Westernization movement: advocating the introduction and learning of advanced western machinery and equipment, science and technology, and establishing modern industry.

Slogan: strive for self-improvement in the early stage and seek wealth in the later stage.

The Reform Movement of 1898 advocated political reform and established a bourgeois constitutional monarchy.

Slogan: reform is strong.

Revolution of 1911: The idea is to overthrow the autocratic monarchy of the Qing Dynasty and establish a bourgeois republic through revolution;

The Three People's Principles: the new cultural movement of nationality (expelling Tatars), civil rights (restoring China) and people's livelihood (establishing the Republic of China with equal land rights): advocating opposing old ideas, old morality and old literature, advocating new ideas, new morality and new literature, and learning western MZ scientific thoughts. Promote Marxism. Slogan: "Mr. De" and "Mr. Sai" are democratic science, "Down with Kongjiadian".