the westernization group

Hey? Some people think that as long as some advanced western technologies are added to the feudal system, people can be suppressed and feudal rule can last for a long time. They also believe that preparing for westernization will definitely get the support of the great powers. In order to save the ruling crisis of the Qing government, some members of the feudal ruling class, such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong, advocated introducing and imitating western weapons and equipment, learning western science and technology, setting up modern enterprises and starting westernization. These officials are called "Westernization School".

The die-hards, led by the great scholar Woren, sang that "the way to build a country lies in respecting ceremony, not in tactics, and the fundamental purpose lies in people's hearts, not in skills", and advocated that "loyalty is the armor and ceremony is the god" to resist foreign aggression. The Westernization School opposes the old school, which is considered to be "very advanced and the argument is correct". However, "taking propriety and righteousness as the backbone and loyalty as the armor is not conducive to self-improvement. In the past two or three decades, Chinese and foreign officials have failed to control the enemy and only used empty words to fill their responsibilities, which led to the changes in Geng Shen. " Westernization and die-hards attacked each other and the struggle was fierce. The Prime Minister's Office is the central organization to promote the Westernization Movement. However, the influence of the Westernization School is mainly not in the central government of the Qing Dynasty, but in the governors and governors who hold local real power. Cixi understood that in order to maintain the dominance of the Qing Dynasty, she had to rely on the powerful Westernization School which was appreciated by foreign invaders. So she temporarily adopted the strategy of supporting Westernization.

Color development method

The Westernization School, which presided over and advocated Westernization, helped Li Hongzhang's government in the process of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolution.

A faction of the ruling clique in the Qing Dynasty. At first, the number was small, but their strength increased day by day. In the imperial court, he was the minister of the two prime ministers' offices, Qi Yi and Wen Xiang. At the local level, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Zhang Zhidong and others hold real power. Among them, Xiang School headed by Zeng Guofan, Huai School headed by Li Hongzhang and later Zhang Zhidong School had great influence.

Representative figure

Hey?

(1833- 1898), Aisingiorro. The sixth son of Daoguang Emperor, the half-brother of Xianfeng Emperor, 185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng) was made Prince Gong. 1In September, 860, Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol after the British and French allied forces captured the Baliqiao in Tongzhou, leaving Yixin as the "supervisor and peace bureau" in Beijing. 101On October 24th and 25th, Yixin successively exchanged the ratification documents of Tianjin Treaty with the representatives of Britain and France, and concluded the Beijing Treaty. 186 1 year 1 month, the office of international affairs of the prime minister was established, and Yi Xin, Gui Liang and Wen Xiang were appointed as ministers of the General Administration. In August, Emperor Xianfeng died in Jehol. 165438+ 10, CreditEase colluded with Cixi, used Shengbao, which was heavily stationed in Beijing, to launch a coup, and dismissed eight ministers of Zanxiang government affairs with Su Shun as the core. From then on, Cixi listened to politics, took the heart as the king of deliberation, and was in charge of the military department and the prime minister's yamen. Jackson Yee advocated "borrowing foreign soldiers to help suppress" and suppressed the Taiping Revolution. Support Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and other local powerful groups to organize modern military industry and carry out westernization activities, and become the leaders of the Qing court center to preside over westernization. 1865, due to the suspicion of Cixi, he was removed from the position of reviewing Wang. 1884 during the sino-French war, he was removed from all his posts. 1894 He was re-appointed as the Prime Minister's yamen minister, and was later ordered to supervise the military. 1898 died at the beginning of the Reform Movement of 1898.

Zeng Guofan

Zeng Guofan

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872), a native of Xiangxiang, Hunan, was born in a landlord family. 1838 Jinshi, 1839 assistant minister. He advocated Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism. 1853, Emperor Xianfeng appointed him Assistant Minister Ying Yong to supervise the armed forces of Hunan landlords Ying Yong. He established a landlord's armed forces, and all the soldiers and generals were from Hunan, so he was called "Xiang Army" or "Xiang Yong". Xiang army consolidated its interior with regional and feudal relations as a link; Armed with Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism; Boost morale with trophies and official titles; Generals are mostly selected from so-called landlord intellectuals such as "studying in Confucianism" and "students". 1854 In February, the Xiang Army became an army of about 17000 people. After the collapse of the camp in the south of the Yangtze River, the Qing government promoted Zeng Guofan as the governor of the two rivers, in charge of military affairs in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. Zeng Guofan advocated "catching more and killing faster" to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army. Zeng Guofan was called "shaved his head" by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Army. He organized Westernization, established a new arms industry, made weapons and armed the Xiang army. 1864, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was successfully suppressed. The Xiang school headed by Zeng Guofan has become the most powerful school in the local area. 1870 When he was governor of Zhili, he investigated and dealt with Tianjin religious plans, which was considered to be flattering foreign countries, betraying the country, killing people and arousing public anger. 1872, died in Nanjing.

