Malaysia is a country where religion is the state religion. Because Malaysia's * * religion belongs to the Sunni Sharpey Sect, and combined with Malaysia's national conditions, Malaysia still maintains a pattern of coexistence of various religions. The Constitution stipulates freedom of religious belief, and China's Buddhist and Taoist beliefs are also protected by law.
According to archaeological and historical records, the exchanges between China and Malaysia have a history of more than 2,000 years. Since the Ming dynasty, contact has become more frequent. /kloc-In the early years of the 5th century, Yin Qing, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, was sent to Malacca (that is, Manraga). Two years later, Ma and the "Chief" sent envoys back to China. After seven voyages to the West, Zheng He passed through Malacca many times and set up a supply warehouse in Malacca. There are still traces of Zheng He in Malacca. In the late Ming and Qing dynasties, Chinese from Guangdong and Fujian went to the Malay Peninsula in droves to engage in farming and commercial activities to make a living.
According to the statistics of17th century, the population of Malacca is 4,884, including 426 Chinese, accounting for110. By the beginning of 19 century, there were only 1000 China people. However, since the mid-Kloc-0/9th century, with the development of rubber planting and tin mining, as well as the needs of seaport and road construction, a large number of Chinese came to the Malay Peninsula. The number of people in China has increased dramatically. 1852, the number of Chinese in Malacca increased rapidly to 10608, 190 1 year, and increased to 19464. 1937, the number of Malayan Chinese reached 2 1 14295, accounting for 4 1% of the total population at that time. The livelihood of Chinese in Malay Peninsula also brought Chinese religious beliefs to Malaya. Around the middle of17th century, the China Buddhist temple "Qingyun Pavilion" appeared in Malacca. Since the beginning of19th century, Taoist temples have appeared one after another.
At present, China people usually take a small package to Malaya. Some put amulets and pray that Taoist symbols can protect navigation safety and live smoothly. There are also small statues invited from the temple fair in my hometown to worship at any time in case of storms and diseases. Among these statues, Mazu, Guandi and Gongshu are common. If they reach the Malay Peninsula smoothly, China people will sacrifice their gods in wooden houses along the coast or their own earthen houses, so that other China people can sacrifice together.
Today, in some simple villages on the east coast of Xima and Dongma, where there are few Chinese, villagers have written down the names of gods and ancestors on red paper, such as Siming Zaojun, Gongshu, Mu Mu Gonggong, Shigong and Shi Gan Dang. And stick them on the wall or post, with a jar in front as a censer for worship.
With the increase in the number of China people, the financial and material resources of China people have been greatly strengthened. China people follow the style of temple fairs in China's hometown, and gradually establish various temple fairs. They worship the same bodhisattva gods in their hometown and maintain the same belief habits as when they lived in their hometown. Because the Taoist temple in Malaysia was originally established by fellow villagers in order to trust the same belief, there was no full-time Taoist priest involved, so the scale was generally relatively small and the worship of gods was relatively extensive. Most of these Taoist temples have courtyards behind the mountain gates, and the main hall is behind the courtyards. The main hall has three bays, and the small temple has only one bay. The center of the main hall is dedicated to the main god of this view, and the left and right sides are dedicated to the deputy gods. Most Chinese in Malaysia come from Fujian and Guangdong. Therefore, the gods worshipped in Taoist temples are all the gods worshipped by the people of Fujian and Guangdong, such as Gongshu, Lin 'an, Baosheng Emperor, Jiudi, Tianhou, Guandi, and Land. In addition, there are people related to the ancestors of Malayan Chinese, such as the "Fourth Division", that is, four Chinese predecessors Ye, Ye Zhiying, Ye and Chen Xiulian who developed in the Malay Peninsula in the early days. Datuk Gong is the official name of Malaysia. At first, the Taoist temple in Malaysia was also related to fellow villagers' organizations or industry organizations.
