Lesson 1 Competition on the Eve of World War II

Chongqing talks

1. Background: China * * * property represents the fundamental interests of the broad masses of people in China and proposes to establish an independent, democratic and prosperous China through peaceful means. national

The ruling clique of the Party deprived the people of their rights through the civil war, which was the return of China society to the one-party dictatorship of the Kuomintang before the Anti-Japanese War.

2. Time:1945.8.28—10.438+00.

3. Kuomintang purpose: to gain more time to prepare for civil war (fundamental purpose) and deceive the people.

* * * Producer's purpose: In order to strive for peace and avoid civil war as much as possible, expose the Kuomintang's plot of fake peace and real civil war through negotiations.

4. The focus of debate in the negotiations: the existence of the liberated areas and the people's army.

5. Result: The agreement was signed on 10/0.

The outbreak of all-out civil war

1June, 946, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized more than 200,000 troops and launched a large-scale attack similar to the Central Plains Liberated Area, and a full-scale civil war broke out.

The second lesson is to turn to strategic attack.

* * * The central government moved to northern Shaanxi.

1. Time:1March 947

2. Situation: The enemy is strong and we are weak.

3. Tactics: the operational policy of "concentrating superior forces and annihilating them one by one", and concentrating forces for mobile warfare; Take "mushroom tactics" against the enemy.

4. Significance: The central government moved to northern Shaanxi, which greatly inspired the fighting will and confidence of the soldiers and civilians in the liberated areas.

Menglianggu Campaign

1947, Chen Yi and Su Yu commanded the East China People's Liberation Army to annihilate the seventy-four divisions of the Kuomintang, which was called the "Ace Division".

Leap thousands of miles into Dabie Mountain

1. Background:1947 On June 30th, when Chiang attacked the liberated areas with all his strength in the battlefields of northern Shaanxi and Shandong, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led the main force of the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan People's Liberation Army120,000.

People, after a month of continuous fighting, Liu Deng's army quickly got rid of the Kuomintang army after destroying a large number of enemies, and made rapid progress to the south in three ways, and began to leap forward.

The feat of Bieshan.

2. Time:1June 30th, 947.

3. reasons

(1) Dabie Mountain is the most sensitive and weak area in strategy;

(2) As long as the Dabie Mountains can be occupied, Chiang Kai-shek can be forced to mobilize troops to help, thus leading the war to Kuomintang-controlled areas and fundamentally changing the situation.

4. Leaders: Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping

5. Significance: Liu Deng's army leapt thousands of miles into Dabie Mountain, which started the national strategic offensive of the People's Liberation Army.

Lesson 3 Strategic Armageddon

(If 1947 is the turning year of the People's Liberation War, then 1948 is the decisive year of the People's Liberation War.)

Liaoxi-Shenyang Campaign

Time: 65438+September 0948

Conductor: Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan.

Combat troops: Northeast Field Army.

Combat tactics: close the door and beat the dog

Key location: Jinzhou

Results: (1) Destroyed 470,000 enemy troops; (2) Northeast China was liberated; (3) changed the pattern that the enemy is strong and we are weak (the number of people is dominant for the first time).

Huaihai Campaign (victory pushed out by people in cars)

1, time: 1948 1 1 month.

2. Commanders: Liu Bocheng, Chen Yi, Deng Xiaoping, Su Yu and Tan Zhenlin.

3. Combat troops: 600,000 troops from the Central Plains Field Army and the East China Field Army.

4. Tactics: breakthrough in the middle, division and encirclement.

5. Key location: Xuzhou

6. Achievements (1) link the past with the future (2) eliminate 550,000 people (3) liberate East China and the Central Plains north of the Yangtze River. (4) It laid the foundation for the liberation of the Yangtze River to the provinces.

Foundation.

Beiping-Tianjin campaign

1, date:1948165438+1October 23rd.

2. Commander: The Northeast Field Army and the main force of the People's Liberation Army of the North China Military Region jointly launched a campaign.

3. Combat troops: Northeast Field Army and North China People's Liberation Army.

4, combat tactics: first hit both ends, then take the middle.

