments. Only in this way can we better mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of employees and enhance their sense of responsibility.
2, increase the research and development and promotion of new technologies and new equipment.
Advanced and reliable technical equipment can often reduce or eliminate the consequences caused by human error. In railway transportation, the safety technology department should strengthen the investment in technology research and development, and develop an advanced technology model that is suitable for railway transportation and can replace labor. In addition, in terms of safety technical equipment, we should choose and improve technical equipment according to our own specific actual situation.
Adopting advanced and reliable railway transportation technology and equipment can effectively eliminate or reduce the serious consequences caused by human errors. Railway management departments should work out a set of feasible safety technical equipment system planning scheme on the basis of existing equipment.
3. Pay attention to weak links.
Carry out targeted safety management. In the process of safety management, we must find out the weak links and key factors that affect the operation. It is necessary to focus on the transformation and control of weak links, so as to do more with less money, with points and areas. As far as the current situation is concerned, the focus of safety management should be on the job site. Especially for teams and groups, such as locomotive crew and station attendant team, the key of safety information management is equipment detection and early warning. Safety management should combine all the weak links in railway transportation, especially the key factors.
4. Improve the accuracy of the plan and organize balanced transportation to the maximum extent.
In railway transportation, we often put forward the slogan of "safety first", which will also be the most fundamental goal of railway transportation, and the fundamental way to achieve this goal is undoubtedly "prevention first". Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the potential safety hazards in the whole transportation process, establish safety awareness, formulate effective preventive measures, pay attention to detail management, and consider the coordination between freight volume and transportation capacity in combination with the present situation of railway hardware and software equipment to ensure and improve the feasibility and accuracy of the plan implementation and maximize the balanced transportation.
5. Improve the emergency safeguard mechanism under the new situation.
Railway transportation accidents are the result of the interaction between people, machines and environment, and are caused by a series of accident chains. In such a huge and complex system engineering, it is imperative to improve the existing emergency support system and carry out traffic early warning and control. The construction of railway transportation disaster early warning mechanism means that in the organization and management of railway transportation facilities, if a railway transportation accident is similar to the one predicted in the early warning mechanism, it can be effectively immunized. Therefore, railway transportation disasters should adapt to the development of the new situation, update the awareness of risk prevention, deeply study and master the law of railway accidents, identify risks through real-time monitoring of people, equipment, environment and management methods, improve the advance and foresight of safety work, and further improve the feasibility and rationality of formulating emergency safeguard mechanism.
6. Bold institutional innovation.
First of all, we should reform the system of selecting and appointing innovative talents. From the perspective of human resource management, it is necessary to strictly control the use of personnel and arrange suitable personnel for each position. Especially the personnel arrangement of key positions in railway transportation. Secondly, we should innovate the incentive and restraint mechanism. In the system construction, we should take the goal as the guide and focus on strengthening the consciousness of railway workers. Pay attention to cultivating employees' awareness of self-restraint, strengthen safety production, and enhance employees' enthusiasm and creativity. Finally, it is necessary to formulate a new assessment mechanism, which is the need for employees to correctly understand the assessment, and it is also a modern management means and method. This is the basis for evaluating employees' personal work. It is also an effective way to find gaps and deficiencies. In the evaluation process, the assessed personnel should strengthen communication with managers, only in this way can they feedback the shortcomings and deficiencies of the new system. If most employees are not satisfied with an assessment system, they should make timely adjustments.
Third, reform the railway freight management system.
1, establish and improve the supervision mechanism of government power restriction.
First of all, it is very urgent and necessary to standardize government behavior and establish a government restraint mechanism. When perfecting the government restraint mechanism, we should implement the following aspects: First, we should pay enough attention to social supervision. Public opinion and personal supervision can test whether government behavior is standardized and whether government affairs are just, open and fair. In addition, we should improve the petition system. Secondly, it is not enough for the society to supervise the construction and operation of the railway. It is also necessary to establish a special supervision institution to supervise the construction and operation of the railway. After the establishment of this institution, it is necessary to avoid interference and interference from other parties.
2. Suggestions on organizational restructuring of railway freight enterprises.
China has a vast territory, and different regions have different management characteristics in railway freight transportation. There should be an organization similar to the business department to investigate the specific market situation in all parts of the country and formulate different modes of transportation and floating price mechanisms that can be adjusted by various railway bureaus. The establishment of corresponding departments in railway freight companies is a realistic manifestation of the operation mechanism of modern logistics enterprises. It is embodied in the establishment and reform of information system department, marketing department, human resource management department, logistics operation department and customer service department.
3. Reasonable integration of freight resources.
The integration of freight resources mainly includes two aspects, one is the integration of management resources, and the other is the integration of marketing resources. The integration of the former mainly comes from the decentralized operation of railway freight, and will be organically integrated with railway freight and other related freight workshops, loading and unloading warehouses and other institutions. Establish a unique railway freight logistics enterprise. This helps to integrate logistics and transportation, and can realize centralized management and unified scheduling. The latter mainly refers to decentralized management. Different freight companies have different customer information resources and have formed good business relations in the past long-term cooperation. Integrating these resources is conducive to improving customer loyalty and satisfaction.
4. Improve the operation system of railway freight logistics.
To implement modern logistics operation mode in railway transportation, we must follow modern logistics theory. Establish and improve the logistics operation system with the characteristics of China Railway. Of course, the optimization of business processes should start from customer needs. In practice, we should take the protection of customers' interests as the guide, improve the quality of railway freight service, and solve the problems of increasing cost and extremely low efficiency of traditional railway freight. Especially in consignment acceptance, arrival and delivery, we should speed up the pace of improvement. In terms of railway freight transportation, we will eventually realize one-stop services such as warehousing, transportation and distribution. With the development of market economy, we should also strengthen the marketing of railway freight. Railway freight companies should establish a marketing system with their own transportation characteristics based on the market. In addition, we can cooperate with modern logistics enterprises to establish some logistics information platforms to realize the wide dissemination of logistics and information. This can not only speed up the pace of various logistics integration, but also speed up the information transmission between various logistics and close business ties. According to the requirements of modern logistics for human resource management, railway freight enterprises should strengthen the planning, development and management of human resources. Cultivate employees' awareness of the enterprise. Regularly carry out business education among employees to improve their quality. Stimulate the enthusiasm and creativity of employees through an effective incentive and assessment system.
Fourth, summary.
Ensuring the safety of railway transportation plays an important role in safeguarding people's lives and property, improving the efficiency of railway transportation, enhancing the social image of railways and promoting the healthy and stable occurrence of the national economy. This requires the railway transportation department to strengthen its own requirements in safety management. We should timely and reasonably analyze the safety management of railway transportation, actively discuss these problems and put forward solutions. In addition, in order to maximize the comprehensive transportation efficiency of existing railways and serve the overall situation of national economic construction, the whole railway freight system also needs to be adjusted.