Problem description:
Who can tell me the history of Stanford University?
Analysis:
Speaking of the establishment of Stanford University, there is also a legendary story. Its founder, Leland Stanford Sr (1824- 1893), is a famous American railway king. He was the governor of California and was re-elected as a US senator for two terms. 1884 When Mr. and Mrs. Stanford were traveling in Europe with their beloved son, little Stanford, who could speak three languages, was killed by typhoid fever. 16' s life stayed in Florence, Italy forever. The tragedy of sending a white-haired man to a black-haired man made the 60-year-old Stanford extremely sad. Remembering his son's wish to study in the most famous university in America, Old Stanford planned to donate his property to build a library in the name of his son, but it was rejected by a prestigious university. Later, the Stanford couple decided to use their land and property to establish a university in California in the name of their son. Until now, people all over California and even all over the United States remember their famous saying: "Children in California are our children." Stanford University held its opening ceremony on June 189 1, 10, 1. At the opening ceremony, Mr. Stanford emphasized: "In the final analysis, life is practical, and you should come here to seek a career that is useful to you. But we must also understand that this must include the desire for innovation and enterprising, good design and final efforts. "
"The wind of freedom will always blow" is the motto of Stanford University. According to its principal, the significance of the motto is to encourage and ensure that students and teachers can engage in teaching and related research freely and unimpeded.
The buildings of Stanford University are all yellow bricks and red tiles, all in the style of the Spanish Missionary Hall in the17th century-there are no buildings of different ages and styles of Harvard University and Yale University, and there is no ivy crawling on the walls of Northeastern University. Entering the university, the first thing you see is the red-roofed building surrounded by khaki stone walls, with arcades and brown cangues in rows, which is full of strong cultural and academic atmosphere in the interaction between classical and modern. The central square is the main part of Stanford. Around it, there are many business schools, geography schools, education schools, engineering schools, law schools and medical schools. There are Stanford Science Park, Botanical Garden, Golf Course and several scientific proving grounds outside. The most famous building in Stanford University is the Stanford Memorial Church. The famous designer Frederick olmsted designed the Stanford campus, and he also designed the famous Amherst College. His most famous masterpieces are Central Park in Manhattan, new york and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco.
Stanford University has abundant funds, sufficient funds and rich teaching equipment. This library has 6.5 million books. There are more than 7,000 computers for students to use, and there are also many computer rooms and computer centers to provide services for students. Students can use the internet to contact teachers and students in the school. In addition, the school also has many sports facilities, such as gymnasium, golf course and swimming pool, which can accommodate 85,000 people.
If Harvard and Yale University represent the traditional American humanistic spirit, then Stanford University is the symbol of the scientific and technological spirit of the 2 1 century.
Stanford University is a four-year private university, which was rated as the fifth-star university in the United States by US News and World Report, and ranked first in academic research in the United States. In 2002, American News published the latest ranking of American graduate schools. The school of engineering ranks second in the United States, the school of education ranks second in the United States, the graduate school of business ranks first, the school of business management and the school of law rank among the best in the United States, and the school of law has always been at the forefront in the ranking of American law schools. At one time, six of the nine justices of the US Supreme Court graduated from Stanford Law School. In the ranking of doctoral programs, biology ranks first, computer science ranks first with Carnegie Mellon University, MIT and UC Berkeley, geology ranks third, mathematics ranks third with Princeton University and UC Berkeley, physics ranks third with Harvard University, Princeton University and UC Berkeley, applied mathematics ranks fourth and chemistry ranks fifth. Other top courses include English, psychology, mass communication, biochemistry, economics and drama. According to the latest official statistics, the average annual income of recent graduates of Stanford University is the highest among universities in the United States. From 65438 to 0998, Chelsea, the only daughter of American President Bill Clinton, chose Stanford University and became a "fresh person" of the school. Undoubtedly, this is another proof of the strength of Stanford University.