Li Hongzhang

Li Hongzhang

Li Hongzhang (1823— 190 1) was a minister in the late Qing Dynasty and a local representative of the Westernization School. Word Shao Quan, from Hefei, Anhui, Daoguang Jinshi. 1853 organized youth league training in his hometown to help suppress the Taiping Army, which failed repeatedly. He took refuge in Zeng Guofan and became his staff. 186 1 year, Huai Army was organized as Xiang Army. 1April 862, Li Hongzhang and his Huai army moved to Shanghai. On April 25th, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the agent of Jiangsu Governor. In Shanghai, Li Hongzhang hired foreign invading army leaders to train Huai Army, recruited foreign craftsmen to make arms, and strengthened the military strength of Huai Army. 1862, the Huai army cooperated to suppress the Taiping Army in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. 1865, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the governor of the two rivers. In the following year 165438+ October, he was appointed as an imperial envoy to suppress the nian army. After the suppression of the Nian Army uprising, the Huai Army became stronger and stronger. A large number of Huai troops are entrenched in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and another part is stationed in Zhili and Shandong. Li Hongzhang's influence spread all over the Yangtze River and Yellow River. 1870, at the recommendation of Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang succeeded Zeng Guofan as the governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, and took charge of military, economic and diplomatic power, becoming a pivotal figure in the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty. Since the 1970s, he has established an arsenal and Beiyang Navy. At the same time, he also set up some civilian industries, such as China Maritime Bureau, Kaiping Coal Mine, Tianjin Telegraph Bureau, Jinyu Railway and Shanghai Textile Layout. For foreign aggression, in the big environment, he had to compromise and give in, and was regarded as surrendering and betraying the country. From the 1970s of 19 to his death, the Qing government signed a series of treaties with foreign invaders, most of which were entrusted to him or signed by him. For example, the Sino-British Yantai Treaty, the Sino-French New Testament, the treaty of shimonoseki, the Xin Chou Treaty and so on. In the 1990s, he was considered to have accepted huge bribes from Russia twice, totaling 3.5 million rubles, and signed the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty and the Land Lease Treaty with Russia to betray China's territorial sovereignty. It has hindered the development of national rejuvenation. But now we also need to objectively evaluate people from many aspects. In some ways, he can be regarded as the scapegoat of Empress Dowager Cixi. It is said that after signing treaty of shimonoseki, he vowed never to set foot on Japanese soil again in his life. Even if he met Japan later, Japanese officials invited him to have a rest in Jamlom, but he refused. But in any case, the collapse of the Manchu government is a historical necessity.

Zuo Tang Zong

Zuo (1812-1885) was a minister in the late Qing Dynasty and a local representative of the Westernization School. The word season is high, Hunan Xiangyin people. 1860 was recommended by Zeng Guofan and led some Xiang troops. He once recruited about 5,000 people to form the Chu Army, from which Zuo Xiang Army was formed. At the beginning of 1862, recommended by Zeng Guofan, he was promoted to the governor of Zhejiang, and organized the "Chang Jiejun" with the French Communist Party, and was trapped in Ningbo and Shaoxing. 1866, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau was established as the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. The following year, he was transferred to the governor of Shaanxi but Gansu. "Although I went to the west, my heart is still in the east." During the period of supervising Shaanxi and Gansu, Lanzhou Manufacturing Bureau and Lanzhou Weaving Bureau were established because of the abundant wool in the northwest. From 65438 to 0875, he served as an imperial minister, supervising Xinjiang military affairs. The following year, he led the army into Xinjiang to attack the reactionary regime in Agubo. 1878, all the territory of Xinjiang except Ili was recovered, and it was suggested to set up Xinjiang provinces and develop Xinjiang. 188 1 year, promoted to military affairs minister, transferred to liangjiang governor. 1884 During the Sino-French War, he was the main war faction and supervised Fujian military affairs. The following year, he resigned due to illness and died. The Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, which he founded, abolished foreign workers after the 1970s, which was different from the situation that Li Hongzhang's Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration said that foreigners should be foreign craftsmen, and reflected his ideological characteristics of running westernization by himself.

Zhangzhidong

Zhangzhidong

Zhang Zhidong (1837— 1909) was born in Nanpi, Zhili (now Nanpi, Hebei). 1863 Jinshi, 1882 served as governor of Shanxi. When the Sino-French War broke out, Zhang Zhidong advocated a decisive battle with France. The Qing court made him the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Zhang donated 3,200 taels of silver to Liu Yongfu, the general who fought against France, and paid an audience with Feng Zicai, the former magistrate of Guangxi. Feng Zicai defeated the French army in Nanguan and lang son, and Zhang Zhidong became famous. 1889 served as governor of Huguang, and built Hubei weaving layout, Hanyang Ironmaking Plant and Hanyang Arsenal, etc. In Hubei, he became a westernization figure on a par with Li Hongzhang. In the Reform Movement, Zhang Zhidong joined the "Strong Society". When he learned that Empress Dowager Cixi opposed the political reform, Zhang Zhidong withdrew from the "Strong Society". And ordered to ban the "strong magazine" in Shanghai and suppress the reform movement in Hunan. After the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, Zhang Zhidong advocated restraining pain. After the Qing court declared war, Zhang Zhidong, Governor Liu Kunyi of Liangjiang and others entered into a so-called "Southeast Mutual Protection" charter with Britain. 1908, Zhang Zhidong was ordered to supervise the Guangdong-Han Railway and the Sichuan-Han Railway in Hubei, and died in June the following year. Posthumous title Wen Xiang, whose manuscript series is The Complete Works of Zhang Wenxiang.

Content involved

The first railway in China was born.

The content of Westernization Movement is very complicated, involving military affairs, politics, economy, education and diplomacy. , and in the name of "self-improvement", the main content is to establish the military industry and other enterprises around the military industry, and to establish Lu Haijun with new weapons and equipment. Since the 1960s, modern military industries such as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute have been established one after another. Among them, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau is the largest government-run military factory in China. Founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai on 1865. There are about 2,000 people in the factory, mainly manufacturing guns, ammunition, mines and other military materials, as well as ships. 1867. Fuzhou Shipping Bureau is the largest shipyard founded by the Qing government. It was founded in Fuzhou by Zuo Yu 1866. There are about 1700 people in the whole plant, mainly manufacturing large and small warships. Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute is the earliest modern arsenal run by the Qing government. It was founded by Zeng Guofan in Anqing on February 186 165438. This factory is small and mainly produces bullets, gunpowder, shells and other weapons. In addition to establishing the above-mentioned factories, we also send overseas students to learn technology. However, the Westernization School encountered some difficulties in the process of establishing military industry, the most important of which were the difficulties in capital, raw materials, fuel and transportation. Therefore, under the slogan of "seeking wealth", the Westernization School began to set up civil enterprises such as China Merchants, Kaiping Mining Bureau, Tianjin Telegraph Bureau, Tangshan Xugezhuang Railway, Shanghai Weaving Layout and Lanzhou Weaving Bureau in the 1970s. At the same time, the Westernization School also began to plan coastal defense, and initially established the navies of Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian in 1884. After the Westernization clique took control of the naval yamen, it further expanded beiyang fleet and built Lushun Wharf and Ahava Military Port.

Important project

Anqing internal ordnance research institute

186 1 year, Zeng Guofan established a military industry in Anqing to manufacture modern weapons, which was also the first military industry founded by the Westernization School imitating western weapons. Mainly manufacturing bullets, gunpowder, blasting guns, etc. "Interior" refers to the setting of Anqing Army to which this ordnance belongs. 1864, after the Qing army captured Nanjing, the factory was moved from Anqing to Nanjing and renamed Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau.

Jiangnan manufacturing bureau

Also known as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, it was founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai on 1865. /kloc-moved from Hongkou to Gaochang Temple in 0/867. After continuous expansion, it became the largest military industry of the Qing government. The technology and mechanical equipment of this factory mainly depend on foreign countries. Besides making guns and ammunition, it also makes machines and ships. /kloc-in 0/905, the shipbuilding part became independent and was called "Jiangnan Wharf", and the arsenal part was called Manufacturing Bureau. Later, it was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard and Shanghai Arsenal respectively. It is the largest modern industry run by the Westernization School. It uses self-made steel to imitate muskets, catching up with the level of German new muskets, and its smokeless powder has reached the advanced level in the world. However, the General Administration of Jiangnan Manufacturing was officially run, and the funds were allocated by the Qing government. Production does not count as cost, does not consider economic benefits, and lacks development motivation. It adopted feudal yamen-style management and restrained workers by managing the army. Workers lack enthusiasm for production and the quality of products cannot be guaranteed.