Qiongzhou Guild Hall According to the historical records of Qiongzhou Guild Hall in Penang, "the proper name of Qiongzhou Guild Hall in Penang actually started from 1925, and was originally named" Tianhou Palace ". Founded in Yixing Street, opposite to Haiji Stack, the furnishings in the palace are ugly and simple. Only one side of the shrine says "Goddess of the Queen" as a symbol of sacrifice.
Tianhou, formerly known as Tian Fei, is a sea god who is worshipped by seaside residents. Song Yuanming was tired of spiritual traces, but he was named the queen of heaven in Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. In which year was Ben Yu's Tianhou Palace built? Due to the lack of historical records, it is difficult to confirm. However, looking at the existing stone tablets in the museum, a woodcut of "all respect for the family" should be regarded as the oldest. It has been 97 years since Gaitongzhi was nine years old (1870). In the 21st year of Guangxu (1895), Zhou Hengshan, the head of Tianhou Palace, and other sages sold the former site of Yixing Street and built a new scene in Sezairu Lane.
The Tianhou Palace, now located in the Qiongzhou Hall in Penang, is dedicated to immortals, water gods, the god of wealth and 108 brother gods. Qiongzhou Church in Sandakan, Sabah, was built in 1902, and there is also the Tianhou Temple, which is dedicated to the goddess, the goddess of water, Guandi and Shen Zheng, the god of wealth, and 108 brothers and gods. Qiongzhou Guild Hall in Malacca, built in 1869, is dedicated to the goddess of wealth and the emperor Hua Guang (Vulcan).
Taoist temple of the Chinese community on the water According to a survey conducted by Japanese scholars in A.D. 1980, there are Chinese market towns on the sea near the old port of Penang. China people in these market towns all live in shallow seas, planted with wooden stakes in the sea, covered with wooden boards, and connected with the land by trestles. There are six trestles leading to the residential areas of various surnames. For example, there are about 30 families' surnames, 52 families' surnames and 50 families' surnames are Chen Qiao and Chen. In addition, there are Li Qiao, yangqiao, Joe and other miscellaneous surnames.
At the junction of each trestle and the land, there is a small shrine beside the tree. The gods enshrined in the shrine are "Five Gods with Five Faces, Five Earths and Five Gods", "Tang Fandi Gods" and "Datuk Gong". Datuk is the official name of Malaysia, and Gong has become the local protector of Malaysia in the eyes of China people, similar to the city god and the land god.
In addition, there are temples with various surnames at the entrance of the trestle:
Qiao Lin has Sun Moon Altar, Qiao Zhou, Jintiandi, Qingyan Palace, Chen Qiao, Baosheng Emperor, Zhaoying Hall, Liqiao, Zhangkaiwang, Yuan Chao Palace, Zaqiao Baosheng, Xindian, yangqiao, the ancestor of the Five Immortals and Diangong. There is an incense burner in front of the statue, and incense is burned in the furnace. It is said that these statues and incense burners came from Chinese mainland's hometown, and even the ashes in the incense burner were separated from the temples in his hometown. The temples are managed by people with the same surname and clan, called furnace owners or heads of families. On God's birthday, a sacrificial ceremony is held, or a child is invited to enforce the law, or a sign or spell of God. These temple views have no professional Taoist rituals, but were built by China believers according to their own beliefs and the customs of their hometown, reflecting the folk beliefs and customs of China people.
After more than 100 years of development, Malaysian Taoist organizations have a considerable number of Taoist temples in Malaysia. According to the statistics of 1983, there are 3,582 Chinese communities in Malaysia, including 405 religious groups and temples. This figure is far from reflecting the actual situation.
According to the estimation of Malaysian academic circles, there are at least 1 temples for every 1 000 Chinese communities. However, it is understood that among the 380,000 Chinese in Penang, there are about 2,000 Taoist temples, far exceeding academic estimates. According to some data, there are about 15000 Taoist temples in Malaysia, both registered and unregistered, which are distributed in areas where Chinese people live in Malaysia.
