19 1 1 year, the Revolution of 1911 broke out in China, which shocked China and foreign countries. This is a "relatively clear bourgeois-democratic revolution" led by the bourgeois-petty-bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen and attended by the broad masses of workers and peasants. The reactionary Qing dynasty was washed away by this revolutionary torrent. 19 1 1 is the year of Xinhai, the main branch of the old calendar. Historically, the revolutionary movement led by Sun Yat-sen was called the Revolution of 1911.

Since the 1840 Opium War, with the further aggression of imperialist countries, China has fallen into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal situation. The contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation is getting worse and worse. The corrupt rulers of the Qing dynasty compromised and surrendered to the outside world and extorted money from the inside, which led to unprecedented intensification of class contradictions. The people of the whole country rose up and the struggle was surging. But these struggles are spontaneous and lack organization and leadership. The bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen drew lessons from the past and set about organizing revolutionary groups.

1894 10, Sun Yat-sen established the first bourgeois revolutionary group-Xingzhonghui in Honolulu. 1904, Huaxing Society and Guangfu Association were also established in Changsha and Shanghai. 1In July, 905, the three parties jointly established the China League, which became a national revolutionary organization, and decided to take "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and averaging land rights" as the revolutionary program. Since then, on the one hand, the bourgeois revolutionaries criticized the reactionary fallacies of the reformists in the field of political thought; On the one hand, a series of armed uprisings were launched, which promoted the climax of the national revolution. At the same time, the national people's anti-donation, anti-tax, anti-grain and anti-rice waves are surging, and patriotic movements such as boycotting foreign goods are also growing. The movement of protecting roads was its climax, which spread all over Hunan, Guangdong, Hubei and Sichuan provinces and became the direct fuse and prelude of Wuchang Uprising.

19 1 1 On May 9, 2008, the Qing government issued an imperial edict on "nationalizing railway trunk lines", and on the 20th, it signed loan contracts with banking groups in Britain, the United States, France, Germany and other countries for Guangdong-China Railway and Hubei-China Railway, placing the people of Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong provinces in 65,438. This aroused a massive movement to protect the road. The people of Hunan first got up, and all walks of life in Changsha held a mass meeting of more than 10,000 people, demanding that the Qing government "take back the appointed rule", and then a general strike broke out. The fiercest movement of protecting roads was in Sichuan Province, with hundreds of thousands of people participating, and the comrades' association of protecting roads was established, and a large-scale movement of resisting taxes was launched. The Qing government brutally suppressed the road protection movement, which led to the famous "Chengdu Massacre" and aroused the great indignation of the broad masses. So, under the leadership of the Sichuan Youth League, they successively organized the army of Comrade Lu Bao and launched an armed uprising. The Qing government hurriedly transferred the Hubei New Army to suppress it. This made Hubei's defense empty and created conditions for Wuchang Uprising.

Hubei is located in the hinterland of the Yangtze River, and Wuhan is known as the "thoroughfare of nine provinces" and is a land and water transportation center. Imperialist countries have long established concessions here, set up enterprises and factories, plundered raw materials and dumped goods, and extended the claws of aggression to every corner of urban and rural areas. This hindered the development of national industry and commerce, promoted the bankruptcy of rural economy and forced the people to embark on the revolutionary road. 1in July, 904, the first revolutionary group, the science tutorial center, appeared in Wuchang, and then Luji established secret revolutionary organizations such as Japanese bulletin, literary society and * * * meeting. Hubei revolutionaries went deep into the new army, publicized the revolution, developed revolutionary organizations among soldiers, and worked hard for a long time. Until the eve of Wuchang Uprising, 1/3 soldiers in the new army joined the revolutionary organization and became the main force of the uprising. The Sichuan Road Protection Movement that broke out in summer indicates that the conditions for Wuchang Uprising are ripe. On September 24th, the Literature Society and the * * * Progressive Association held a joint meeting in Wuchang, and Jiang Yiwu was appointed as the temporary commander-in-chief and Sun Wu as the chief of staff, making an uprising plan. However, the actual uprising did not go as planned. 654381October 9, when Sun Wu tried to make a bomb in the General's House in Baoshan, a Russian concession in Hankou, he accidentally exploded. All documents were searched by Russian police and the office was exposed. Jiang Yiwu learned the news, immediately called an emergency meeting and decided to uprising that night. However, because the order was not delivered in time, the uprising was not realized, and Ruicheng, governor of Huguang, ordered a search for party member, and Wuchang authorities were destroyed. 10 June10, Ruicheng continued to arrest people according to the regulations, and the situation was very serious. At this critical moment, the revolutionaries in the new army automatically contacted. After 7 o'clock that night, Xiong Bingkun, the general representative of the Revolutionary Party and the captain of the rear (equivalent to the squad leader) of the Eighth Battalion of the Project, led the battalion to attack first. He led more than a dozen revolutionary soldiers to the armory of Chu Wangtai, and the soldiers of the left team of this battalion who guarded the armory fired their guns to cooperate and successfully occupied Chu Wangtai. Wu (equivalent to the company commander), an officer of the left team of the engineering battalion, was promoted to the temporary general commander. At about 1 1 that night, the revolutionary army took the engineering barracks as the main force and stormed the headquarters in three ways. More than 4,000 defenders of the headquarters blocked it with strong firepower, but all the troops were unable to get their hands on it. At midnight, a second attack was launched. Ruicheng was frightened by the gun and fled from the back wall of the supervision room. At 2 am the next day, the revolutionary army attacked again and finally captured the headquarters before dawn. Wuchang Uprising has won! 1 1 Sunday evening and 12 early morning, the revolutionary army successively occupied Hanyang, Hankou and Wuhan and completely recovered them. This is the first victory since Sun Yat-sen led the revolutionary uprising. When the news came out, it shocked the whole country and the whole world.

After Wuchang Uprising, the provinces responded in succession. Within two months, Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other 14 provinces declared independence one after another. The Qing government collapsed rapidly. At the end of 19 1 17, representatives from all provinces set up the provisional government of the Republic of China in Nanjing, elected Sun Yat-sen as the provisional president, made 19 12 the first year of the Republic of China, and changed the solar calendar. /kloc-in February, the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate, and the rule of the Qing government came to an end. In March, the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China was promulgated. Under the pressure of imperialism and feudalism, Sun Yat-sen was forced to oust in April 19 12, giving way to Yuan Shikai, who represented the interests of the comprador class, and his political power was stolen by Beiyang warlords. Under the double oppression of imperialism and feudalism, China failed in the vigorous Revolution of 1911.

Although the Revolution of 1911 failed, it overthrew the Qing Dynasty and ended the feudal autocracy that ruled China for more than 2,000 years, which made the concept of democratic governance deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and had a far-reaching impact on the modern history of China. But it didn't and can't accomplish the great task of China people's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolution.