Reformists: Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan and others put forward that "learning from foreigners to control foreigners";

② Westernization school: put forward "learning from foreigners to strengthen ourselves" and launched the Westernization Movement;

(2) the peasant class:

(1) The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement put forward a "new chapter on senior affairs";

② The Boxer Movement put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries"

3, the bourgeoisie:

① Early reformists: economically advocating the development of industry and commerce and conducting commercial wars; Culturally, it advocates setting up schools and learning western natural science knowledge; Politically, it advocates constitutional monarchy.

(2) Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao led the Reform Movement of 1898. (same as above)

(3) The revolutionary faction led by Sun Yat-sen broke out the Revolution of 1911 and proposed to establish bourgeois democracy.

④ Radical democrats led the New Culture Movement (early stage) and advocated democracy and science.