Fuzhou navigational affairs management bureau

Fuzhou Shipping Bureau is the most well-equipped new shipyard operated by the Qing government. 1866 was founded by Zuo in Mawei, Fuzhou. Hire foreigners as technicians. Mainly composed of iron works, docks and schools, it was seriously damaged in the 1884 Mawei naval battle. Although it has recovered, it is not as good as before. After the Revolution of 1911, it was renamed the Naval Shipyard.

Hanyang iron works

Westernization Movement

1In the spring of 889, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, planned to establish an ironmaking plant in Guangzhou. In the same year, he was transferred to the governor of Huguang, and the ironworks moved to Hanyang. 1890 Construction started under Dabie Mountain. 1893 Hanyang Iron Works was basically completed, with six large factories, four small factories and two ironmaking furnaces. 1894 was put into production, and it was all official at the beginning. From preparation to 1895, * * * spent more than 5.8 million. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1896, the Qing government was unable to raise funds, so it was changed to "official supervision and commercial office" in 1896. On the eve of the Revolution of 1911, Hanyang Iron Works had about 3,000 workers with an annual output of 70,000 tons. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, some equipment of Hanyang Iron Works was moved to Chongqing by the Kuomintang government and Dadukou Iron and Steel Works was established. After liberation, it belongs to the people.

Ship investment promotion bureau

A ship of China Merchants

Referred to as "China Merchants". The earliest shipping enterprise established in China. 1872 (11th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty) Li Hongzhang was invited to organize. 1873 1 holds. The General Administration is located in Shanghai, with branches in Yantai, Hankou, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Yokohama, Kobe, Luzon and Singapore. 1885 (in the 11th year of Guangxu) was changed to official supervision and commercial office. 1909 (Xuantongyuannian) is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. 19 12 was changed to commercial office, renamed as Commercial China Merchants Steamship Company, and later renamed as Commercial China Merchants Steamship Co., Ltd. 1932, the Kuomintang government was nationalized and renamed as State-owned China Merchants Bureau, which was under the Ministry of Communications. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the General Administration moved to Hongkong first and then to Chongqing. Moved back to Shanghai after the war. 1947 * * has 460 ships, exceeding 330,000 tons. China Merchants Steamship Co., Ltd. was established in 1948. 195 1 changed its name to China People's Steamship Corporation, and Hong Kong still retains its old name. China merchants group co., ltd was established in 1985.

Tongwenguan

People who have been engaged in translation for a long time in the history of our country, but the formal establishment of foreign language schools was not until the Qing government 1862 that the Wentong Museum was established in Beijing. When the Qing government signed the treaty of nanking, Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty with foreign countries, even China people who knew foreign languages could not be found, and they were deceived by the invaders. 186 1 year? Please set up a foreign language school to train foreign language talents and diplomatic talents. In August 2008, Emperor Tongzhi officially approved the establishment of "Shi Jing Wentong Pavilion". Besides Chinese, students mainly study foreign languages. There are foreign teachers, such as Paul Teng in Britain, Smile and Billigan in France, Berlin in Russia, Ding Weiliang in the United States, John Flair and Harrington. Ding Weiliang served as head teacher from 1869, and was in charge of education affairs for 30 years. Hurd, the chief tax official, also serves as an inspector, actually controlling the power of funds and personnel. Wentong Library is completely managed by regular schools, and English Library, Russian Library, German Library and Oriental (Japanese) Library are opened one after another. Only the children of the Eight Banners under the age of 13 and 14 will be recruited, and then Manchu students aged 15-25 and Manchu students of any age will be recruited. The study period is initially set at 3 years, which is divided into two types according to 1876: one is students of foreign languages, astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other disciplines, with an academic system of 8 years; First, older students who study astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other disciplines only by Chinese translation have a five-year academic system. 1867 added mathematics, chemistry, international law, medical physiology, astronomy, physics, foreign history and geography. The maximum number of students is 120. Most of the graduates are translators, diplomats and officials of other westernization agencies of the Qing government. There is a printing factory that translates and prints books on the public law of nations and mathematics, physics, literature and history. 1902 wentong museum merged into Shi Jing university hall.