5. Key location: Beiping

6. Results: (1) Destroyed 520,000 enemy troops; (2) basically liberated the whole territory of North China.

(Beiping was peacefully liberated)

Lesson 4 the collapse of the Kuomintang regime

Millions of Warriors Crossing the River (Crossing the River Campaign)

1, time: 65438+April 2 1, 0949

2. Commander: General Front Committee of Deng Xiaoping.

3. Combat troops: the second and third field armies.

4. Location: Hukou, Jiangxi in the west and Jiangyin, Jiangsu in the east.

5. Result: On 23rd, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing and announced the collapse of the national political power. (1927.4.18 ~1949.4.23) 22 years.

Significance: It laid the foundation for the liberation of China and created conditions for the transition of China to the socialist revolution.

7. Reasons for victory: (1) Correct leadership of the Party; (2) Full preparation before the war; (3) the strong support of the people; (4) The heroic fighting of the People's Liberation Army.

March across the country

The People's Liberation Army adopted the strategy of "big detour and big encirclement".

At the end of 1949, most of our country was liberated. In June, 1950, the large-scale war of national liberation ended.

Peaceful liberated areas: Changchun, Beiping, Yunnan, Tibet and Xikang.

* The reasons for the rapid victory of the War of Liberation:

(1) On the Kuomintang side, Chiang Kai-shek launched a civil war against the people, and the national government was corrupt and politically unpopular.

(2) Regarding the * * * production party, the * * * production party represents the interests of the broad masses of the people and is supported by the people; * * * formulated the correct operational guidelines and plans;

PLA soldiers are brave and good at fighting.

The basic experience of the victory of the new-democratic revolution: (1) The correct leadership of China * * * Production Party (2) The China * * * Production Party led the revolutionary army in armed struggle (

3) Organize the broadest revolutionary united front and unite all forces that can be united to fight together; (4) Guided by Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.

Unit 2 Establishment of the Socialist System

Unit understanding: (1) China * * * Production Party is a great party, which can not only lead the revolution, but also successfully lead the construction. (2) Socialism belongs to the people of China.

Inevitable choice.

Lesson 5 People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded.

The China People's Political Consultative Conference was held.

1. Formulating the "One Program" stipulates the name, national nature, political power nature and democratic centralism of the new China. (See the textbook P3 1 for details.)

The founding ceremony (of a country)

1. Declare the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC).

2. The significance of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC): It ended the situation that the people of China suffered from foreign aggression and slavery for more than 0/00 years, and realized the dream of the people of China.

National liberation and national independence. Since then, the people of China have stood up and become the masters of a new country and society. The Chinese nation has since opened a new historical era.

3. International significance: It has strengthened the forces of world peace, democracy and socialism and inspired the liberation struggle of the oppressed people in the world.

Peaceful liberation of Tibet

1, basic condition: (P34 below)

2. Liberation time: 195 1 May.

3.1March 28th, 959 is the victory day for the liberation of millions of serfs in Tibet.

Lesson 6 Struggle for the Consolidation of New China

Resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend the motherland.

1. Background: The United States invaded North China, which seriously threatened South's security.

Purpose: to defend the hard-won national independence and safeguard its own security and peace.

3. Heroes: Huang Jiguang, Qiu.

4. Significance of victory: It has maintained peace in Asia and the world, greatly enhanced the international prestige of new China, and won a relatively stable situation for the economic construction of new China.

A peaceful environment.

The formation of new arms

The People's Naval Air Force was established. (Textbook P40-42)

Rural revolution (land reform)

1. Abolish the land ownership exploited by the landlord class and implement the land ownership of farmers.

2. Significance: Farmers became the masters of land, turned over politically and economically, liberated rural productive forces and promoted the rapid recovery and development of rural economy.

regional ethnic autonomy

1, meaning: the implementation of regional ethnic autonomy is of great significance to the reunification of the motherland, ethnic equality, ethnic unity and regional development. (textbook P44)

2. Become a basic political system in China.

Lesson 7 The Beginning of New China Diplomacy

"Start a new stove" and "one-sided" (textbook P46)

1. foreign policy: pursue an independent, independent and peaceful foreign policy.

Put forward the five principles of peace.

1. Date of submission: 1953 65438+ February.

2. Content: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity (premise and basis), mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs (political basis and necessary conditions), equality and mutual respect.