Unique university system
The academic system of Stanford University is different from other universities. According to the regulations of the school, a year is divided into four quarters, and students have to take different classes in each quarter. Therefore, students in Stanford University take more courses than students in two-semester universities, and the pressure is greater than that in other universities. Stanford students must complete required courses in nine fields, including culture and thought, natural science, science and technology and practical science, literature and art, philosophy, social science and religious thought. In addition, students' writing and foreign languages must meet certain standards. When Stanford University recently added the works of non-western social writers to its annual "Nuclear Education in Western Culture", it attracted academic attention and shock.
A group of powerful and famous professors.
According to the data of 1995, among the more than 300 professors in Stanford University/kloc-0, there are ten Nobel Prize winners, five Pulitzer Prize winners, 142 academicians of the American Academy of Art, 84 academicians of the National Academy of Sciences and 14 winners of the National Science Award. Sixty-seven students won Rhodes Scholarship-President Clinton had won this kind of scholarship and was selected to go to Oxford for further study.
The most prestigious business schools and MBA majors
Stanford Business School and Harvard Business School are considered as the best business schools in America. These two colleges have tied for the first place in the ranking of business schools in authoritative American magazines for many times. Harvard Business School represents more traditional management training and cultivates large enterprise management talents with "suits and ties"; Stanford Business School, on the other hand, emphasizes the "small enterprise spirit" of establishing new technology enterprises and trains a new generation of small entrepreneurs wearing T-shirts. Judging from the number of students, Stanford Business School is much smaller than Harvard Business School. There are 720 MBA students in Stanford, and there is only one business management talent training program called Si Long, which lasts for ten months and only recruits about 50 students every year. However, in terms of the quality of students, among the more than 730 business schools in the United States, no business school has such fierce competition for enrollment as Stanford Business School. In recent years, 5,000 to 6,000 people applied for admission to Stanford Business School every year, but only 360 lucky people got their wish. From this perspective, Stanford Business School is the most expensive business school in the United States. The main reason is that schools should ensure the quality of teaching and the high quality and standards of students.
Stanford Business School requires students to have a certain theoretical depth because it believes that business school graduates should benefit from business school education for at least 20 years. In other words, they should not only know what kind of business world they will face after graduation, but also have enough intelligence to cope with the changed business world 20 years later. In Stanford, after the first year of basic courses, students are generally required to choose a major direction in the second year. These main directions include manufacturing management, small business creation and management, international business management, health care management and public enterprise management. The purpose of doing this is to let students have a systematic and in-depth understanding of the industries they may engage in in in the future and master practical and theoretical knowledge.
Stanford Business School not only emphasizes practical management experience, but also emphasizes long-term research on economics, finance, market operation and other theories, with more research results than other first-class business schools. In the past decades, several professors in this business school have won the Nobel Prize in Economics for their research results. At the same time, Stanford Business School has paid special attention to the application of high technology in teaching in recent years. Many courses involve how to establish high-tech companies, how to implement technological transformation in a certain industry or large enterprises, and how to develop new products by using new technologies. To this end, the school invites many senior executives from Silicon Valley and other places to give lectures to students every year and tell them about their practical experience. During their study, many MBA students participated in the business planning, development and management of small companies in Silicon Valley, and established close ties with these companies before graduation.
The very high elimination rate is also one of the reasons why Stanford's MBA program is world-famous. At present, the number of applicants is about 5,000 each year, reaching 8,000 at most, and the admission rate is only 7%. In MBA education, teachers are a key factor. Stanford Business School has a strong faculty with a teacher-student ratio of 1∶6, including three Nobel Prize winners since 1.990. MBA is not as simple as a master's degree, it is a systematic and extensive major. Therefore, ensuring the diversity of students is a very important aspect. Stanford MBA students come from all fields, which can increase the complementarity between students and promote their learning to some extent.
In order to ensure the quality of running a school, Stanford University also has a very important means, which is to strengthen media supervision. Some mainstream media in the United States publish MBA professional rankings every year, which has a very important impact on both applicants and employers. These media usually distribute questionnaires among students, and then conduct systematic analysis after collection. An important indicator of ranking is students' opinions.
