Zhang Zhidong (1837 September 2-19091kloc-0/October 4) was filial to Xiang Tao, and was called "handsome" when he was governor, so everyone called him "Zhang Xiangshuai". He was a famous minister in the late Qing Dynasty and a representative of the Westernization School in the Qing Dynasty. He was born in Xingyi, Guizhou Province.
Xianfeng two years (1852), 16 years old Shuntianfu altogether, Tongzhi two years (1863), 27-year-old third flower exploration champion, was awarded editing by imperial academy. He has served as a teacher, waiter, lecturer, bachelor of cabinet, governor of Shanxi, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, governor of Huguang and governor of Liangjiang (acting for many times).
Zhang Zhidong was the leader of the Qing school in his early years and later became the main representative of the Westernization School. In education, he founded Ziqiang School (now the predecessor of Wuhan University), Sanjiang Normal School (now the predecessor of Nanjing University), Hubei Agricultural School, Hubei Wuchang Mengyang College, Hubei Technical School, Ci 'en School (Nanpi No.1 Middle School) and Guangya Academy.
Politically, it advocates that "middle school is the body and western learning is the use", and Hanyang Iron Works, Daye Iron Mine and Hubei Gun Works are established in industry.
When Eight-Nation Alliance invaded, Dagubao fell, and Zhang Zhidong, together with Liu Kunyi, the governor of Liangjiang, negotiated with the consul in Shanghai about "mutual insurance in the southeast" and suppressed the self-defense uprising of the reformists such as Tang, Gui Lin and Qin Lishan. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), he died the following year in order to take care of the life of the Jin Taizi Taibao.
Extended data
The life of the character
He experienced Daoguang for seventeen years in his early years (1837). In September, Zhang Zhidong was born in Xingyi's official residence, the fourth son of Zhang Ai. Zhang Zhidong was gifted at an early age and entered his family school at the age of five. Zhang Zhidong studied hard since he was a child, with great wit and strict Confucian education. He studied under several teachers, including Ding Yongxian and Han Chao.
In the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), he was a scholar, passed imperial academy, and Han went to the governor of Guizhou.
Before 13 years old, he had finished learning Confucian classics such as the Four Books and the Five Classics, studied history, primary school (philology), literature and economics, and taught himself many military classics such as Sun Tzu's Art of War and Liu Tao, which laid a preliminary foundation for his political career and academics in the future. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, he published and carved twelve-year-old grass in Tianxiangge.
Zhang Zhidong, a teenager, has the habit of reading and meditating at night. "If you taste lanterns and think, you will get a solution every night," he recalled. "After taking official documents, you often reach the limit, so you sit and study at night when you are young."
This habit of working at night was once accused of "unrestrained life", which affected the meeting with family members. In the thirty years of Daoguang (1850), Zhang Zhidong, who was under 14 years old, returned to his hometown of Nanpi Yingxian and won the top prize. He entered the county school. Two years later, he was admitted to school with the first place in Shuntianfu Township Examination.
With Zhang Zhidong's academic strength at that time, he should be admitted to the top scholar and Jinshi as soon as possible, but he was not admitted to Jinshi until he was 27 years old.
In these eleven years, he helped his father to deal with military affairs, cope with the Miao uprising in Guizhou, get married and have children, and organize the funeral for his father. Naturally, he was too busy to take the exam.
I will take the exam at the age of 23. Because his brother Zhang is the same examiner, he will avoid it as usual. The next year, he will take the exam in Cohen. For the same reason, he failed the exam. Tongzhi for two years (1863), got his wish, entered imperial academy with the third place in Jinshi, was awarded seven titles, officially entered the official career and became one of the bureaucrats.
Tongzhi took the exam for three years (1864) and won the third place in Gongkao No.1 Middle School. He was awarded editing by the Hanlin Academy and won the second place in the five-year Tongzhi exam (1866). After that, he served as deputy examiner after having obtained the provincial examination in Zhejiang, vice examiner after having obtained the provincial examination in Hubei, and political study in Sichuan. Zhang Zhidong holds the post of learning politics in Hubei.
When he was a political scholar in Sichuan, he and Wu Tang, the governor of Sichuan, set up the Zunjing Academy in Chengdu and invited famous Confucian scholars to give lectures in different categories. He imitated the regulations of Ruan Yuan, Jingjing Jingshe in Hangzhou and Xuehaitang in Guangzhou, and wrote two books, Xuanxuan Yu and Bibliography Question and Answer, in order to teach readers what to read, how to learn, cultivate one's morality and cultivate one's character.
The Historical Evolution of Westernization School
During the period of 1840s, after the First Opium War, the internal and external diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty was difficult. Some more enlightened officials in the ruling group advocated using advanced western production technology to make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of the predicament and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Lin Zexu: the first person who opened his eyes to see the world; Wei Yuan compiled a book "Seaside Map", in which he clearly expounded the idea of "learning from foreigners and mastering foreign skills". These officials are called "Westernization School", and are represented by Prince Gong, Xin and Wen Xiang in the central government. Represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong.
During the 65438+60s-90s, they launched a Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners", with the slogan of "self-improvement" in the early stage (65438+60s-70s) and "seeking wealth" in the later stage (65438+70s-90s).
Although Yi Xingui was a Prince Gong and the host of the Prime Minister's yamen at that time, and the central government was dominated by Manchu officials, the main activity force of the Westernization School was not them, but the governor and governor who held local real power.
Mainly because the die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi were too powerful at that time, the Westernization School did not dare to openly carry out Westernization activities in the central government. Although the Prime Minister's yamen was the driving force of the Westernization Movement in the central government, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong were the main people who really implemented the Westernization Movement.
In the 1960s and 1990s, with the acquiescence of Empress Dowager Cixi, the Westernization School set off a Westernization Movement with the aim of "learning from foreigners for self-improvement", which was a series of activities carried out by the Westernization School under the slogans of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth".
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