Interest (the basis of developing political relations) and peace (the basic purpose and inevitable result)

3. Influence: It has become the basic principle in dealing with the relations between countries.

Voice of Bandung Conference

1, date:1April, 955

2. Main topics: maintaining peace, striving for democracy and independence, developing national economy and other issues of common concern to Asian and African countries.

Zhou Enlai put forward the policy of "seeking common ground while reserving differences", which promoted the success of the conference.

The spirit of equal consultation, peaceful compromise and friendly cooperation is called "Bandung Spirit".

Lesson 8 March into socialism

Start industrialization (lay an industrial foundation)

1. the first five-year plan (1953- 1957, the first one, the starting point of China's industrialization).

Background: After three years of development, it has improved, but there is a big gap with developed countries.

Objective: To carry out socialist construction in a planned way.

Task: Focus on developing heavy industry, and develop transportation, light industry, agriculture and commerce accordingly.

Achievements: Northeast Heavy Industry Base (Changchun FAW, Shenyang No.1 Machine Tool Plant), Chuanqing and Xinzang Highway (directly to the roof of the world) have narrowed the distance between the mainland and the frontier.

Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, electrified railway: baoji-chengdu railway.

The First Constitution of New China (Political Guarantee)

The First People's Congress (1954.9 Beijing)

Contents of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC):

(1) China adheres to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road.

(2) All rights in People's Republic of China (PRC) belong to the people, and the organs in which the people exercise power are the National People's Congress and people's congresses at all levels. (Democracy

Legal system construction)

Nature: This constitution has truly reflected the interests of the people in the history of China. This is the first socialist constitution in China, which established the constitution of China.

Basic political system.

(The Congress elected Mao Zedong as the chairman, Liu Shaoqi as the first chairman of the NPC Standing Committee, and Zhou Enlai as the Premier of the State Council. )

Revelation: 1 Only a constitution that truly represents the interests of the people can arouse the construction enthusiasm of the broad masses of the people.

Three major changes (changes in ownership of means of production)

1953 announced the general line of the transition period: "one transformation, three reforms" (1949.10-1956, the transition from a new democratic society to socialism).

1. essence: the private ownership of the means of production of individual farmers has all been transformed into the socialist collective ownership of the means of production.

2. Reason: One household economy hinders agricultural development.

3. Ways: agricultural production cooperatives, public-private partnerships in the whole industry.

4. Objective: To further improve agricultural productivity, gradually overcome the contradiction between agriculture and industrial development, and organize by the state and take the road of collectivization.

5. Significance: The socialist economic foundation has been established, the socialist system has been basically established in China, and China has begun to enter the primary stage of socialism.

This is a historic change in China in the 20th century.

6. Disadvantages: In the later period of socialist transformation, there were also shortcomings such as being too demanding and working too hard.

Supplement:

Capitalist industry and commerce

Policy: "Use, limit and change". Handle public-private partnership orders.

Essence: Transform capitalist enterprises into state-owned capitalist enterprises.

Pioneering work: the state "redeemed" all the means of production of capitalists and paid fixed interest according to the capital of capitalists at that time, thus realizing a peaceful transition to socialism.

Unit 3 Exploring the Road to Building Socialism

(Building socialism in an all-round way for ten years, making progress in twists and turns)

Exploration of the road to construction of lesson 10

List the main events of this lesson in order: the eighth, two mistakes and adjustments.

In * * * eight

Background: With the establishment of the basic socialist system, China has entered a historical period of building socialism in an all-round way.

Convening time: 65438+September 0956.

Content: The Congress clearly analyzed the changes in the domestic situation and the main domestic contradictions. (Textbook P64)

Principal contradiction: the contradiction between the people's demand for the establishment of advanced industrial countries and the reality of backward agricultural countries.

Main tasks: concentrate on developing productive forces and build China from a backward agricultural country into an advanced industrial country as soon as possible.

Significance: The Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China has become a good start to explore the road of socialist construction in China.

The Great Leap Forward and the Rural People's Commune Movement

General Line of the Great Leap Forward: How Fast and How Save?

The characteristics of the people's commune are "one university, two universities"

Causes of errors: ignoring the objective laws of economic development and exaggerating the role of subjective will and subjective efforts.

Performance: high indicators, blind command, bragging about "* * * production" and other errors are rampant.