Leading "Silicon Valley and Stanford Research Park"
In fact, when it comes to Stanford University, it is bound to contact Stanford Research Park and Silicon Valley. Many early Palo Alto engineers were graduates of Stanford University. But in 1920, Stanford University is still just a "rural university". By 1960, she was among the best, and by 1985, she was rated as the first university in the United States. It is the rise of Stanford University that has created conditions for the microelectronics industry in Silicon Valley, which is the gathering place of the most cutting-edge talents and cutting-edge technologies in the world. Here, * * * has more than 40 Nobel Prize winners and thousands of academicians of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Engineering. From 65438 to 0998, the total GDP of Silicon Valley was about $240 billion, accounting for about 35% of the national GDP in the United States, equivalent to about 25% of the total GDP in China. These impressive achievements in Silicon Valley are inseparable from the incubator of Stanford University. At the same time, the development of Silicon Valley has also helped Stanford University to achieve today's achievements.
When reviewing the complementary relationship between Stanford University and Silicon Valley, we have to pay attention to the bridge connecting Stanford University and Silicon Valley-Stanford Research Park. Stanford Research Park was founded in 195 1 by Professor Terman, Vice President of Stanford University. It is the first research park in the world and is known as the "father of research parks". Since the late 1940s, American education has been revived due to the federal government's decision to increase investment in education. For Stanford, which was still a corner at that time, it could not be compared with the famous schools in the East. At the same time, the west is far less developed than the east, and the brain drain is serious. Professor Terman, then vice president of Stanford University, believed that the future of colleges and universities lies in talents. In his view, "a university is not only a place to study, but also has a great economic impact on a country's industrial development, industrial layout, population density and prestige in its region." Moreover, to become a first-class university, there must be first-class professors. But Stanford at that time was not attractive to famous professors. To this end, Terman put forward his idea of "academic frontier", which contains two meanings: one is to attract top talents. " As long as there are good professors, it will attract investment, graduate students and young people with development potential, and make the school flourish. In fact, this is also a kind of foresight of Professor Terman: strive to improve Stanford's reputation and strength, so as to get as much education funds as possible in the recent investment. Professor Terman's "academic frontier" has another meaning, which is to establish some top academic departments. It is based on the above-mentioned "academic frontier concept of attracting outstanding talents and cultivating cutting-edge departments" that Professor Terman and WallaceSterling, then president, decided to turn Stanford land into money and turn money into academic prestige by hiring famous professors. Their method is as simple as that, renting land to earn money for the school. Old Stanford's original gift book said that the donated land (Stanford campus) is not allowed to be sold, but it is not forbidden to rent. As a result, they set aside 7.5% of the campus land, about 655 mu, and leased it to factories engaged in high-tech industries, which became Stanford Industrial Park.
Stanford not only attracts academic talents and entrepreneurial experts. At the same time, the operation mode of academic marketization in the research park has also derived an economic environment conducive to the emergence of new enterprises. It is this high-tech, high-risk but high-profit economic environment that attracts all kinds of entrepreneurs. Because the research park combines the wisdom of the university with the financial resources of the industry, its huge productivity has attracted the attention of * * *. The National Science Foundation of the United States has established an organization to implement the "Small Business Innovation Research Program". The program helps small and emerging enterprises to obtain private investment and other sources of R&D funds, and encourages them to sign working agreements with universities, institutions or large companies. In addition, the state also supports small enterprises with venture capital plans to start businesses and allows the issuance of tax-free industrial fund-raising bonds. In a word, entrepreneurs can get financial and policy support from many aspects, especially the superior conditions for Silicon Valley to provide venture capital, which is one of the success factors of Stanford Research Park and the core driving force for the research park to promote the development of the whole Silicon Valley.