The main reason for failure

At that time, the failure of the Westernization Movement in China was inevitable. the opium war

First, the Westernization School tried to use some advantages of western capitalism to maintain feudal autocracy without touching the decadent feudal system. The contradiction between this means and the foundation makes the Westernization Movement doomed to be impossible. At the same time, the Westernization Movement was obstructed and destroyed by die-hards all over the country, which increased the resistance to the development of the Westernization Movement. Second, the class limitations of the Westernization School itself determine that they are not only the founders and operators of modern industry, but also their destroyers and destroyers. Their feudal yamen and bureaucratic system will inevitably lead to the failure of westernization enterprises. Third, one of the purposes of the Westernization Movement is to resist foreign aggression. However, when conducting diplomatic activities, the Westernization School insisted on "harmony but difference" and surrendered to foreign countries. The modern enterprises they founded have the function of resisting foreign aggression and benefiting people, but they can't change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social status of China. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the goals of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" advertised by the Westernization School failed to be realized, and the Westernization Movement basically failed. Fourthly, at that time, most people in China knew little about westernization, and their thoughts were still in the stage of being bound by ignorance, superstition and feudal ethics.

Historical evaluation

Purpose:

Westernization school advocates "middle school as the body, western learning for use", hoping to maintain feudal rule with advanced technology, and the reform will not touch the feudal system. The Sino-Japanese War proved that the Westernization Movement did not make China rich and strong. However, it introduced some modern scientific production technologies from western capitalist countries, trained a number of scientific and technical personnel and skilled workers, objectively stimulated the development of capitalism in China and resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces. When the Westernization School set up modern industries, it put "calming China" and "opposing foreign countries" together. The former reflects the domestic class contradiction, while the latter reflects the contradiction between the Qing rulers and foreign invaders. However, after the Second Opium War, when the corrupt rulers of the Qing Dynasty had frequent "internal troubles and foreign invasion", the Westernization School could only rely on the western powers to jointly suppress the people and maintain the crumbling regime. Therefore, the result of the practice of Westernization Movement is bound to deny "foreign enemies". If the Westernization Movement is a reform, it can only be a "reform" in a semi-colonial direction. All the great powers are willing to support westernization, which is proof. Li Hongzhang said that the Huai army had the confidence to win when it met "bandits from the mainland", and it was "unclear whether it would win or lose" when it met foreign enemies. Ding Richang, an official of the Westernization School, said that his naval gun "can prevent bandits in the town, but not foreign invasion". The Westernization Movement lasted for 30 years, but it didn't make China prosperous. On the contrary, under the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth", it enriched the first generation of warlord groups.

Viewpoint:

The Westernization School subjectively didn't want capitalism to appear in China. Even when the civil industry was founded, it was repeatedly said that similar private enterprises were not allowed, which hindered the emergence of capitalism to some extent. However, under the feudal system in China, the Westernization School introduced a new productive force, advanced western science and technology, which was incompatible with the feudal relations of production, objectively and inevitably accelerated the disintegration of the feudal relations of production, thus stimulating the emergence of Chinese national capitalism, which was independent of the subjective will of the Westernization School. In order to solve the problem of funds, the Westernization School set up civilian industries, and adopted the methods of "official supervision and business operation" and "official-business joint operation" to absorb private capital. This "commercial stock" part is the factor of national capitalism. Since the 1970s, a group of bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen have directly invested in modern civilian industries, which has finally enabled China to have a little advanced production capacity, promoted the emergence of national capitalism, and also promoted the emergence of the bourgeoisie and the growth of the proletariat.

Others:

In addition, the argument between the Westernization School and the die-hards and their incomplete criticism of the die-hards have shaken the absolute authority of adhering to the tradition of ancestral training and standardizing the famous religion to a certain extent, and opened up a good atmosphere for learning from the West. Westernization School has translated many foreign scientific and technological books, sent overseas students of different ages and qualifications, trained a group of diplomatic and scientific talents, and introduced western social science knowledge, which also played a pioneering role in promoting the spread of democratic ideas. On this basis, in the 1970s and 1980s of 19, a group of early bourgeois reformists in China were separated from the westernization bureaucrats.

Meaning:

Finally, the cartoons of the Westernization Movement.

The establishment of the civil service system partially resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces. For example, in 1872, Li Hongzhang founded the Steamship Merchants Bureau, so that "the benefits of Neijiang offshore will not be taken up by foreigners". For more than three years, the loss of foreign ships was13 million, and the American flag company was returned to the well by China merchants because it was unbearable. After the opening-up of the official textile layout in Hubei Province, the import of foreign fabrics in Jianghan Customs decreased by more than 100,000 pieces every year. China's capital can beat foreign businessmen, which was once considered as "original".

May 4th Movement;

The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement of China people, which broke out on May 4th 19 19. The May 4th Movement was the end of the old democratic revolution and the beginning of the new democratic revolution in China. The May 4th Movement is an epoch-making event in the history of China's revolution and a turning point in China's transition from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution. The May 4th Movement promoted the spread of Marxism in China and its combination with the workers' movement, thus preparing the conditions for the establishment of the China * * * production party ideologically and cadres.