Impact: Industrial and agricultural production has been greatly damaged, the proportion of the national economy is seriously unbalanced, and people's lives are seriously difficult.

Lesson: Economic construction must proceed from national conditions, seek truth from facts, follow objective economic laws, strive for progress while maintaining stability, and the relations of production must adapt to the development of productive forces.

Adapt.

National economic adjustment

(Textbook P68-69)

Understanding: China Producers' Party is a great party. It is a long-term undertaking to dare to innovate, be brave in innovation, correct mistakes and explore the road of Chinese-style socialist construction.

In the tortuous process, we should seek truth from facts and proceed from China's national conditions. After making mistakes, the party and the people have the ability to correct themselves in time and make them correct through hard work.

New achievements.

Lesson 1 1 entrepreneurial heroes in difficult times

The "Iron Man" on the Oil Front

The hero: Wang Jinxi.

Deeds: (Textbook P73)

Title: Iron Man

"The example of the county party secretary"

Actor: Jiao.

Deeds: (Textbook P74)

Title: "Model of County Party Secretary"

Song of Lei Feng

Hero: Lei Feng

Deeds: (Textbook P76)

Lesson 12 Ten Years of the "Cultural Revolution"

( 1966.5— 1976. 10)

The nature of the Cultural Revolution: it was a civil strife wrongly initiated by leaders and used by counter-revolutionary groups, which brought serious disasters to the party, the country and the people.

Cause of Cultural Revolution: Mao Zedong's Misestimation of Form.

Essence: ideological confusion and political turmoil.

The fuse: "Comment on the Newly Edited Historical Drama"

The symbol of comprehensive start: the convening of the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee

A sign of the end; The crushing of Jiang Qing's counter-revolutionary clique.

Lesson: We should focus on economic construction and strengthen the construction of socialist democracy and legal system.

Destruction of democracy and legal system: Liu Shaoqi was persecuted to death.

Reasons for the obvious improvement in the later period: Zhou Enlai presided over the daily work of the Central Committee with the support of Mao Zedong, and Deng Xiaoping also resumed his leadership work.

It lasted for ten years: it was used by counter-revolutionary groups.

Lesson 13 Monument of Science and Technology in China (1950s-1970s)

"Two Bombs" shocked the world

1,19641kloc-0/October 16, China successfully tested the first atomic bomb. Since then, China has possessed the nuclear power to defend the country and peace.

2.65438 June to 0964 June, China's self-designed short-range surface-to-surface missile successfully flew in northwest China.

3. 1966, 10 The first medium-short range surface-to-surface missile with a nuclear warhead was launched, which realized the combination of missile and nuclear warhead.

4. Two bombs: Deng Jiaxian

Space ring "Dongfanghong"

1970 China's artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong-1" was successfully developed and launched, marking that China's space technology has entered the ranks of advanced countries in the world.

Glory written on the earth:

Yuan Longping's achievements in hybrid rice research:1In 973, indica hybrid rice was bred for the first time in the world.

Lesson 14 is on the international stage

A handshake across the ocean

1.The background of the turning point of Sino-US relations in the 1970s: the decline of American hegemonic position, the challenge of the Soviet Union (the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations) and the international situation in China.

The improvement of status.

2. "Ping Pong Diplomacy"

Kissinger secretly visited China to prepare for Nixon's visit to China.

4. The problem that has long hindered the improvement of relations between the two countries: Taiwan Province Province.

Nixon's visit to China and the signing of Sino-US joint communique (Shanghai signing) marked the beginning of the normalization of Sino-US relations.

6. 1 97965438+1October1,China and the United States formally established diplomatic relations, and the relations between the two countries have been normalized since then.

Return to the United Nations

1, the root of returning to the United Nations: the enhancement of comprehensive national strength.

2.197110 In October, the 26th United Nations General Assembly was held at the United Nations Headquarters in new york.

3. The significance of returning to the United Nations: (1) has improved China's international status; (2) It is conducive to establishing diplomatic relations with more countries; (3) Strengthened the third reconciliation in the United Nations.

The strength of the United Nations (4) is conducive to breaking the situation that superpowers dig the United Nations.

Towards the climax of diplomatic relations

1972 sino-Japanese diplomatic relations, etc. (Textbook P96-97)