At the same time, Stanford continues to develop the cooperative relationship between universities and industries. Science and technology are productive forces, knowledge is the foundation of science and technology, and universities are the most important places to produce knowledge. This series of logical relations promotes universities to invest knowledge in industry and make industry innovate with the development of science and technology. This logical relationship is the embodiment of the concept of "practical education". The educational idea of "practical education" of Mr. Stanford of Stanford University has influenced the growth of Stanford University from the beginning. Mr. Stanford has no higher education. He entered society as an industrialist. The industrialist's social practice makes him understand the importance of education to revitalize the industry, and also understand what kind of education the industry needs, especially what kind of higher education. "Practical education has become the concept of founding Stanford University. Professor Terman, the founder of Stanford Research Park, is also an important figure who holds this idea. He opposes turning universities into "ivory towers" divorced from reality. So, under his leadership, in 1944, the development plan of the university for the next 20 years was made, so as to attract the attention of * * * to Stanford University and make full use of the federal funding to turn Stanford University from a regional university into a national famous research institution. Key points of the plan include: 1. Combining the frontier disciplines of Stanford University, we will strive to turn Stanford University into an industrial R&D center. The goal is to unite universities and industries to contribute to the development of high technology and regional economic growth, and at the same time provide excellent employment opportunities for their graduates. 2. Concentrate the financial and material resources of colleges and universities to attract first-class researchers, set up various cutting-edge research institutes and laboratories, and cultivate talents who can "lead the world" in some aspects. At the same time, we should not neglect the basic education in universities. In terms of teaching and scientific research strategy, the two major disciplines of universities are regarded as the technical reserves of potential "growth industries". 4. In order to increase teachers' interest in contacting the industry, Stanford University has formulated a positive reward system, giving priority to enterprises that may contribute to the academic goals of the university to enter the research park.
Stanford Research Park not only conducts basic research, but also conducts applied research and development activities. Basic research is carried out not only in university laboratories, but also in industry and research rooms. Applied research in university laboratories and research institutes often involves university teachers and industrial researchers. Development activities are concentrated in industrial laboratories. There are two ways for universities to participate in development activities: first, teachers should be enterprise consultants; Second, enterprises attract students with research experience and talent in development activities.
In addition, Stanford University has strengthened its ties with companies and enterprises through various forms. For example, offering specialized courses, running evening classes, being a consultant and director, * * * using research facilities, conducting joint research, taking part-time jobs as graduate students, hiring entrepreneurs as * * * teachers or serving as members of the paper review committee, and so on. Stanford University also uses closed-circuit television to transmit vivid TV courses to high-tech enterprises located in the research park, so that employees of enterprises can get their degrees without leaving the factory, and take flexible measures for those who study for master's degrees, without having to live on campus or even write papers. The company also supports these students' study very much, and pays twice the tuition fees of informal students to the employees who participate in the study. This kind of cooperation is of great benefit to both sides. For the company, the speed of technology transfer is amazing, and often the experimental results just obtained by teachers and the innovative plans of graduates can be realized immediately in the company. There are also many benefits for universities, such as obtaining funds from companies to establish research scholarships, recruiting more teachers and buying experimental equipment. Especially in Silicon Valley, many companies were grateful to use the lab of Stanford University for free decades ago, and now it is these companies that are funding the ambitious research projects of Stanford University.
Effective management is also the key to success. The construction of Stanford Research Park focuses on land leasing and management. Initially, the land lease period of the research park was 99 years. 1960, and the lease period is shortened to 5 1 year. At that time, the total rent needed to be paid in advance. By 1987, the system of paying rent every year was established. Stanford is particularly cautious about investors' applications. Because the research park has strict restrictions on the entry of industry, the land lease of the park must be negotiated, and the behavior of both parties must be based on strict business. Nevertheless, companies and enterprises are still willing to occupy a place in the research park, because it means an increase in the chances of success. The company is located in the park, and can often contact with relevant departments of colleges and universities. Through this contact, more entrepreneurial opportunities can be found. Therefore, the various behaviors of the Academy can be summed up as "seeking the long-term development and progress of * * * *, and expecting that these progress will bring positive changes and improvements to society." Therefore, the leading idea of research park management is to promote the cause of tenants, universities and surrounding groups, and gain sufficient credibility. Of course, both Stanford University and Palo Alto have gained considerable economic benefits from leasing land. Stanford University only prepays the income from the concession land, which is about $3 million per year. In addition, the annual rent is about $6.5438 +0.3 million. A considerable part of this income is used to improve the park.
Stanford University does integrate education and scientific research, and at the same time, it also serves social progress and economic development with its own scientific research achievements.