Malaysian Taoists arrived in the Malay Peninsula in the early 20th century or in the 1930 and1940s. At that time, China people had established themselves in planting, mining and grocery business, and were able to participate in various religious activities according to the religious habits of their hometown. Therefore, most Taoist priests in Malaysia do not have temple views themselves, but only hold fasting activities for believers, which is similar to making a living. Therefore, Taoist activities in Malaysia also have strong commercial characteristics. Most Taoists don't understand Taoist teachings and Taoist history, and most China believers only worship and pray for various secular interests. Therefore, Taoist temples and Taoist priests are mixed, and some residential shrines still use Taoist signs to cheat money and color.
In view of this reality, people of insight in the Taoist circles in Malaysia are strengthening the process of organization and improving the belief level of Taoists. 1995, Malaysia * * * approved the establishment of the Malaysian Taoist Association. The president is Li, the founder of Maoshan School. According to Malaysian scholars, it is not the same thing to study Maoshan Buddhism in Malaysia and Maoshan Taoism in China. Maoshan religion is just a folk religion that spread in Guangdong in the late Qing Dynasty. According to the articles of association of the Malaysian Taoist Church and Malaysian media, President Li is known as the Taoist elder and the 64th generation incense plum. However, there is no explanation about where the theory of the 64th generation came from and what is the theoretical basis of "Daochang". At present, the Malaysian Taoist Doctrine Association has established a system of Taoist elders over 50 and Taoist leaders under 50. There are 12 elders, including Li and 33 leaders. From the photos in the media, people can see that all elders and leaders are dressed in Taoist costumes, whether true or just. According to the constitution of the guild, the guild will devote itself to the research and promotion of Taoism in Malaysia and participate in social welfare undertakings. However, it can be seen from the moral guide published by the guild that the Taoist content promoted by the guild includes the gods of law, art and Taoism. Evil children, prodigies, law children, yin children; Yin altar, ghost altar, art altar, dharma altar, altar, etc. It has obvious folk religious color. It is precisely because of the above reasons that the Malaysian Taoist Association has not received a general response from the Taoist circles in the country.
With the support of Malaysian Chinese political party MCA, the Malaysian Taoist community established the Malaysian Taoist Association. The Federation of Taoist Organizations in Malaysia was established on August 26th with the approval of the Ministry of Interior of Malaysia. 1997. The president of the 1 session is Su Mufa, and the vice president is Chen Wencheng. Why is the Secretary General Yuan Ping? According to the constitution of the Association, the objectives of the Malaysian Taoist Association are:
Carry forward the values of Taoist philosophy and culture; Maintain the legal status of Taoism in China; Contact and promotion lead believers to orthodoxy; Take * * * as the state religion, but practice other religions to maintain social peace, harmony and unity; Assist the country to advocate the spirit of mutual assistance and mutual benefit, and make contributions to caring for the well-being of society. These five purposes were determined by the Malaysian Taoist Federation according to the actual situation of the country and the correct understanding of Taoist culture, and they have been endorsed and responded by the Taoist circles in all States of the country. When meeting with the staff of the Malaysian Taoist Association, Huang Jiading, Deputy Minister of the Interior of Malaysia, hoped to promote the connotation and value spirit of Taoism through orthodoxy and benefit the Chinese community, and was encouraged and supported by * * * *. Since its establishment, the Malaysian Federation of Taoist Organizations has carried out extensive publicity activities in the society and held "Taoist seminars" in Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Malacca to spread Taoist beliefs and promote Taoist culture. At the same time, in order to represent Taoism in the society and safeguard its legitimate rights and interests, Secretary-General He Yuanping made a correct explanation in the lectures held by Sin Chew Daily and related institutions, and enthusiastically responded to the false statements that some people who did not understand the situation blamed Taoism for cheating money and color with a magic stick. Sin Chew Daily reported that the title of the lecture was to quote Secretary-General He's speech: "Orthodox religion is not scary, and it is up to you to distinguish right from wrong."
The Influence of Taoist Thought on Moral Education